结直肠癌伴急性肠梗阻的术式选择

目的探讨结直肠癌伴急性肠梗阻的外科处理方法。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2008年6月手术治疗的结直肠癌伴急性肠梗阻31例的临床资料。结果31例均经手术治疗。右半结肠癌伴梗阻13例,其中12例行右半结肠一期切除,无吻合口漏发生,另1例癌肿不能切除行捷径手术;横结肠切除一期吻合2例;一期左半结肠切除肠吻合术7例,术后发生吻合口漏1例,其中2例乙状结肠癌伴梗阻行金属内支架置入,解除梗阻后3周行一期肿瘤切除肠吻合;Hartmann手术5例,术后恢复顺利,造口排便通畅,3～6个月后均进行了顺利关瘘手术;肿瘤无法切除行单纯结肠造口4例。结论重视围手术的处理,根据急性梗阻性结直肠癌病人全身情况和局部条件合理选择手术方式。     

术中结肠灌洗在梗阻性结直肠癌的应用(附96例报告)

目的探讨术中结肠灌洗在梗阻性结直肠癌急诊手术中的应用。方法回顾分析我院2008年1月至2011年12月收治的梗阻性结直肠癌96例采用结肠灌洗的临床资料。结果本组96例中均行术中结肠灌洗、肿瘤切除、一期肠吻合或造瘘术,效果良好。结论术中结肠灌洗是梗阻性结直肠癌急诊手术的关键技术。     

结、直肠癌引起的急性肠梗阻的外科处理

回顾分析64例由结、直肠癌引起的急性肠梗阻的临床资料。18例右半结肠癌中一期切除吻合8例，一期切除加回肠-横结肠断端双腔造瘘5例，一期暂时性盲肠造瘘，二期根治性切除肿瘤2例，3例无法切除者，行回肠-横结肠吻合术；19例左半结肠癌中一期切除吻合7例，一期切除加预防性盲肠造瘘4例，一期切除加结肠断端双腔造瘘6例，一期暂时性横结肠造瘘，二期切除肿瘤1例，1例无法切除者，行永久性横结肠造瘘；27例直肠癌中一期切除吻合13例，一期切除加预防性横结肠造瘘9例，一期行暂时性乙状结肠造瘘，二期切除肿瘤3例，2例无法切除者，行永久性乙状结肠造瘘。术后发生6例吻合口瘘中右半结肠癌1例，左半结肠癌1例，直肠癌4例；一期切除加预防性造瘘1例，其余5例均为一期切除吻合者。 围手术期死亡4例。提示结、直肠癌引起的急性肠梗阻的术式选择应根据病人全身情况及肠管、肿瘤的局部情况而定。     

结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的外科治疗

目的 探讨结直肠癌并发急性肠梗阻的外科治疗方法及效果。方法 回顾性分析1993年7月至2003年7月间297例结直肠癌并发急性肠梗阻行急症手术治疗患者的临床资料。结果 右半结肠癌并梗阻103例，左半结肠癌和直肠癌并梗阻194例。其中一期切除吻合126例(右半结肠一期切除吻合98例，左半结直肠一期切除吻合28例)，全结肠切除或次全切除吻合者108例，Hartmann手术36例，Dixon手术9例，回乙状结肠或回直肠吻合捷径11例，肿瘤近端肠管造瘘7例。术后出现并发症53例(17．8％)，为切口感染、腹腔感染和肠瘘；死亡17例；280例(94．3％)痊愈出院。结论 一期切除吻合和结肠次全切除及全切除吻合手术治疗结直肠癌并发急性肠梗阻，是方便可行而安全有效的。     

老年人急性梗阻性大肠癌的诊治体会(附62例临床报告)

目的：探讨老年患者急性梗阻性大肠癌的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析了1991年1月至2000年12月收治的62例62岁以上大肠癌并急性梗阻病例的治情况，62例患者除了具有大肠癌并急性梗阻的临床表现外，均有不同程度的合并症，行右半结肠Ⅰ期切除吻合术24例，左半结肠肿瘤Ⅰ期切除吻合，近端造瘘18例，乙状结肠或直肠上段肿瘤Ⅰ期切除双简造瘘11例，Hartmanns手术4例，梗阻近端造瘘Ⅱ期切除吻合1例，乙状结肠永久性造瘘2例，捷径手术2例，结果：手术切除率93.5%(58/62)，切口感染9例，脑出血1例，死亡1例，全组无吻合口瘘。结论：右半结肠Ⅰ期切除吻合术，左半结肠Ⅰ期切除吻合，近端造瘘术在老年人急性梗阻性大肠癌的治疗中是合理安全的，加强围手术期的处理，同样是手术成功的关键。     

结直肠癌合并肠梗阻临床分析

目的分析结直肠癌合并肠梗阻的临床特点和探讨手术方法的选择。方法1996年2月～2004年2月共收治结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻106例，其中右侧结肠35例，横结肠7例，左侧结肠43例，直肠21例；Dukes B期41例，C期46例，D期19例。根据患者不同情况分别行一期手术和分期手术。结果共发生吻合口漏8例：左侧结肠6例，直肠2例，均为一期手术。对其中4例行近端结肠造瘘，2例行Hartmann手术，2例经保守治愈。左侧结肠癌分期手术17例均于术后3个月左右关闭造瘘口。4例横结肠造瘘中1例行二期切除。直肠癌行结肠造瘘11例中8例行二期切除。全组死亡2例：1例术后并发多器官功能不全综合征(NODS)，另1例术后并发吻合口漏致中毒性休克。结论(1)结直肠癌合并肠梗阻临床特点是：①左侧结肠梗阻多见；②晚期病例多见；③老年患者多见。(2)外科治疗的原则是解除梗阻，尽量切除肿瘤。应根据患者的具体情况选择合适的手术方式，一期手术尤其是左侧结肠的适应证要严格掌握。     

结直肠肿瘤并急性肠梗阻的外科治疗

目的探讨结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻围手术期的处理方法。方法回顾性分析2006年6月至2011年6月收治的97例结直肠肿瘤致急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果 97例均经手术治疗。右半结肠癌伴梗阻32例,其中30例行右半结肠一期切除,无吻合口漏发生,另2例癌肿不能切除行捷径手术;一期左半结肠切除肠吻合术15例,术后发生吻合口漏1例;Hartmann手术13例,术后恢复顺利,造口排便通畅,3～6个月后均进行了顺利关瘘手术;直肠癌Dixon手术27例,低位直肠癌行Miles术10例;行单纯肠造口6例。死亡1例。术后最常见的并发症为切口感染与肺部感染。结论对于结直肠癌并急性发肠梗阻,应根据患者的具体情况决定手术时机及手术方式,左半结肠癌合并肠梗阻可考虑一期切除吻合,但要注意吻合口漏。做好围手术期的处理是减少并发症、降低病死率的关键。     

老年结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻：附116报告

目的探讨老年结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的处理原则和方法。方法回顾性分析5年间收治的116例老年(≥60岁)结直肠癌并发急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料。全组右半结肠癌并梗阻39例,左半结肠癌并梗阻64例,直肠癌并梗阻13例。采用右半结肠一期切除吻合治疗39例,左半结肠一期切除吻合62例,Hartmann手术9例,Dixon手术4例,肿瘤近端肠管造瘘2例。结果术后出现并发症17例(14.7%)21例次,包括切口感染14例次,腹腔感染5例次和吻合口瘘2例次,死亡1例(0.9%)。115例(99.1%)痊愈出院。结论一定条件下,一期切除吻合治疗结直肠癌并发急性肠梗阻,是方便可行而安全有效的方法。     

一期切除术在急性大肠梗阻中的应用

作者报告了手术治疗急性大肠梗阻２８３例，其中结直肠癌引起的梗阻２５５例，良性病变引起的梗阻２８例。行一期切除术２０１例，其中行一期切除近端结肠造口二期肠造口闭合术４４例，一期切除吻合术１５７例。行分期手术５２例。术后生存率一期切除术优于分期手术。作者认为：（１）左侧结直肠癌梗阻情况允许时应尽量争取一期切除术，条件许可时行一期吻合术，如不能吻合则行近端结肠造口二期肠造口闭合术，一期切除吻合加保护性横结肠造口术不宜采用；（２）术中结肠灌洗对左侧结肠梗阻一期切除吻合具有重要意义；（３）结肠次全切除术适合于横结肠左侧至降结肠部位的梗阻。     

老年急性大肠癌梗阻的33例诊治分析

目的探讨老年急性大肠癌梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法总结1992—2010年收治的33例老年急性梗阻性大肠癌手术病例。结果 33例患者中Ⅰ期行右半结肠切除吻合13例,Ⅰ期行左半结肠切除吻合14例,Ⅰ期行左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除,近端结肠造瘘、封闭远端结肠或直肠5例,其中Ⅱ期吻合3例,直肠癌晚期无法切除根治行乙状结肠造瘘1例。术后并发症发生率21.2%,含围手术期死亡2例,占6.1%。结论积极术前准备,加强围手术期的处理以及选择合适手术方式和有效肠道清洁是提高老年急性大肠癌梗阻患者Ⅰ期吻合手术疗效的重要措施。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.