Effects of Atomic Mixing in Inertial Confinement Fusion by MultifluidInterpenetration Mix Model

The effects of atomic-level mixing are systemically investigated in a multifluid interpenetration mix model, and results are compared with the single-fluid model's simulations and experimental data. It is shown that increasing the model free parameter α, shock Mach number, and the initial density discontinuity makes the mix length and fraction of mixing particle increase, resulting in the lower shock temperatures compared with the results of single-fluid model without mixing. Recent high-compressibility direct-drive spherical implosions on OMEGA are simulated by the interpenetration mix model. The calculations with atomic mixing between fuel and shell match quite well with the observations. Without considering any mixing, the calculated neutron yields and ion temperatures are overpredicted; while inclusion of the interpenetration mix model with the adjustable parameter α could fit the simulated neutron yields and ion temperatures well with experimental data.     

Numerical method of the Riemann problem for two-dimensional multi-fluid flows with general equation of state

Based on the classical Roe method, we develop an interface capture method according to the general equation of state, and extend the single-fluid Roe method to the two-dimensional (2D) multi-fluid flows, as well as construct the continuous Roe matrix for the whole flow field. The interface capture equations and fluid dynamic conservative equations are coupled together and solved by using any high-resolution schemes that usually suit for the single-fluid flows. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the solution of 1D and 2D multi-fluid Riemann problems.     

金属薄膜厚度小于电子自由程对其光反射率的影响

提出了金属薄膜厚度对薄膜中自由电子的平均自由程影响的物理模型,并给出了薄膜中自由电子的平均自由程的修正公式.理论研究表明:当膜厚小于自由电子的平均自由程时,薄膜中电子平均自由程随膜厚的减小而减小|当膜厚大于或等于自由电子的平均自由程时,薄膜中电子的平均自由程与块状材料一样.利用薄膜中电子平均自由程的计算公式,修正了薄膜导电率的基本理论表达式,再利用金属薄膜的反射率与薄膜导电率的关系,得出金属薄膜厚度对其光反射率的影响.计算机模拟表明:当薄膜厚度小于电子自由程时,金属薄膜反射率随薄膜厚度变化而呈非线性关系.     

Two-Dimensional MHD Simulations of Magnetic Field Penetration in the Plasma Opening Switch

Three mechanisms for anomalous magnetic field penetration have been investigated in computer simulations of Sandia's plasma opening switch (POS). The POS simulations have been performed using the two-dimensional (2-D) two-temperature single-fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code HAM [1], [2]. The three penetration mechanisms considered are 1) the Chodura model based on the ion-acoustic instability where the saturated value of the anomalous collision frequency is approximated by the ion plasma frequency; 2) a model based on the lower hybrid instability in which the anomalous collision frequency is proportional to both the ion plasma frequency and the electron drift velocity; and 3) a model that limits the ion drift velocity to the plasma influx velocity. Two-dimensional MHD calculations of the POS will be presented which show these models to be qualitatively similar for densities above a few 1013 cm-3, though at lower densities they can be quite different. The calculations are compared to experiments, and some agreement is seen with the lower hybrid model. The other models compare only marginally to experimental results.     

Kinetic parameters in the nuclear Fermi gas model at finite temperatures

The validity of the dilute Fermi gas model for the evaluation of transport parameters in nuclear matter is examined in the framework of quantal kinetic theory. The consistency of the approximations involved in the calculations of the collision rate between weakly interacting nucleons is analyzed, considering several ways of representing the residual interaction, namely via zero-range, medium-range, and short-momentum-spread forces. The theoretical mean free path is derived, with a proper handling of the collision kernel in a nuclear kinetic equation, and computed as a function of temperature and single-particle energy for the interactions in the weak-coupling approximation. The competition among interaction range and quantal and kinetic length scales is discussed.     

Validity of the two-term Boltzmann approximation employed in the fluid model for high-power microwave breakdown in gas

The electron energy distribution function （EEDF）, predicted by the Boltzmann equation solver BOLSIG＋ based on the two-term approximation, is introduced into the fluid model for simulating the high-power microwave （HPM） breakdown in argon, nitrogen, and air, and its validity is examined by comparing with the results of particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision （PIC/MCC） simulations as well as the experimental data. Numerical results show that, the breakdown time of the fluid model with the Maxwellian EEDF matches that of the PIC/MCC simulations in nitrogen; however, in argon under high pressures, the results from the Maxwellian EEDF were poor. This is due to an overestimation of the energy tail of the Maxwellian EEDF in argon breakdown. The prediction of the fluid model with the BOLSIG＋ EEDF, however, agrees very well with the PIC/MCC prediction in nitrogen and argon over a wide range of pressures. The accuracy of the fluid model with the BOLSIG＋ EEDF is also verified by the experimental results of the air breakdown.     

Non-Maxwell slippage induced by surface roughness for microscale gas flow: a molecular dynamics simulation

Rarefied gas flows in rough microchannels are investigated by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The surface roughness is modelled by an array of triangular modules. The Maxwell slip model is found to break down due to the surface roughness for gas flows in microchannels with large surface roughness. Non-Maxwell slippage shows that the slip length is smaller than that predicted by the Maxwell model and is nonlinearly related to the mean free path. For larger surface roughness and smaller Knudsen number, the non-Maxwell effect becomes more pronounced. The boundary conditions, generally including velocity slip, no-slip and negative slip, depend not only on the Knudsen number but also on the surface roughness. Simulation results show that A/λ?≈?1 is a good criterion to validate the no-slip boundary condition and A/λ?>?0.3 can be a criterion to judge the occurrence of non-Maxwell slippage, where A is the surface roughness size and?λ?is the mean free path of gas molecules. The permeability enhanced by the surface roughness may be responsible for the roughness-induced non-Maxwell slippage.     

An integrated simulation and statistical technique for?investigating the effect of interpenetration polymer brushes in a good solvent

This study presents a novel approach for analyzing the interaction between two parallel surfaces grafted with polymer brushes in a good solvent. In the proposed approach, MD simulations are performed to establish the mean brush height and the standard deviation of the brush height distribution for a given value of the surface separation. The corresponding probability density function (PDF) of the brush height is then determined both with and without the assumption of a brush interpenetration effect, respectively, and a statistical technique is applied to compute the corresponding interaction free energy per unit area of the grafted substrates. Finally, the Derjaguin approximation is employed to determine the corresponding value of the interaction force between the two surfaces. The results obtained for the interaction free energy and interaction force are compared with those derived using the Alexander and de Gennes (AdG) model and the Milner, Witten and Cates (MWC) model, respectively. The value of the normalized interaction free energy computed using the present method is higher than that obtained from the AdG and MWC models at larger surface separations when the brush interpenetration effect is ignored. However, the results obtained by the current method for the interaction force are found to be in better agreement with the experimental data than those obtained using the AdG or MWC models. The enhanced performance of the proposed method is attributed primarily to the use of an adaptive non-Gaussian PDF of the brush height to model the effects of brush interpenetration and fluctuations in the brush conformation at different distances from the grafting plane.     

基于流体模型和非平衡态电子能量分布函数的高功率微波气体击穿研究

用流体模型研究高功率微波气体击穿时, 电子能量分布函数常被假设为麦克斯韦分布形式, 此假设可能将给模拟结果带来较大的误差. 通过求解玻尔兹曼方程, 得到非平衡状态下的电子能量分布函数. 分别将上述两类分布函数引入到流体模型中, 对氩气击穿进行了数值模拟. 结果表明, 基于非平衡分布函数得到的击穿时间与粒子模拟结果符合得很好, 而当平均电子能量较低时, 麦克斯韦分布函数的高能尾部导致了较短的击穿时间. 最后, 采用非平衡分布函数计算了不同压强下的氩气击穿阈值, 发现其与实验结果基本符合. 关键词： 微波气体击穿 电子能量分布函数 流体模型 玻尔兹曼方程     

多组分颗粒稠密气固两相流动的数值模拟

基于气体分子运动理论和颗粒动理学方法，建立多组分颗粒气固两相流等温流动模型。模型考虑了颗粒相各组分颗粒温度的差异、气相与颗粒相以及颗粒相各组分之间的动量和能量的传递和耗散，以及相间作用。建立颗粒相粘性系数、颗粒相压力等物性参数计算模型。模拟计算颗粒相浓度、粒径分布等参数与实测值相吻合。     

Low-coherence enhanced backscattering beyond diffusion

An analytical theory for coherent backscattering (CBS) of low-coherence light is presented. An expression linking the CBS profile to the radial distribution of the incoherent backscattered light is derived when the incident light is partially spatially coherent. The backscattered snake light, which has experienced exactly two large-angle scatterings, is taken into account together with the diffuse light in the analysis. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the model describes well the CBS profile as long as the spatial coherence length, L(c), of the incident beam is larger than the scattering mean free path of light in the medium. The intensity of the enhanced backscattered light in the exact backscattering direction and the width of the CBS cone are found to be proportional to L(c) and L(c)(-1), respectively, in the limit of small L(c).     

Formation of collisionless high-beta plasmas by odd-parity rotating magnetic fields

Odd-parity rotating magnetic fields (RMFo) applied to mirror-configuration plasmas have produced average electron energies exceeding 200 eV at line-averaged electron densities of approximately 10(12) cm-3. These plasmas, sustained for over 10(3)tauAlfven, have low Coulomb collisionality, vc* triple bond L/lambdaC approximately 10(-3), where lambdaC is the Coulomb scattering mean free path and L is the plasma's characteristic half length. Divertors allow reduction of the electron-neutral collision frequency to values where the RMFo coupling indicates full penetration of the RMFo to the major axis.     

任意不可压多介质流的粒子有限元方法模拟

基于粒子有限元方法(particle finite element method,PFEM),利用细分混合单元的界面识别思想,模拟种类任意多的不可压多介质流问题.对分步算法采用基于有限增量微积分理论的稳定措施,以适应流体特性差异;将混合单元细分为代表单一流体的小单元,进而得到流体间的边界;通过加密边界、控制粒子速度、自动检查穿透来防止粒子穿透外部边界.瑞利-泰勒不稳定性和水柱在空气中倒塌的模拟与已有结果的对比验证了PFEM及界面识别方法的可靠性和准确性.七种流体混合的模拟结果表明PFEM可有效处理任意多种类不相溶流体的混合流动问题.     

Theoretical analysis for transmission of Gaussian and sine time irradiance of electromagnetic beam in collisional dusty plasmas

A theoretical model of propagation of Gaussian and Sine time irradiance of an electromagnetic beam in collisional dusty plasma has been done in the present analysis. It contains equilibrium of dust charge, particle density, and energy of plasma ingredients having charge neutrality. Ionization of neutral particles, recombination of free electrons with ions, adsorption and emission of electrons from dust grain surface, and binary collisions between plasma components are also considered in this treatment. Time varying behaviour of modified electron temperature and collision frequency has been illustrated numerically as a function of dust densities. Also, the comparative analyses of variation of beam waist parameter with the dimensionless length of transmission for both the Gaussian and Sine time irradiance are involved in this model as a function of distinguishable time width, collision frequencies, and dust densities under the condition that the size of dust nebulous is greater than the electrons mean free path for the adsorption on the dust grain surface. The observed results are significant for the applications in industry and astrophysics.     

Universal pion freeze-out in heavy-ion collisions

Based on an evaluation of data on pion interferometry and on particle yields at midrapidity, we propose a universal condition for thermal freeze-out of pions in heavy-ion collisions. We show that freeze-out occurs when the mean free path of pions lambda(f) reaches a value of about 1 fm, which is much smaller than the spatial extent of the system at freeze-out. This critical mean free path is independent of the centrality of the collision and beam energy from the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.     

Atmospheric interaction radiation from high altitude rocket exhausts

A model for calculating the infrared radiation from rocket exhaust gases at high altitudes (typically above 200 km), caused by collisions between exhaust molecular species and atmospheric species is presented. At altitudes where the atmospheric mean free path is larger than a typical rocket exhaust plume lenght scale, the evolution in space and time of the exhaust gases is described by the kinetic theory of gases. In addition, the collision frequency between exhaust and atmospheric species is sufficiently low that excited molecules have time, on the average, to loose thsis excitation energy via radiative emission before experiencing another collision. Thus, the distribution of excited molecular states is nonthermal in this model. Two examples of such radiation are presented: one for the radiation from the CO₂ (υ₃) mode and the other for the H₂O(υ₃) mode. The atmospheric collision partner for excitation of both of these exhaust species is taken to be atomic oxygen, the dominant atmospheric constituent at high altitudes.     

Binary correlation and convergent collision integral for a plasma

The BBGKY hierarchy equations for a homogeneous plasma are used to derive an explicit expression for the time-asymptotic binary correlation function. Closure of the hierarchy equations is shown possible, mainly due to a difference in scaling behavior, as functions of impact parameter(s), between the driving terms in the second and third hierarchy equations. The final result is shown to be a uniform approximation for interparticle distances much smaller than the minimum of the mean free path and the density inhomogeneity length. The resulting expressions for the free energy and the collision integral are convergent.     

Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy of a random close packing of spheres

We are interested in the propagation of light in a random packing of dielectric spheres within the geometrical optics approximation. Numerical simulations are performed using a ray tracing algorithm. The effective refractive indexes and the transport mean free path are computed for different refractive indexes of spheres and intersticial media. The variations of the optical path length under small deformations of the spheres assembly are also computed and compared to the results of Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy experiments. Finally, we propose a measure of the transport mean free path and a Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy experiment on a packing of glass spheres. The results of those experiments agree with the predictions of this ray tracing approach.     

Molecular-dynamics simulations with explicit hydrodynamics II: On the collision of polymers with molecular obstacles

We present a study of the dynamics of single polymers colliding with molecular obstacles using Molecular-dynamics simulations. In concert with these simulations we present a generalized polymer-obstacle collision model which is applicable to a number of collision scenarios. The work focusses on three specific problems: i) a polymer driven by an external force colliding with a fixed microscopic post; ii) a polymer driven by a (plug-like) fluid flow colliding with a fixed microscopic post; and iii) a polymer driven by an external force colliding with a free polymer. In all three cases, we present a study of the length-dependent dynamics of the polymers involved. The simulation results are compared with calculations based on our generalized collision model. The generalized model yields analytical results in the first two instances (cases i) and ii)), while in the polymer-polymer collision example (case iii)) we obtain a series solution for the system dynamics. For the case of a polymer-polymer collision we find that a distinct V-shaped state exists as seen in experimental systems, though normally associated with collisions with multiple polymers. We suggest that this V-shaped state occurs due to an effective hydrodynamic counter flow generated by a net translational motion of the two-chain system.     

Characterizing extended changes in multiple scattering media using coda wave decorrelation: numerical simulations

In multiple scattering media, the coda wave decorrelation relates linearly to the scattering cross-section of structural change when the change is small compared to the wavelength. In practical applications, we assume that the total decorrelation induced by changes in the medium is the sum of the decorrelation induced by each elementary change. In this article, we investigate the validity of this linear approximation for extended changes larger than the wavelength, and the possible signature of the change orientation. Coda waves are simulated using a 2-D finite-difference model in multiple scattering media. We perform a parametric analysis of the decorrelation induced by extended structural changes of various length and orientation, as well as the mutual influence between two identical changes separated by a varying distance. Our findings are: (1) we underestimate the length of the change when it exceeds one wavelength. (2) the decorrelation value is sensitive to the orientation of extended changes at distances smaller than four mean free paths between the source and the receiver. (3) two simultaneous changes are interacting within a distance of the order of the mean free path, but can be considered independent at a separation distance larger than a few mean free paths.