新型乙醇-柴油混合燃料研究

采用价格低廉的工业乙醇和0~#柴油为原料,在改变温度和工业乙醇与0~#柴油的配比的情况下,对乙醇-柴油的助溶剂选择和混合燃料的质量焓进行了研究。结果表明,从降低成本方面考虑,使用乙基叔丁基醚作为助溶剂优化配方为:0~#柴油、工业乙醇、乙基叔丁基醚的质量分数分别为65.1%、16.3%、18.6%;使用正丁醇作为助溶剂时工业乙醇在乳化柴油中所占的比例最大,相应的优化配方为:0~#柴油、工业乙醇、正丁醇的质量分数分别为71.2%、17.8%、11.0%;混合燃料的质量焓与0~#柴油接近,保持澄清透明状态的稳定时间可达30 d以上。     

柴油-生物柴油-乙醇溶解性及其调和燃料特性的研究

以自制的生物柴油为助溶剂,研究了生物柴油对乙醇和柴油调和燃料的助溶作用;研究了不同比例的柴油-生物柴油-乙醇调和燃料的理化特性及稳定性。结果表明,当生物柴油含量为12.55%时,柴油和燃料乙醇可以以任意比例互溶;乙醇含量过高会导致燃料的各种理化性能下降;乙醇含量为10%,生物柴油含量>12.55%为混合燃料较为适宜的调和比列。     

乙醇与柴油互溶性研究及混合燃料对柴油机排放性能的影响

乙醇可由生物质能源转化得到,可作为含氧清洁燃料与柴油混合用作柴油机燃料。以正丁醇为助溶剂促进乙醇在柴油中的溶解,形成稳定的混合燃料;同时以该混合燃料作为柴油机燃料,参照GB 20891-2014《非道路移动机械用柴油机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第三、四阶段)》测试柴油机的常规排放、非常规排放规律,探究其对柴油机排放性能的影响。结果表明,正丁醇作为助溶剂,可促进乙醇与柴油互溶,在乙醇与正丁醇的体积比接近1∶1时可形成稳定的混合燃料,静置10个月以上不分层,在-5℃左右不分层,可用作柴油机燃料;正丁醇的添加方式对其助溶效果影响较小;负荷特性下,与燃用纯柴油相比,柴油机燃用混合燃料时,CO和NO_x排放量分别减少13.96%～46.73%和1.35%～16.92%,VOCs排放量增加1.94%～32.43%,PM_(2.5)排放量减少5.81%～44.37%。柴油与醇类燃料混合燃烧可以实现在减少NO_x排放量的同时减少PM_(2.5)排放量。     

棕榈油-甲醇-柴油微乳液的制备研究

主要介绍了一种新型的绿色有机替代燃料,即以价格低廉的棕榈油、甲醇为主要替代原料,替代部分柴油.以中等碳链脂肪醇为助溶剂,乳化甲醇、棕榈油、柴油混合燃料,配制成W/O微乳液.实验分别考察了棕榈油的增溶作用和正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、正戊醇的助溶效果,同时考察了温度对乳液稳定性的影响.实验表明,植物油的加入使得油与甲醇的互溶性增加,异丁醇的助溶效果最好.助溶剂和温度是影响甲醇/植物油/柴油混合燃料稳定性的重要凶素.随温度变化,形成热力学稳定的微乳液所需要加入的助溶剂的量不同.CoCl<,2>试纸检验结果表明,所制备的微乳液均为W/O类型.     

一种乙醇柴油的微乳化性能研究

针对乙醇与柴油互溶性差的特点,采用添加表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AEO3）和助溶剂正戊醇的方法,改变乙醇柴油的微乳化性能。并通过实验考察了它们的最佳复配比,通过乙醇、柴油、稳定剂体系的拟三元相图,考察了温度对其稳定性的影响。最后对乙醇柴油的主要物性进行了测定。通过一系列实验得知,醇类可以作为乙醇柴油混合燃料的助溶剂,正戊醇的助溶效果相对较好;随着温度的降低,乙醇柴油的微乳化液会逐渐变浑浊,最终会分离;乙醇、助溶剂和表面活性剂的加入会降低乙醇柴油的闪点;表面活性剂AEO3作为乳化剂,在醇类稳定剂助溶下（例如AEO3：正戊醇=1：4）制成的乙醇柴油微乳液,稳定时间可达二个月以上。     

生物柴油特性及作为混合燃料添加剂的研究

论述了生物柴油优越的理化特性,可作为柴油的替代燃料,并讨论了生物柴油作为乙醇（甲醇）与柴油或汽油混合燃料的添加剂情况.通过溶解度测定及三相图实验数据表明生物柴油作为乙醇与柴油添加剂,促溶效果较好;对于生物柴油-汽油-乙醇体系来讲,三者可以任意比例混合,可改善汽油的燃烧性能;对于生物柴油-柴油-甲醇体系,效果不理想.     

国内外化工简讯

乙醇柴油应用研究取得突破性进展日前,承担“乙醇柴油关键技术研究及应用”项目的河南省天冠集团经过三年多时间的努力攻关在“乙醇柴油机械混合法”和“乙醇柴油助溶剂法方面取得突破性进展,为大规模应用奠定了坚实基础。河南省科技厅鉴定认为,在不改动发动机的前提下,使用该产品启动运转正常且利用率高,将为燃料的使用提供新选择,为我国的能源结构调整提供新思路。目前,乙醇柴油的研究较多地采用乙醇与柴油混合的方法,其中助溶剂和混合工艺的改善是关键据介绍,该项目已在两个主要的技术方案上取得重要突破,一是乙醇柴油机械混合。如今,该…     

车用甲醇柴油混合燃料的研究

根据甲醇和柴油的分子结构特点,筛选出合适的甲醇燃料助溶剂和助溶表面活性剂。实验结果表明为:采用甲缩醛为助溶剂、异戊醇为助表面活性剂,配制的甲醇柴油具有低温稳定性并且各项技术指标符合国家轻柴油标准(GB252-94)。     

乙醇柴油燃料的研究进展

与传统柴油相比较,乙醇柴油因具有成本低,排放污染少等优点,成为当前柴油替代燃料的研究热点.文章分别论述了我国在乙醇和柴油的互溶性、助溶剂、乳化以及微乳化等方面的研究进展和存在的问题,最后,指出了我国乙醇柴油的主要研究方向.     

生物柴油特性及作为混合燃料添加剂的研究

本文论述了生物柴油优越的理化特性可作为柴油的替代燃料，并讨论了生物柴油作为乙醇(甲醇)与柴油或汽油混合燃料的添加剂情况，通过溶解度测定及三相图实验数据表明：生物柴油作为乙醇与柴油添加剂，促溶效果较好：对于生物柴油-汽油-乙醇体系来讲，三者可以任意比例混合，可改善汽油的燃烧性能：对于生物柴油-柴油-甲醇体系，效果不理想。     

Combustion and emission characteristics of blends of diesel fuel and methanol-to-diesel

Methanol-to-diesel (MTD) means a synthetic diesel fuel, its raw material is methanol. And it is a liquid alcohol ether mixture with appropriate amount of additives, which can be blended with diesel fuel at various levels. It was synthesized by methanol with 1,2-epoxypropane and epoxyethane using modified calcined Mg/Al hydroxides as catalysts. The test and study on the physical properties of MTD and the fuel consumption and emissions of diesel engine using the mixed MTD and diesel fuel have been performed. The results indicates that there was no significant difference in the power values of diesel and the blend fuels while fuel consumption increasing around 14%, and of much lower emissions of exhaust. When using the diesel fuel mixed with 20-30% of MTD. The conclusion is that MTD is a cheap and clean low power loss additive fuel for diesel engines.     

Study of oxygenated biomass fuel blends on a diesel engine

Vegetable methyl ester was added in ethanol–diesel fuel to prevent separation of ethanol from diesel in this study. The ethanol blend proportion can be increased to 30% in volume by adding the vegetable methyl ester. Engine performance and emissions characteristics of the fuel blends were investigated on a diesel engine and compared with those of diesel fuel. Experimental results show that the torque of the engine is decreased by 6%–7% for every 10% (by volume) ethanol added to the diesel fuel without modification on the engine. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increases with the addition of oxygen from ethanol but equivalent brake specific fuel consumption (EBSFC) of oxygenated fuels is at the same level of that of diesel. Smoke and particulate matter (PM) emissions decrease significantly with the increase of oxygen content in the fuel. However, PM reduction is less significant than smoke reduction. In addition, PM components are affected by the oxygenated fuel. When blended fuels are used, nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions are almost the same as or slightly higher than the NO_x emissions when diesel fuel is used. Hydrocarbon (HC) is apparently decreased when the engine was fueled with ethanol–ester–diesel blends. Fuelling the engine with oxygenated diesel fuels showed increased carbon monoxide (CO) emissions at low and medium loads, but reduced CO emissions at high and full loads, when compared to pure diesel fuel.     

燃料乙醇系统模拟平台开发及应用

对典型燃料乙醇系统进行了分析,阐述了目前该系统相关全流程模拟模型的不足以及由非线性和复杂性等特征导致的系统建模难点。在此基础上,运用VC#编程工具和SQLSERVE开发了全新的燃料乙醇系统模拟平台,该平台可模拟燃料乙醇实际生产过程,能够从物质流、能量流、水流、价值流等方面对系统开展工业生态学分析。最后利用实际生产过程中出现的两个问题案例对平台进行了检验。     

汽车用生物能源的应用现状与发展趋势

阐述了我国能源危机、环境污染以及汽车行业发展的现状,提出以生物能源作为汽车的替代燃料。介绍了国内外车用醇类燃料和生物柴油的应用现状和现存问题,对此两大类汽车代用燃料的未来发展进行了展望。     

二甲醚生产工艺技术路线进展

二甲醚可以用于替代LPG,用作民用燃气,还可以替代柴油用作汽车燃料等领域。目前工业上生产二甲醚主要有甲醇脱水和合成气直接合成两种工艺,本文对合成气一步法和甲醇脱水法的各工艺技术路线进行了论述。     

Study of fuel consumption when introducing DME or ethanol into diesel engine

An investigation of the effect of DME or ethanol on fuel consumption is conducted in a four-stroke, one-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine. DME or ethanol is first heated to pyrolyze and then the resultant product gas is introduced into air intake. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) can be reduced a lot, when emulsified fuel (diesel fuel emulsified with water) is fueled to diesel engine and DME is heated to about 1000 K before its being introduced into air intake. Results show that BSFC can be decreased by about 10% and diesel fuel consumption can be decreased by 18%. High saving rate of BSFC up to 10% is also acquired using ethanol instead of DME. To achieve high saving rate of BSFC, the heating temperature of about 1000 K is needed for DME operation, while the diesel engine exhaust temperature of about 750 K is enough for pyrolyzing ethanol. Hydrogen produced in DME or ethanol pyrolysis is considered as the main reason for the excellent fuel saving. The technique adopted in the present work is extremely easy to utilize, and may be firstly adopted on diesel engines for power plants, trains, ships, etc.     

Pilot plant studies of biodiesel production using Brassica carinata as raw material

In recent years, the development of alternative fuels from renewable resources, like biomass, has received considerable attention. Biodiesel is defined as fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters from vegetable oils, when it is used as fuel in diesel engines and heating systems.

In this context, the cultivation of Brassica carinata as oilseed crop for biodiesel production in the south of Europe (Spain and Italy) and north of Africa has gained special interest, since it allows the use of set-aside lands, giving higher yields per hectare than the traditional Spanish crops.

Methyl or ethyl esters are the product of transesterification of vegetable oils with alcohol (methanol/ethanol) using an alkaline catalyst. In addition, the process yields glycerol, which has large applications in the pharmaceutical, food and plastics industries.

In the present work, the process of biodiesel production for pilot plant using B. Carinata oil as raw materials with methanol and using potassium hydroxide as catalyst has been studied.

The biodiesel quality meets European specifications defined by pr EN 14214:2002 (E). The obtained results have been used for industrial scale up of the process.     

用棉籽油制备生物柴油

采用棉籽油为原料连续化生产生物柴油,研究了工艺及设备的设计。由棉籽油与甲醇在催化剂NaOH存在下由酯交换反应制得生物柴油。在优化条件下反应50 min,转化率达到99%。生产的生物柴油,各项指标与天然柴油相似。其各项燃烧指标优于或与普通柴油相仿,满足欧洲Ⅱ排放标准。