康氏木霉内切葡聚糖酶(EGⅠ)基因的克隆及表达

目的：构建纤维素酶EGⅠ原核表达载体,并对表达产物进行初步酶学性质研究。方法：以康氏木霉的总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR扩增内切葡聚糖酶EGⅠ,重组到T7启动子控制下的质粒pET.His中,构建重组质粒pET.His-EGⅠ,并将其转化至E.coli BL21（DE3）plysS感受态细胞中,经0.4mmol/L的IPTG诱导表达后对其表达产物进行13%SDS-PAGE分析。结果：SDS-PAGE电泳显示EGⅠ在大肠杆菌中得到了与预期目的蛋白相一致的外源蛋白带,分子量约45kDa。初步研究表明：重组蛋白具有内切葡聚糖酶活性,最适pH为6.0,温度在30℃～40℃时酶活稳定,金属离子Mn2＋对酶活力有明显的促进作用。结论：纤维素酶EGⅠ在大肠杆菌中成功表达,具有一定活性。     

长梗木霉内切葡聚糖酶Ⅰ基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

一株纤维素酶高产菌株经ITS序列鉴定并命名为长梗木霉SSL(Trichoderma longi-brachiatum,SSL).利用RT-PCR的方法从该菌株中克隆出内切-1-4-β-D-葡聚糖酶Ⅰ的基因(eg1),该基因全长1386 bp,编码461个氨基酸.序列分析表明:该基因序列与T. longibrachiatum egl1基因具有90%以上的同源性.将该基因的成熟肽编码序列插入到Pichiapastoris表达载体pPIC9k中,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9k-eg1,转化P.pastoris GS115.重组P.pastoris菌株,经甲醇诱导后,胞外重组内切葡聚糖酶Ⅰ的活力达73 U/mL.SDS-PAGE中出现一条明显加强的蛋白质条带,其分子量大约为58 kD.     

生孢噬纤维粘菌M229内切葡聚糖酶基因的克隆与表达

生孢噬纤维粘菌(Sporocytophaga)M229可产内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase),外切葡聚糖酶(Avicelase)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(pNPGase)。以质粒pUC8为载体,采用CMC-刚果红法从M229中分离到了一个CMCase基因,导入E.coli JM83中后,其表达CMCase的活力为1.2×10^-2mU/mgpr,最适作用pH和温度分别为6—7和40—50℃。限制性图谱及亚克隆分析暗示,该CMCase结构基因内部     

枯草杆菌内切葡聚糖酶基因的克隆及表达

以质粒Ｐｕｃ１８为载体,从枯草杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ）ＤＢ１０４基因组中克隆到一个内切葡聚糖酶基因。限制酶切分析表明重组质粒中的插入片段为３.５ｋｂ,其中各含有一个ＥｃｏＲＩ,ＨｉｎｄⅢ和ＰｖｕⅡ位点。该插入片段含有一完整的内切葡聚糖酶基因,其自身启动子能被大肠杆菌转录系统所识别。当加入ｌａｃＺα基因启动子的诱导物ＩＰＴＧ后,内切葡聚糖酶表达量提高２.８倍。加入０.５％葡萄糖能抑制该基因的表达。该基因在大肠杆菌ＤＨ５αＦ′中表达的内切葡聚糖酶分布为：胞外６７.３％,胞间周质３.９％,胞内２８.８％。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实了该插入片段来自供体菌Ｂ．ＳｕｂｔｉｌｉｓＤＢ１０４。     

枯草芽孢杆菌C-36内切葡聚糖酶基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中融合表达

以自行分离筛选出的天然枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）C-36的染色体DNA为模板,PCR扩增得到含有内切葡聚糖酶基因的DNA片段,将其克隆到pMD-18T载体中,序列分析表明,克隆得到的DNA片段全长1602bp,编码一个含有499个氨基酸的多肽。与其他芽孢杆菌内切葡聚糖酶基因序列比对,其核苷酸同源率为90％～93％,其编码的氨基酸序列的同源性在90％～98％,已将此基因注册GenBank（DQ782954）。将含内切葡聚糖酶基因的重组克隆质粒进行亚克隆,用Kpn I和EcoR I双酶切后,与相同酶切的表达载体pET-32a相连接,并导入大肠杆菌BL21中表达。蛋白质电泳实验结果表明在6．47×10^4处有表达蛋白带。经测定表达蛋白比酶活力达99．02U／mL,为出发菌C-36（63．78U／mL）的1．55倍。     

特异腐质霉中性内切葡聚糖酶Ⅱ基因的克隆及表达

利用RT-PCR的方法,以特异腐质霉（Humicola insolerts）H31-3总RNA为模板,克隆到中性内切葡聚糖酶Ⅱ基因egl2的cDNA,将其插入到表达载体pGAPZαA中,重组质粒经线性化,电击转化毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）菌株GS115,筛选到分泌表达重组EGⅡ的毕赤酵母工程菌株。SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,重组EGⅡ在酵母中得到了特异性表达,表达产物的表观分子量约为55kD,同时对工程菌株的发酵条件和重组EGⅡ的性质进行了初步研究。     

蠼螋肠道中碱性内切葡聚糖酶基因的克隆表达及功能分析

【目的】从蠼螋肠道细菌菌株Q5中获得一个新型耐碱纤维素酶基因,通过异源表达、酶学性质及功能分析,旨在为以后进一步研究开发高温碱性纤维素酶提供一些理论参考。【方法】采用刚果红平板初筛法,从河南南阳宝天曼国家级自然保护区落叶堆下的昆虫蠼螋肠道中,获得具有分泌较高活性碱性纤维素酶的细菌菌株。基于该菌株的形态学、生理学及16S rRNA序列特征等对高活性菌株进行分类鉴定。并通过设计简并引物,从高活性菌株中克隆出该菌株的纤维素酶基因,并进行序列分析,并导入大肠杆菌BL21中表达。【结果】获得1株具有分泌较高活性碱性内切葡聚糖酶的细菌菌株Q5,经鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌,进一步从Q5菌株中成功克隆出该菌株的一个全长1500 bp的内切葡聚糖酶基因(GenBank KR067575),在NCBI比对后发现该基因的氨基酸序列与芽孢杆菌菌株LM 4-2的耐碱性β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因(AKE23721.1)有98%的同源性。重组菌经优化培养,细胞破碎后上清液中的酶活力可达3.46 U/mL,是出发菌株Q5(2.05 U/mL)的1.69倍。经正交实验优化后的酶活力为4.99 U/mL。酶学性质研究表明:该酶的最适反应温度与pH值分别为50°C与pH 8.5,在pH 8.0和9.0保温48 h,其酶活力仍然维持到最高酶活的82%和81%;该酶在50°C以下较稳定,60°C以上酶活迅速降低。10 mmol/L的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对酶的活性有明显促进作用,重组酶Ega5的K_m和V_(max)分别是2.217 mol/mL和9.606μmol/(min·L)。该重组酶对棉花黄萎病病原菌大丽轮枝菌具有显著抑制作用。【结论】本文首次从蠼螋肠道中筛选到了一株产碱性内切葡聚糖酶的细菌菌株并从中克隆出了一个碱性纤维素酶基因,为该酶在碱性条件的应用奠定了理论基础。     

斜卧青霉纤维素酶系的酶学研究

使用包括疏水相互作用色谱在内的多种色谱分离技术,对斜卧青霉的纤维素酶进行了系统的分离纯化。共分得一种β一葡萄糖苷酶,六种β一葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶和八种内切β一葡聚糖酶组分。其中六种分别进一步分离为二到六个亚组分。多数达到电泳纯。系统地研究了各组分的分子组成和酶学特征。并用计算机对各酶组分及其它来源的纤维素酶组分的氨基酸组成进行了绕计分析,推论了它们之间的相互关系。据以提出转译后修饰的假说,以解释纤维素酶系多组分性和微异质性产生的原因。     

长梗木霉内切葡聚糖酶I基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

一株纤维素酶高产菌株经ITS序列鉴定并命名为长梗木霉SSL (Trichoderma longibrachiatum, SSL)。利用RT-PCR的方法从该菌株中克隆出内切-1-4-β-D-葡聚糖酶I的基因 (eg1), 该基因全长1386 bp, 编码461个氨基酸。序列分析表明：该基因序列与T. longibrachiatum egl1基因具有90％以上的同源性。将该基因的成熟肽编码序列插入到Pichia pastoris表达载体ppic9k中, 构建重组表达质粒ppic9k-eg1, 转化P. pa     

斜卧青霉原生质体制备和再生的研究

研究了斜卧青霉原生质体制备和再生的条件,确定了培养方式、菌龄、渗透压稳定剂、酶的配比、酶解时间等因素对原生质体制备和再生的影响。最佳条件：菌丝体培养12h,用1％溶壁酶＋1％纤维素酶＋1％蜗牛酶的混合酶液酶解,将NaCl作为渗透压稳定剂,酶解时间为1．5h。在此条件下原生质体的形成量达到5．3×10^5个／mL,再生率为19．4％。     

斜卧青霉纤维素酶和木聚糖酶高产菌株的选育

以纤维素酶高产菌株斜卧青霉A50为出发菌株,通过紫外诱变原生质体获得1株木聚糖酶活力提高80%而纤维素酶活力没有改变的6号菌。蛋白质电泳和酶谱检测结果显示,纤维素酶谱基本无差别,而木聚糖酶谱显示6号菌比A50多了一条带。6号菌优化后的产酶培养基组成为:麸皮7%、葡萄糖0.1%,该条件下,纤维素酶活为19.7IU/mL,木聚糖酶活力为215.4IU/mL。     

Cloning of the cellulase gene from Penicillium funiculosum and its expression in Escherichia coli

A gene of Penicillium funiculosum encoding an endoglucanase was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli using the lacZ promoter of vector pUC 18. The gene product hydrolyzed carboxymethyl cellulose and showed strong cross reactivity with P. funiculosum anticellulases.     

Cloning,characterization and heterologous expression of the first Penicillium echinulatum cellulase gene

Aims: Penicillium echinulatum is effective for bioconversion processes. However, nothing is known about the molecular biology of its cellulolytic system. We describe for the first time the isolation, cloning and expression of a P. echinulatum cellulase cDNA (Pe‐egl1) encoding a putative endoglucanase. Methods and Results: Pe‐egl1 cDNA was identified from random sequencing of a P. echinulatum cDNA library. The deduced EGL1 protein possibly belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase family 5A, with 387 amino acid residues and strong similarity with other fungal endoglucanases. The cDNA was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant EGL1 secreted by a Pic. pastoris recombinant strain revealed the characteristics of particular interest: an optimal activity over a broad pH range (5·0–9·0), and an optimal temperature of 60°C. The recombinant EGL1 also showed high thermostability (84% of residual activity after 1 h of pre‐incubation at 70°C). Calcium exerted a strong stimulatory effect over EGL1 activity. Conclusions: Altogether, these results point to the potential application of this P. echinulatum endoglucanase in cellulose processing industries, particularly the textile one because of its biochemical properties. Significance and Impact of the Study: The characterization and heterologous expression of the first P. echinulatun cDNA inaugurates the exploitation of this potential industrial micro‐organism.     

纤维素降解菌L-06的筛选、鉴定及其产酶条件的分析

从用于堆肥的水稻秸秆中初筛出一株高效纤维素降解菌L-06, 根据18S rRNA基因序列和菌株形态分析, 初步鉴定该菌为斜卧青霉(Penicillium decumbens)。研究了液体发酵培养基中氮源、碳源、表面活性剂、培养温度、起始pH以及接种量对该菌株各纤维素酶活力的影响。在最适条件下, 该菌的b-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL)、外切纤维素酶(CBH)于培养第3天酶活力分别达到1662 u/mL和2770 u/mL; 内切纤维素酶(EG)、滤纸糖化力(FPase)于培养第4天酶活力分别达到18064 u/mL和4035 u/mL。在产酶优化实验中, 该菌的EG和CBH在pH10的培养条件下分别保持了70%和43%的酶活性; 在50oC培养条件下EG和CBH分别保持了68%和59%的酶活性。表现出了耐热, 耐碱的特性。     

纤维素降解菌L-06的筛选、鉴定及其产酶条件的分析

从用于堆肥的水稻秸秆中初筛出一株高效纤维素降解菌L-06, 根据18S rRNA基因序列和菌株形态分析, 初步鉴定该菌为斜卧青霉(Penicillium decumbens)。研究了液体发酵培养基中氮源、碳源、表面活性剂、培养温度、起始pH以及接种量对该菌株各纤维素酶活力的影响。在最适条件下, 该菌的b-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL)、外切纤维素酶(CBH)于培养第3天酶活力分别达到1662 u/mL和2770 u/mL; 内切纤维素酶(EG)、滤纸糖化力(FPase)于培养第4天酶活力分别达到18064 u/mL和4035 u/mL。在产酶优化实验中, 该菌的EG和CBH在pH10的培养条件下分别保持了70%和43%的酶活性; 在50oC培养条件下EG和CBH分别保持了68%和59%的酶活性。表现出了耐热, 耐碱的特性。     

斜卧青霉去泛素化蛋白酶CREB的缺失提高纤维素酶的生产

斜卧青霉Penicillium decumbens T.是1种重要的产纤维素酶丝状真菌,能有效地降解利用木质纤维素生产第2代生物燃料。为了提高斜卧青霉纤维素酶的产量,构建了去泛素化酶基因creB的敲除盒,并通过同源双交换重组的方法,获得了creB基因缺失突变株ΔcreB。该突变株呈现明显的纤维素酶表达分泌抗葡萄糖代谢阻遏效应,ΔcreB菌株的滤纸酶活、内切纤维素酶活、木聚糖酶活以及外切纤维素酶活分别提高1.8倍、1.71倍、2.06倍以及2.04倍,其胞外蛋白质含量提高了2.68倍。确定了creB基因缺失突变株具有抗碳源代谢物阻遏的生理现象,CREB对斜卧青霉生产纤维素酶的能力具有显著影响,为系统改造丝状真菌高产纤维素酶菌株提供了理论指导。     

N-glycoform diversity of cellobiohydrolase I from Penicillium decumbens and synergism of nonhydrolytic glycoform in cellulose degradation

Four cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) glycoforms, namely, CBHI-A, CBHI-B, CBHI-C, and CBHI-D, were purified from the cultured broth of Penicillium decumbens JU-A10. All glycoforms had the same amino acid sequence but displayed different characteristics and biological functions. The effects of the N-glycans of the glycoforms on CBH activity were analyzed using mass spectrum data. Longer N-glycan chains at the Asn-137 of CBHI increased CBH activity. After the N-glycans were removed using site-directed mutagenesis and homologous expression in P. decumbens, the specific CBH activity of the recombinant CBHI without N-glycosylation increased by 65% compared with the wild-type CBHI with the highest specific activity. However, the activity was not stable. Only the N-glycosylation at Asn-137 can improve CBH activity by 40%. rCBHI with N-glycosylation only at Asn-470 exhibited no enzymatic activity. CBH activity was affected whether or not the protein was glycosylated, together with the N-glycosylation site and N-glycan structure. N-Glycosylation not only affects CBH activity but may also bring a new feature to a nonhydrolytic CBHI glycoform (CBHI-A). By supplementing CBHI-A to different commercial cellulase preparations, the glucose yield of lignocellulose hydrolysis increased by >20%. After treatment with a low dose (5 mg/g substrate) of CBHI-A at 50 °C for 7 days, the hydrogen-bond intensity and crystalline degree of cotton fibers decreased by 17 and 34%, respectively. These results may provide new guidelines for cellulase engineering.     

Improvement of cellulase activity in Trichoderma reesei by heterologous expression of a beta-glucosidase gene from Penicillium decumbens

Trichoderma reesei is a well-known cellulase producer and widely applied in enzyme industry. To increase its ability to efficiently decompose cellulose, the beta-glucosidase activity of its enzyme cocktail needs to be enhanced. In this study, a beta-glucosidase I coding sequence from Penicillium decumbens was ligated with the cellobiohydrolase I (cbh1) promoter of T. reesei and introduced into the genome of T. reesei strain Rut-C30 by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In comparison to that from the parent strain, the beta-glucosidase activity of the enzyme complexes from two selected transformants increased 6- to 8-fold and their filter paper activity (FPAs) was enhanced by 30% on average. The transformant's saccharifying ability towards pretreated cornstalk was also significantly enhanced. To further confirm the effect of heterologous beta-glucosidase on the cellulase activity of T. reesei, the heterologously expressed pBGL1 was purified and added to the enzyme complex produced by T. reesei Rut-C30. Supplementation of the Rut-C30 enzyme complex with pBGL1 brought about 80% increase of glucose yield during the saccharification of pretreated cornstalk. Our results indicated that the heterologous expression of a beta-glucosidase gene in T. reesei might produce balanced cellulase preparation.     

响应面法优化斜卧青霉Ju-A10产CMCase的条件

通过响应面分析法对Ju-A10利用不同植物纤维废弃物为碳源生产CMCase条件进行优化,结果显示碳源分别为谷秸、麦秸和造纸废渣,碳源水平分别在9．77％、8．69％、9．97％,300mL三角瓶装液量分别为64．7 mL、54．2 mL、40．8 mL时,CMCase为最高,分别为29．26 IU／mL、29．14 IU／mL、29．81 IU／mL。R2分别达到了0．9117、0．9246、0．8655,说明发酵预测模型可靠性较高,可应用于培养条件的优化。