井底轨迹图CAD

井底轨迹图CAD软件系统的开发，以大幅度提高牙轮钻头布齿设计的效率为目的，它是在较好硬件环境基础上，以AutoCAD为开发平台，使用Visual LISP语言进行二次开发而成的软件系统，该系统以井底牙轮运动的仿真计算为理论基础，结合地勘牙轮钻头的设计特点，最后通过生成孔底击碎图以指导牙轮的布齿设计，整个设计系统都以友好的对话框界面进行控制，便于具备CAD基础知识的设计人员进行地勘牙轮钻头的CAD设计。     

地勘牙轮钻头专用CAD系统

介绍了以ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ为开发平台的地勘牙轮钻头专用ＣＡＤ软件系统的一发及其应用,该系统由参数设计、布齿设计、参数化绘图３图分组成,可采用菜单、对话框和图标等形式对地勘牙轮钻头进行计算机辅助设计,在参数选取后进行布齿设计,然后进行参数化绘图,分别绘制出牙掌图、牙轮图和其它零件图,最后绘制装配图。     

大口径牙轮钻头设计存在的问题及其改进方法

硬岩中钻进是基桩孔钻进中的一大难题，不少工地试图用牙轮钻头钻进基岩，但一直未取得理想的效果，大口径牙轮钻头在硬岩中钻速低，磨损快。不少研究者指出，其原因主要是由钻压过低而又无法加压所致，便在现场，一些用石油钻牙轮装配的钻头，不加压也难以转动，因而根本无法增加钻。本文从运动学方面分析了钻头所存在的这一问题，提出了纯滚动牙轮钻头的设计方法，并考虑了如何使钻头上内外周牙轮等磨损以提高钻头寿命的问题。     

大口径牙轮钻头设计中存在的问题及其改进方法

硬岩中钻进是基桩孔钻进中的一大难题．不少工地试图用牙轮钻头钻进基岩，但一直未取得理想的效果。大口径牙轮钻头在硬岩中钻整低，磨损快．不少研究者指出，其原因主要是钻压过低而又无法加压所致．但在现场，一些用石油钻牙轮装配的钻头，不加压时难以转动，因而无法增加钻压．本文从运动学方面分析了钻头所存在的这一问题．提出了纯滚动牙轮钻头的设计方法．并考虑了如何使钻头上内外周牙轮等磨损以提高钻头寿命的问题。     

PZ系列拼装组合式大直径牙轮钻头的研制与应用

ＰＺ系列拼装组合式大直径牙轮钻头可适用于嵌岩灌注桩钻孔和水井的钻进。该系列钻头直径从４００ｍｍ到２０００ｍｍ，本文对钻头的外形设计、底面结构形式、牙轮的选择和分布以及水力学设计等进行了阐述，该型钻头经１００多个单位使用，效果良好，作者也提出了改进方向。     

新型抗振动柔性PDC钻头

钻头与孔底钻具组合之间要用刚性连接，可引起严重的孔底钻具振动。若在钻头上使用倾斜柔性装置，可以减少钻头振动与孔度钻具振动之间的耦合，同时提高钻头的稳定性。这一设想被一个经过特殊设计的能模拟孔底动态情况的实验装置所证实。     

DKY95XHP5型钻头及无岩心钻进工艺

ＤＫＹ９５ＸＨＰ５型地勘牙轮钻头采用了楔形硬质合金镶齿、滑动轴承密封润滑，储油和平衡补偿和新型专利喷嘴等先进结构，使用该钻头及配套无岩心钻进工艺，在中硬砂岩和灰岩中钻进，钻探台效提高，单位进尺成本降低。     

牙轮钻头直径的计算

采用求极值来计算牙轮钻头的直径，给出了牙轮钻头直径的计算公式，并分别对有移轴及无移轴牙轮钻头直径的计算进行了分析。     

大直径反循环潜孔锤的密封方法与试验研究

可靠的密封结构是大直径反循环潜孔锤能够实现反循环钻进工艺的关键,同时也是大直径反循环潜孔锤设计的难点。现有的大直径反循环潜孔锤都是基于孔底钻具本体进行密封结构设计的。提出了一种孔底与孔口联合密封的方法,以该密封方法为设计原则研制了扩孔用φ710/311 mm集束式反循环潜孔锤与孔口密封装置,并配套φ127/70 mm双壁钻具进行了现场试验,取得了较好的连续反循环排渣效果,平均机械钻速为2.1 m/h,与常规牙轮钻头扩孔方法相比提高了2.6倍。试验结果表明孔底与孔口联合密封方法是可行的,值得进一步推广应用。     

组合式牙轮钻头的特性、设计和使用

对组合式牙轮钻头作了简要介绍，分析了其碎岩原理，并与刮刀钻头及滚刀钻头进行了特性对比，阐述了设计，使用要点。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

On the Validity of the Boussinesq Approximation for the Elder Problem

The Elder problem is an example of a density driven flow, motivated by experiments of a thermally driven convection in porous media. It is a mathematical benchmark problem used for code verification of density driven flow simulators and comparison of issues related to its numerical treatment. Its bifurcation diagram with respect to the Rayleigh number is investigated on a hierarchy of uniformly refined grids. Eleven stationary solutions are shown to exist for the Elder problem. Similar solutions can be found using the Boussinesq approximation. Despite this similarity the corresponding bifurcation diagrams are shown to be topologically not equivalent. This gives rise to serious doubts on the validity of Boussinesq approximation for this model problem. Grid convergence is investigated for the numerically obtained solutions.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

Mine-water chemistry: the good, the bad and the ugly

 Contaminative mine drainage waters have become one of the major hydrogeological and geochemical problems arising from mankind's intrusion into the geosphere. Mine drainage waters in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom are of three main types: (1) saline formation waters; (2) acidic, heavy-metal-containing, sulphate waters derived from pyrite oxidation, and (3) alkaline, hydrogen-sulphide-containing, heavy-metal-poor waters resulting from buffering reactions and/or sulphate reduction. Mine waters are not merely to be perceived as problems, they can be regarded as industrial or drinking water sources and have been used for sewage treatment, tanning and industrial metals extraction. Mine-water problems may be addressed by isolating the contaminant source, by suppressing the reactions releasing contaminants, or by active or passive water treatment. Innovative treatment techniques such as galvanic suppression, application of bactericides, neutralising or reducing agents (pulverised fly ash-based grouts, cattle manure, whey, brewers' yeast) require further research. Received: 13 August 1996 · Accepted: 3 January 1997