Impact of roof surface runoff on urban water quality

The pollutant impacts of urban stormwater runoff on receiving waters are well documented in research literature. However, it is road surfaces that are commonly identified as the significant pollutant source. This paper presents the outcomes of an extensive program of research into the role of roof surfaces in urban water quality with particular focus on solids, nutrients and organic carbon. The outcomes confirmed that roof surfaces play an important role in influencing the pollutant characteristics of urban stormwater runoff. Pollutant build-up and wash-off characteristics for roads and roof surfaces were found to be appreciably different. The pollutant wash-off characteristics exhibited by roof surfaces show that it influences the first flush phenomenon more significantly than road surfaces. In most urban catchments, as roof surfaces constitute a higher fraction of impervious area compared with road surfaces, it is important that the pollutant generation role of roof surfaces is specifically taken into consideration in stormwater quality mitigation strategies.     

Characterization of runoff from various urban catchments at different spatial scales in Beijing, China

In order to investigate the characterization of runoff in storm sewer from various urban catchments, three monitoring systems at different spatial scales have been installed separately. They have been held since July 2010 in urban area of Beijing (China). The monitoring data revealed that chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and NH(3)-N values significantly exceed the Class V surface water quality standard developed by Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China (MEP). A surface solids buildup and wash off model for small watershed was adopted to analyze and discuss the process of a runoff pollutant discharge. More than a half of pollutant parameters presented a good fit to the model. However, a slightly worse-fit to the wash off model appeared in less than half of the data. Due to the influence of sewer sediments, sewer system characteristics, catchment characteristics, and other reasons, first flush was seldom observed in storm sewer runoff from these three survey areas. Meanwhile, the correlation between TSS and any other pollutant was analyzed according to cumulative load of pollutants in runoff events. An event mean concentrations (EMCs) approach was adopted to quantify the pollution of runoff. EMCs of various pollutants in storm sewer runoff between different rainfall events were slightly higher than the typical values observed in similar areas at home and abroad, according to other studies reported in literature. Based on quantitative analysis, it can be concluded that urban non-point source pollution is recognized as the major causes of quality deterioration in the receiving water bodies. This is after the point source pollution has been controlled substantially in Beijing. An integrated strategy, which combines centralized and decentralized control, along with the conditions of meteorology, hydrology, urban planning, existing drainage system, etc., will be an effective and economic approach to urban runoff pollution control.     

Use of Intercepted Runoff Depth for Stormwater Runoff Management in Industrial Parks in Taiwan

First flush of stormwater runoff plays an important role in water quality management. Since stormwater runoff during the initial period of precipitation events carries a greater portion of pollution loads, appropriate strategies are needed for effectively controlling the non-point source loads (NPS). In the present study, case studies were performed in two industrial parks for correlating the relationship between pollutant mass and the runoff volume. Three precipitation events were used for calibration and verification of a deterministic model, Storm Water Management Model. The model was then used to simulate all rainfall events in a particular hydrological year to determine the relationship between interceptive amounts of initial runoff and their corresponding reduced portion of annual NPS loads. The results indicate that the first 6–8 mm of a storm runoff depth includes more than 60% NPS loads. If the depth is increased to 10 mm, 80% NPS loading can be contained. The interceptive volume for eliminating 80% NPS loading in Guan-Tian and Yong-Kong industrial areas are 7 and 12 mm, respectively.     

上海临港新城初期地表径流污染特性与初期效应研究

随着城市点源污染控制程度的提高,雨水径流引起的面源污染日益突出。本文在对上海市临港不同功能区降雨径流水质监测的基础上,计算了地表径流污染负荷并对径流初期效应进行了研究。结果表明:TN、TP、CODMn径流水质变化范围分别为0.03～52.27、0.01～18.85、27～111.16 mg/L。不同功能区路面径流水质污染程度由大到小顺序依次为:交通区>商居混合区>文教区;屋面径流水质污染程度由大到小顺序依次为:商居混合区>文教区。文教区路面径流年污染负荷最低,商居混合区屋面径流年污染负荷最高,TN、TP、CODMn年污染负荷分别为11.16、1.03、33.33 kg/(hm2·a-1);31.49、5.61、172.87 kg/(hm2·a-1)。经M(V)曲线及b值法分析,在大部分降雨事件中,路面径流初期效应较明显,而屋面径流的初期效应较微弱。     

基于多断面水质达标的河网区点面源污染负荷优化分配模型

从污染物总量控制的核心——污染负荷分配的角度出发,对水系复杂的平原河网区点面源协同影响下污染负荷优化分配方案进行分析。通过引入水质达标保证率概念,将随机分析方法与确定性降雨产流、点面源产污及河网水动力、水质数学模型相结合,基于公平及可行性原则,以满足多控制断面水质达标保证率、点面源环境管控要求及污染治理水平为约束条件,构建了基于多控制断面水质达标保证率的点面源污染负荷优化分配模型。选取太湖某河网区域作为验证区域,区域点面源污染负荷优化分配后,各控制断面氨氮、总磷质量浓度均可达到全年90%水质达标保证率,表明所建模型是合理可行的,能够有效实现区域点面源污染负荷的优化分配,提高区域污染物全局管理效率。     

Modeling and Management of Urban Stormwater Runoff Quality: A Review

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from urban runoff has been established as a major cause of receiving water degradation. In an effort to control this problem, new regulations have been passed in the U.S.A. and federal, state, and local agencies are devising urban runoff management programs. This paper reviews recent regulations and studies related to urban stormwater runoff control and planning in the U.S.A.; discusses fundamentals of urban NPS pollution including transport processes and types and sources of pollutants; reviews current hydrologic and water quality mathematical models used in the U.S.A.; presents case studies in both modeling and management; and describes fundamentals of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in urban runoff control. Finally, it summarizes future research needs.     

城市不透水地表降雨径流污染监测与研究——以北京工业大学校园为例

城市不透水地表降雨径流污染是面源污染的重要组成部分,而城市不透水地表在非降雨天累积的污染物又是降雨径流中污染物的主要来源。以2015年的前10场降雨为例,选取北京东南部大学校园范围内的教学楼屋顶、校园道路、邻近交通主路等不透水地表为研究对象,对自然降雨及其产生的降雨径流污染进行实地采样分析。分析结果表明:冬季过后的第一场降雨雨水径流污染严重,水质为劣V类,之后,降雨径流污染有所减轻;不同采样点水质污染严重程度不同;距离建筑物厕所排气口距离越近的地方,氨氮污染浓度越高;透水地面设施的存在可以减轻径流污染程度。根据分析研究结果,提出了控制和治理城市降雨径流污染的建议。     

北京长河湾流域径流非点源污染总量估算

针对北京城区流域径流非点源污染问题,选择典型流域--长河湾作为研究对象,采用源类型方法对汇入该流域的雨水水质进行分析,估算单场降雨径流的污染负荷,从而推算出流域的年径流污染负荷总量,并建立了径流污染主要水质指标之间的量化关系.结果表明,道路及屋面径流雨水中主要污染物(CODer、SS、TN、TP)之间存在良好的相关性;长河湾流域的径流非点源年污染负荷总量巨大,对城区水系构成了严重威胁.     

城市面源污染特征的分析

对城市面源污染物的种类、来源和危害,以及对受纳水体的影响两方面综合进行分析;系统归纳了城市面源污染特征的研究结果,得出结论:城市地表径流中污染物以悬浮颗粒物为主,其浓度明显大于城市污水;重金属及碳氢化合物浓度在数量级上与未经处理的城市污水基本相同;COD、BOD5、总大肠菌数、TN和TP都低于未经处理的城市污水;不同使用功能的地表降雨径流过程排污状况中,商业区污染负荷最大;城市地表径流污染物中的金属主要来自屋顶径流;碳氢化合物和铅主要是吸附在颗粒上,其他污染物浮动性较大。最后分析了城市面源污染的影响因素,如降雨强度、降雨量、降雨历时、城市土地利用类型、大气污染状况、地表清扫状况等。     

太湖典型小流域非点源污染物流失规律研究

由农业产生的非点源污染是湖泊的主要污染源.为了研究太湖流域非点源污染负荷流失规律,选择了宜兴梅林小流域为研究对象,对降雨过程中径流流量及其污染物浓度随降雨-径流变化过程进行了监测研究.采用统计和系统分析方法,建立径流量和非点源污染负荷输出量之间的数学统计模型,得出该流域非点源污染物流失规律,以期将此方法推广到与该流域相似的其它地区的非点源污染研究中去,对太湖流域水污染综合治理也具有重要意义.     

北江飞来峡库区典型流域非点源污染特征分析及模拟

为分析飞来峡库区典型流域非点源污染状况,开展社岗流域场次降雨径流水量水质监测试验,采用平均浓度法估算非点源污染负荷量,分析各场次降雨径流污染物特征并计算非点源污染贡献率,应用SWAT模型进行径流及非点源污染模拟。结果表明,径流量对SS、BOD_5等浓度和负荷量均有较强的主导作用,TN、NH_3-N等初期冲刷效应较为明显,污染物负荷量与径流量的相关性好于污染物浓度与径流量的相关性,各污染物的非点源污染贡献率均达到80%以上。SWAT模型径流模拟的率定期和验证期效率系数分别为0.85和0.73,表明所构建的SWAT模型精度良好。在污染物率定期,雨强较大的典型日污染物模拟效果最佳,污染物相对误差基本在10%以内,而在雨强较小时,TN、TP等均出现较大程度的低估现象;在污染物验证期,由于该时期正处于春耕施肥期,TN、TP模拟结果相对误差较大,且均为低估。总体而言,SWAT模型模拟精度良好,基本能反映该流域非点源污染状况,可为飞来峡库区流域的非点源污染模拟与控制提供参考。     

城市地表径流污染负荷计算方法研究

城市地表径流是仅次于农业面污染源的第二大面污染源。研究城市地表径流污染负荷计算方法,为政府部门对城市面源污染的控制管理决策提供科学依据具有重要意义。本文对城市非点源污染负荷的三类计算方法即浓度法、统计法、概念模型等进行了较为全面的介绍和讨论,在此基础上,对城市地表径流负荷计算方法研究进行了展望。     

妫水河流域农业非点源污染负荷估算与分析

本文利用改进的输出系数模型对妫水河流域农业非点源污染负荷进行了估算,并且分别通过三分法,即分区、分类、分期的方法对结果进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2017年妫水河流域农业非点源污染物TN和TP的负荷量分别为1 402 214.9 kg/a,279 629.1 kg/a;(2)流域内各乡镇TN和TP的负荷量差异较大,旧县镇、永宁镇所贡献的TN、TP负荷量最多且单位负荷强度最大,属于重点治理区域;(3)流域内对TN的贡献最大的污染源为农业种植,对TP的贡献最大的污染源为农村生活污染,这两个污染源属于优先控制的污染源;(4)TN、TP负荷与降雨量呈现正相关关系,降雨冲刷是导致的污染物负荷增加的一个主要因素。农业非点源污染的三分研究结果为妫水河流域非点源污染治理与农业结构调整提供了科学依据。     

基于GIS技术的农村非点源污染分析——以渠县境内巴河州河汇流断面上游区域为例

为了有效地分析巴河州河汇合口(渠县境内)以上流域非点源污染问题,应用GIS技术进行水文分析(水系提取、流域划分)以及污染源的空间分异分析。基于评估区的水环境污染现状,选取城镇居民生活污水、农村居民生活污水、城镇地表径流、集中式畜禽养殖、化肥污染五大污染源,采用源强系数法和输出系数法进行COD、TN、TP 3种污染物的流失量计算,并分析其污染负荷,。结果表明:(1)评估区的91.93%的负荷来源于为农村居民生活污水、化肥污染、和城镇居民生活污水,最主要的污染源为农村居民生活污水。(2)评估区重点治理乡镇为三汇镇。研究成果较为清晰地分析出研究区非点源污染的分布情况,指出了需要重点治理的地域和污染源。     

Spatial variability of characteristics and origins of urban wet weather pollution in combined sewers.

An experimental on-site observatory of urban pollutant loads in combined sewers was created in the centre of Paris to quantify and characterise the dry and wet weather flow in relation to spatial scale. Eight rainfall events were studied from April 2003 to May 2004. Samples were analysed for suspended solids, organic matter, nitrogen and heavy metals. Results confirm the extent of wet weather pollution. They have shown the relative homogeneity of SS and organic matter characteristics from one urban catchment area to another. Two groups of heavy metals were identified. The first one concerns Cu, which has a higher concentration in wet weather flow (WWF) than in dry weather flow (DWF), and runoff. The second includes Cd, Pb and Zn, where higher concentrations were measured in urban runoff than in WWF and DWF. A first evaluation of contribution of wastewater, urban runoff and sewer deposit erosion sources to wet weather pollution was established and has highlighted the contribution of wastewater and sewer deposits to this pollution. However, it has shown that sewer deposit erosion remains an important source of wet weather pollution at different spatial scales.     

邯郸市区不同下垫面降雨径流水质变化特征研究

为缓解邯郸市城区水资源供需矛盾,合理利用雨洪资源,在对生活区屋面、城区道路、公园绿地降雨径流水质进行检测的基础上,分析了雨水径流中主要污染物的变化过程,探讨降雨径流水质受环境条件影响情况。通过研究得出城区初期雨水径流污染最为严重,随降雨历时的延长,污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定。不同城区下垫面雨水径流污染物含量差异明显,城区主干道路降雨径流水质最差。     

Pollutant loadings generated by nonpoint sources in the Santa Monica Bay Drainage Basin: A case study

The Santa Monica Bay provides a number of beneficial uses. To protect these, best management practices that control urban runoff should be utilized. In order to determine the types of best management practices to be used, an estimation of nonpoint source pollutant loads generated by the Santa Monica Drainage Basin is needed. Local land use, runoff, and chemical data were used to estimate pollutant loads from nonpoint source pollution and pollutant loads by land use in three subbasins of the Santa Monica Drainage Basin: namely, Ballona Creek, Malibu Creek, and Topanga Creek. The time period of available data was May 1988 to May 1990.The study found that (1) nonpoint source pollutant loads may be derived from local data, (2) pollutant loads by land use could not be derived because of lack of data, (3) an evaluation of seasonal pollutant loads fails to show significant trends.It is possible to evaluate pollutant loads that need control by best management practices in the Santa Monica Bay Drainage Basin by utilizing the pollutant load estimates of this study with pollutant impacts to beneficial uses.     

丹江口水库入库非点源污染负荷的计算与讨论

正确估算丹江口水库入库非点源污染负荷对于水源区水环境保护具有重要意义。根据丹江口库区6条主要入库河流汉江、天河、堵河、丹江、老灌河、淇河控制水文站2013年逐日流量数据,采用数字滤波法对基流进行了分割。以逐日流量、河川基流量和代表污染物（CODMn和TP）2013年逐月浓度监测值为基础,采用通量法计算了背景污染负荷和点源污染负荷、非点源污染负荷。结果表明：（1） 6条河流入库流量占总入库流量的95.9%,非点源污染已成为丹江口水库水质变化的主导因素。（2） 汉江是入库污染负荷的最大来源,其次是堵河。（3） 由于非点源污染伴随降雨汇入河道,水库污染负荷主要集中于丰水期,2013年度丰水期CODMn和TP的比例分别达到了80.8%和90.9%。      

Influent flow control to increase the pollution load treated during rainy periods

The European Directive of May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment points out that sewerage systems must be designed to limit the pollution of receiving watercourses by stormwater discharges. As for the system management, the French Decree of 22 December 1995 states that flows or pollution loads exceeding the reference capacity of the treatment plant may be temporarily admitted. This is especially interesting in the case of separate wastewater sewerage, as inappropriate connections of runoff water and rainfall induced infiltration cause hydraulic overloads in such networks. An automated influent flow control has been implemented on a 8000 population equivalent plant to admit a maximum of twice the dry weather peak flow: the clarifier is then dynamically managed so that neither sludge loss nor degradation through anoxic conditions may occur. A yearly simulation of such a strategy on a smaller treatment plant shows a very significant reduction (90%) of the volume discharged during rainy periods. It can therefore be concluded that a plant with additional hydraulic capacity and good sludge quality can play a significant role in limiting the stormwater discharges from separate sewerage systems. However this operational benefit depends on the inflow composition in the sewerage system (wastewaters, rain and infiltration waters).     

Spatially Explicit Modeling of Land Use Specific Phosphorus Transport Pathways to Improve TMDL Load Estimates and Implementation Planning

Diffuse pollution from urban stormwater and agricultural runoff are among the leading causes of water pollution in the USA. A process-oriented, stakeholder-driven research approach was implemented in the small heterogeneous watershed of St. Albans Bay, Vermont to model the relative load of phosphorus from all sources, including diffuse transport pathways, and compared to goals and assumptions outlined by a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) developed for phosphorus in Lake Champlain. Mass-balance and dynamic landscape simulation models were used to describe the distribution of the average annual phosphorus load to streams (10.57 t/year) in terms of space, time, and transport process. The majority of the phosphorus load comes from two subwatersheds dominated by clay soils, Stevens and Jewett Brooks. Dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff from the agricultural landscape, driven by high soil phosphorus concentrations, accounts for 41% of the total load to watershed streams. Direct discharge from farmsteads and stormwater loads, primarily from road sand wash-off, are also significant sources. Results reported in this study could help target watershed interventions both in terms of the types and locations of recommended best management practices (BMPs). The study offers an approach to attaining TMDL diffuse pollution targets in a cost-effective and participatory manner and could be replicated for other TMDL processes around the country.