Four-scale linear model for anisotropic reflectance (FLAIR) forplant canopies. II. validation and inversion with CASI POLDER, andPARABOLA data at BOREAS

For pt.I see ibid., vol.39, no.5, p.1072-83 (2001). To address the need for a flexible model of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) that is also suitable for inversion, the FLAIR Model (Four-Scale Linear Model for AnIsotropic Reflectance) has been developed H. P. White et al. (2001). Based on the more detailed Four-Scale Model J. M. Chen et al. (1997), FLAIR is a linear kernel-like model, developed with the aim of not being limited to specific canopy characteristics or view/illumination geometry, while maintaining a direct relationship between canopy architectural properties and model coefficients. Having been previously demonstrated to have the ability to capture the bi-directional patterns in both forward and inverse modes of calculation, this paper examines the FLAIR model in describing the boreal canopy by applying FLAIR to multiangular data sets obtained by various sensors during BOREAS 1994. Effects of sensor field of view, ranges of view/solar illumination geometry, and multiple sensor use on BRDF derivation and inversion for canopy parameter retrieval are considered     

基于短波红外波段的Ⅱ类水体MODIS影像大气校正算法

提出了一种基于短波红外(SWIR,short wave infrared)波段离水反射率为0的Ⅱ类水体大气校正算法.采用MODIS的1.240μm和1.640μm两个SWIR波段的反射率计算出了可见光及近红外(NIR, near infrared)波段气溶胶散射反射率,进而反演得到了这些波段的离水反射率.应用该算法对中国东部近海及湖泊的Ⅱ类水体进行了大气校正,并与实测数据和常用的大气校正算法进行了比较分析,结果表明该算法能够有效地去除大气的影响.     

Solar zenith angle effects on forest canopy hemisphericalreflectances calculated with a geometric-optical bidirectionalreflectance model

The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) provided by the Li-Strahler geometric-optical forest canopy model has been integrated to provide spectral instantaneous hemispherical reflectances of sparsely vegetated surfaces. Further integration over the Sun's zenith angles can yield daily or longer interval hemispherical reflectances as well. A variety of simulated canopies were modeled with varying solar angles. In all cases, as the geometric-optical model introduced increased shadowing of the surface with increased solar zenith angle, the direct-beam hemispherical surface reflectance gradually decreased. The hemispherical reflectance values are direct beam calculations and do not directly include canopy multiple scattering and leaf specularity or consider the impact of diffuse irradiance. These limitations are acceptable for sparse canopies, in which 3D shadowing effects are large. However, radiative transfer calculations have shown that these phenomena must be incorporated before truly realistic modeling of hemispherical surface reflectances can be achieved for dense canopies     

BRDF models to predict spectral reflectance and emissivity in thethermal infrared

This paper presents modifications to the linear kernel bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models from Roujean et al. and from Wanner et al. that extend the spectral range into the thermal infrared (TIR). The present authors application is to synthesize the TIR optical properties of a scene pixel from laboratory component measurements. The angular reflectance and emissivity are needed to convert the radiance of a pixel as measured from space to land-surface temperature. The kernel models will be applied to develop a look-up table for the MODIS land-surface temperature algorithm to estimate the spectral, angular scene emissivity from land cover classification. A shrub scene and a dense canopy scene illustrate qualitative differences in angular emissivity that would not be evident without the kernel model modifications. They conclude that the modified models provide a simple and efficient way to estimate scene optical properties over a wide spectral range     

Improving MODIS surface BRDF/Albedo retrieval with MISR multiangle observations

We explore a synergistic approach to use the complementary angular samplings from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to improve MODIS surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) and albedo retrieval. Preliminary case studies show that MODIS and MISR surface bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) are generally comparable in the green, red, and near infrared. An information index is introduced to characterize the information content of directional samplings, and it is found that MISR angular observations can bring additional information to the MODIS retrieval, especially when the MISR observations are close to the principal plane. We use the BRDF parameters derived from the MISR surface BRFs as a priori information and derive a posteriori estimates of surface BRDF parameters with the MODIS observations. Results show that adding MISR angular samplings can reduce the relative BRF prediction error by up to 10% in the red and green, compared to the retrievals from MODIS-only observations which are close to the cross-principal plane.     

The role of canopy structure in the spectral variation oftransmission and absorption of solar radiation in vegetation canopies

This paper presents empirical and theoretical analyses of spectral hemispherical reflectances and transmittances of individual leaves and the entire canopy sampled at two sites representative of equatorial rainforests and temperate coniferous forests. The empirical analysis indicates that some simple algebraic combinations of leaf and canopy spectral transmittances and reflectances eliminate their dependencies on wavelength through the specification of two canopy-specific wavelength-independent variables. These variables and leaf optical properties govern the energy conservation in vegetation canopies at any given wavelength of the solar spectrum. The presented theoretical development indicates these canopy-specific wavelength-independent variables characterize the capacity of the canopy to intercept and transmit solar radiation under two extreme situations, namely, when individual leaves 1) are completely absorptive and 2) totally reflect and/or transmit the incident radiation. The interactions of photons with the canopy at red and near-infrared (IR) spectral bands approximate these extreme situations well. One can treat the vegetation canopy as a dynamical system and the canopy spectral interception and transmission as dynamical variables. The system has two independent states: canopies with totally absorbing and totally scattering leaves. Intermediate states are a superposition of these pure states. Such an interpretation provides powerful means to accurately specify changes in canopy structure both from ground-based measurements and remotely sensed data. This concept underlies the operational algorithm of global leaf area index (LAI), and the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation developed for the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) instruments of the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra mission     

晴空地表反照率正则化反演算法的POLDEH多角度数据验证

使用偏差原则和正则化方法反演晴空地表双向反射分布函数BRDF、方向-半球反射率DHR 和双半球反射率BHR.利用6S辐射传输模型计算出天空散射光,并以此为权重将DHR和BHR进行线性组合得到地物光谱反照率.最后,通过窄波段反照率向宽波段转换,计算了0.25～2.5μm的短波反照率.使用POLDER-3/PARASOL多...     

Determination of land and ocean reflective, radiative, andbiophysical properties using multiangle imaging

Knowledge of the directional and hemispherical reflectance properties of natural surfaces, such as soils and vegetation canopies, is essential for classification studies and canopy model inversion. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), an instrument to be launched in 1998 onboard the EOS-AM1 platform, will make global observations of the Earth's surface at 1.1-km spatial resolution, with the objective of determining the atmospherically corrected reflectance properties of most of the land surface and the tropical ocean. The algorithms to retrieve surface directional reflectances, albedos, and selected biophysical parameters using MISR data are described. Since part of the MISR data analyses includes an aerosol retrieval, it is assumed that the optical properties of the atmosphere (i.e. aerosol characteristics) have been determined well enough to accurately model the radiative transfer process. The core surface retrieval algorithms are tested on simulated MISR data, computed using realistic surface reflectance and aerosol models, and the sensitivity of the retrieved directional and hemispherical reflectances to aerosol type and column amount is illustrated. Included is a summary list of the MISR surface products     

Theoretical limits to the estimation of the leaf area index on thebasis of visible and near-infrared remote sensing data

The Leaf Area Index (LAI) of a plant canopy is an important environmental parameter required by various applications. It would be highly desirable to be able to estimate this parameter on the basis of satellite remote sensing data in the optical spectral range. However, LAI affects the propagation of light in a plant canopy (and therefore its measurable reflectance factor) exclusively through a boundary condition of the equation of radiation transfer. It is shown that LAI may be retrievable accurately and reliably only when the canopy is optically thin enough to allow a significant illumination of the underlying soil, and when the optical properties of this soil are such that the radiance field emerging from this level is sufficiently different from that which would be exhibited by a deeper canopy. The combinations of radiative conditions (soil and plant properties) necessary for the reliable and accurate retrieval of the LAI on the basis of remote sensing reflectance data acquired above the canopy in the red and near-infrared spectral regions are investigated and documented with the help of simulation studies. These results show the retrievability of LAI from remote sensing data in optimal situations, however     

An algorithm using visible and 1.38-/spl mu/m channels to retrieve cirrus cloud reflectances from aircraft and satellite data

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MODIS) on the Terra spacecraft has a channel near 1.38 /spl mu/m for remote sensing of high clouds from space. The implementation of this channel on MODIS was primarily based on previous analysis of hyperspectral imaging data collected with the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). We describe an algorithm to retrieve cirrus bidirectional reflectance using channels near 0.66 and 1.38 /spl mu/m. It is shown that the apparent reflectance of the 1.38-/spl mu/m channel is essentially the bidirectional reflectance of cirrus clouds attenuated by the absorption of water vapor above cirrus clouds. A practical algorithm based on the scatterplot of 1.38-/spl mu/m channel apparent reflectance versus 0.66-/spl mu/m channel apparent reflectance has been developed to scale the effect of water vapor absorption so that the true cirrus reflectance in the visible spectral region can be obtained. To illustrate the applicability of the present algorithm, results for cirrus reflectance retrievals from AVIRIS and MODIS data are shown. The derived cirrus reflectance in the spectral region of 0.4-1 /spl mu/m can be used to remove cirrus contamination in a satellite image obtained at a visible channel. An example of such an application is shown. The spatially averaged cirrus reflectances derived from MODIS data can be used to establish global cirrus climatology, as is demonstrated by a sample global cirrus reflectance image.     

Validation of temporal BRDFs of paddy fields estimated from MODIS reflectance data

The effect of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is one of the most important factors in correcting and validating the reflectance obtained from remotely sensed data. While the importance of BRDF has become widely recognized, bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) data measured for correction and validation are insufficient because of the technical difficulty of the measurement. The primary objective of the present research is to estimate BRDF effects from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Temporal ground-based BRDFs of rice paddy fields were estimated from ground measurements conducted in June and August 2002. MODIS-derived BRDFs obtained from MODIS reflectance data and ground-based BRDFs were estimated using the reciprocal form of the RossThick and LiSparse (RossThick-LiSparse-R) kernels, a semiempirical BRDF model adopted for the operational MODIS BRDF product. The MODIS-derived band 1 (620-680 nm) and band 2 (841-876 nm) BRDFs were compared with the ground-based BRDFs corresponding to the same waveband, respectively. The comparison results demonstrate that BRDFs of paddy fields change in accordance with paddy growth and that MODIS-derived BRDFs are closely related to ground-based BRDFs in most of the cases. It was also revealed that MODIS-derived BRDFs can be estimated to a high degree of accuracy when MODIS data necessary for the estimation are available.     

目标表面BRDF统计建模中的遗传模拟退火算法

结合基本遗传算法与模拟退火算法,构造出了新的具有全局搜索优化特性的遗传模拟退火算法.根据卫星表面BRDF实验数据和统计模型,引用遗传模拟退火算法,获得样片BRDF模型参数的优化估计,从而获得了三维空间的BRDF分布,其优化参数后的模型在另一部分数据上也得到了很好的吻合验证.     

Spectral linear mixing model in low spatial resolution image data

Different ways to estimate the spectral reflectance for the component classes in a mixture problem have been proposed in the literature (pure pixels, spectral library, field measurements). One of the most common approaches consists in the use of pure pixels, i.e., pixels that are covered by a single component class. This approach presents the advantage of allowing the extraction of the components' reflectance directly from the image data. This approach, however, is generally not feasible in the case of low spatial resolution image data, due to the large ground area covered by a single pixel. In this paper, a methodology aiming to overcome this limitation is proposed. The proposed approach makes use of the spectral linear mixing model. In the proposed methodology, the components' proportions in image data are estimated using a medium spatial resolution image as auxiliary data. The linear mixing model is then solved for the unknown spectral reflectances. Experiments are presented, using Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus, as low and medium spatial resolution image data, respectively, acquired on the same date over the Tapajos study site, Brazilian Amazon. Three component classes or endmembers are present in the scene covered by the experiment, namely vegetation, exposed soil, and shade. The components' spectral reflectance for the Terra MODIS spectral bands were then estimated by applying the proposed methodology. The reliability of these estimates is appraised by analyzing scatter diagrams produced by the Terra MODIS spectral bands and also by comparing the fraction images produced using both image datasets. This methodology appears appropriate for up-scaling information for regional and global studies.     

硅太阳能电池板的光谱BRDF测量及色度特性的研究

实验测量了硅太阳能电池板在380～780 nm内的光谱双向反射分布函数（BRDF）,分析了光谱双向反射分布函数随波长及散射角的变化趋势,将色度学理论和光散射理论相结合,寻找到光散射理论中的双向反射系数与色度学中光谱反射率因数的联系,进而获得了一种通过光谱BRDF测量实现物体色度特性表征的方法。并且采用CIELAB均匀色空间中的明度指数和色品指数、定量地描述了几种入射条件下、不同散射方向上目标样片的颜色特性。将目标样片的光谱双向反射分布函数的研究应用到颜色光学领域中,对目标的探测、识别和颜色复现等具有重要的应用价值。     

Vegetation isoline equations for an atmosphere-canopy-soil system

The relationship between the reflectances at two different wavelengths over a three-layer system comprising atmosphere, canopy, and soil layers is derived. This work is an extension of the isoline equation previously derived in a red and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance space for a canopy-soil system. As a result of retaining only the zeroth and first-order interaction terms between the layers, the relationship has a linear form in which the slope and offset are functions of the optical properties of each layer. Numerical examples of isolines based on the derived expressions are obtained under various conditions and are shown to demonstrate some of the known behaviors of isolines. Since the derived expression relates a pair of reflectances, it is expected to be useful for the analysis of satellite data products involving algebraic manipulations of spectral reflectances, such as spectral vegetation indexes.     

风云二号静止气象卫星的云相态识别算法

风云二号静止气象卫星上装载有可见光、中波红外、水汽和红外波段探测通道,其中白天的中波红外通道反射率可以反映云顶粒子的尺度和相态信息.联合使用可见光、中波红外和热红外通道辐射,可构建白天云顶粒子相态识别算法.云相态识别结果与CloudSat卫星的云分类产品相比较,个例分析表明,两种数据对于以深对流和卷云为主的高层冰云识别...     

基于高光谱数据的叶面积指数遥感反演

文中耦合叶片辐射传输模型（PROSPECT）和冠层辐射传输模型（SAILH）,基于高光谱载荷通道设置,模拟高光谱冠层反射率数据;利用模拟数据深入分析了不同植被指数与叶面积指数之间的敏感性;通过敏感性分析发现改进型叶绿素吸收植被指数（MCARI2）具备抗土壤背景因素的影响能力,而且对叶面积指数较为敏感,因此该研究建立植被指数MCARI2 与叶面积指数之间的经验统计模型,并用于高光谱数据进行叶面积指数反演;最后利用飞行同步测量的叶面积指数对反演模型进行精度分析。结果表明:相比实测叶面积指数,文中建立的反演模型约低估0.42,该反演模型能够较好的反映出地物真实叶面积指数。     

复杂环境背景下典型飞行器表面红外反射特性研究

飞机蒙皮对于背景辐射的反射可以作为红外目标识别的辐射源,但背景辐射通常来源于太阳辐射和地面背景辐射等辐射的综合作用,其复杂性和多变性也可能使飞机的红外反射辐射严重干扰红外制导的准确性,因此,研究复杂环境背景下的飞机蒙皮红外反射特性对于红外目标识别和红外导弹制导等应用具有重要意义。本文基于Schlick双向反射分布函数(BRDF)模型,结合有限元方法,利用反向蒙特卡洛法计算辐射遮挡因子,在MODTRAN软件环境下计算大气光谱透过率,针对不同条件下的飞机红外反射辐射特性进行研究。结果表明,不同探测角度和探测波段对飞机红外反射特性具有很大影响,且飞机蒙皮的反射辐射具有分布非均一性特点。