内蒙古鄂温克族自治旗天然草原野生种子植物地理区系分析

本文以呼伦贝尔草原极具有代表性的典型地段鄂温克族自治旗为例,对该区域天然草原74科309属719种野生种子植物科、属、种的地理成分进行调查分析,揭示该地区的植物起源和演替,证实植被是以温带成分为主,并具有多种地理成分和植物区系过渡性较强等特点,对保护呼伦贝尔地区野生植物物种,合理利用野生植物资源具有重要意义。     

中国-巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑公路沿线野生动物区系研究

中国-巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑公路（以下简称＂中巴公路＂）是中国政府于20世纪60年代中期援建的一条连接中国西部城市喀什和巴基斯坦北部城市塔科特的国际公路。2009年4月、7月、9月和2010年6～7月对中巴公路沿线分布的动物进行了考察,经全面系统分类、整理和统计,该地区共有陆栖野生动物22目51科105属147种,其中爬行类1目3科5属8种,鸟类14目34科72属103种,哺乳类/兽类7目14科28属36种。从野生动物分布的种类数量上看,分布最少的是爬行类（8种）,而较多的是鸟类（103种）和哺乳类/兽类（36种）,分别占该地区分布野生脊椎动物种数的5.44%、70.07%和24.49%。野生动物区系以北方广布种、高地型、古北型和中亚型为主,全北型、东洋型和喜马拉雅-横断山型渗透混杂,表明古北界温带陆栖动物地理属性是该地区动物区系的基本特征之所在。     

贵州贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园鸟类群落多样性分析

湿地鸟类多样性对维持湿地生态系统的动态平衡具有重要意义。2016年9月至2017年2月,2018年4—8月,在贵州贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园研究了鸟类群落结构和多样性,结果如下:1)共记录鸟类17目52科161种,其中国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物有11种。2)湿地公园鸟类群落多样性指数为3. 220 8,均匀度指数为0. 696 4,优势种为黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus xanthorrhous)、麻雀(Passer montanus)和白颊噪鹛(Garrulax sannio)。3)随着季节的更替,物种丰富度逐渐下降,多度夏季最大,春季次之,秋季和冬季相继减少,物种多样性指数和物种均匀度指数均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,优势度指数与物种多样性变化趋势相反。鸟类多样性指数自然植被生境(3. 087 4)>水陆过渡区(2. 762 5)>人工生境(2. 442 5)>水域(1. 907 0),均匀度指数水陆过渡区(0. 765 0)>自然植被生境(0. 726 7)>水域(0. 687 8)>人工生境(0. 666 7),优势度指数水域(0. 204 9)>人工生境(0. 172 2)>水陆过渡区(0. 107 7)>自然植被生境(0. 078 3)。4)不同季节、不同生境鸟类群落相似性存在差异,秋季和冬季鸟类相似性较高,相似系数为0. 651 2,春季和冬季相似性较低,相似系数为0. 464 6。自然植被生境和人工生境鸟类相似性较高,相似系数为0. 550 5,水域和自然植被生境相似性较低,相似系数为0. 139 5。     

黑龙江省富锦国家湿地公园夏季鸟类多样性研究

黑龙江省富锦国家湿地公园地处黑龙江省东北部富锦市,总面积2200hm^2。笔者于2012年6月1-15日对湿地公园夏季鸟类资源多样性进行了调查分析。调查划分7个生境42个监测点,共统计到夏季鸟类15目31科61种5611只,占湿地公园鸟类种数的34．46％;记录到夏候鸟53种,留鸟8种,包括水鸟36种5355只。通过对各生境物种多样性指数、均匀性指数和物种丰富度分析认为：多样性指数顺序为林地（3．188148）〉芦苇湿地（3．003125）〉水域（2．589831）〉农田（2．659385）〉苔草／小叶章湿地（2．557098）〉香蒲湿地（2．431518）〉草甸（2．354839）。均匀性指数排序为林地（o．750519）〉农田（0．741817）〉水域（n647458）〉香蒲湿地（0．607879）〉草甸（0．602740）〉苔草／小叶章湿地（0．601964）〉芦苇（0．600625）。物种丰富度排序为农田（0．196721）〉林地（0．112426）〉草甸（0．075000）〉苔草／小叶章湿地（0．039337）〉香蒲湿地（0．031558）〉芦苇湿地（0．020579）〉水域（0．006070）。     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in Hippopotamus amphibius from Kruger National Park,Republic of South Africa

Populations of Hippopotamus amphibius have declined throughout Africa in recent years, and are expected to decline further. An understanding of the population genetics of individual populations of hippos is necessary for effective management. To that end, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region or D-loop from 37 H. amphibius, from six herds in the central region of Kruger National Park (KNP), Republic of South Africa. We amplified a 453 bp segment by PCR, and identified 21 polymorphic sites and seven haplotypes. All of these haplotypes are private alleles, not found in other populations of hippos from southern Africa. Overall nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.01739, and haplotype diversity (hd) was 0.8273, within the range observed in other parts of Africa. Mismatch analysis conformed more closely to a model of constant population size than either rapid demographic or spatial expansion. An analysis of molecular variance demonstrated no significant differentiation among herds, and Mantel tests showed no significant relationship between geographic and genetic distance among herds separated by up to 47 km (measured as Euclidean [x,y] distance) or 77 km (measured along rivers). Over this range, the population appears to be a single panmictic unit. A test of the hypothesis that calves are more likely to share a mtDNA haplotype with an adult female in the same herd than an adult female from a different herd was not significant.     

Contacts between domestic livestock and wildlife at the Kruger National Park Interface of the Republic of South Africa

One of the most important transboundary animal diseases (TADs) in the southern African region is foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). In this region, a pathway for spread of FMD virus is contacts between cattle and certain species of wildlife. The objective of this study was to evaluate contacts between cattle and wildlife in the Kruger National Park (KNP) and the adjacent Limpopo province for the time periods October 2006 to March 2007 and April to September 2007. In this study, 87 livestock owners and 57 KNP field rangers were interviewed. Fifteen (17%) livestock owners reported contacts between wildlife and cattle. More livestock owners reported observing contacts between cattle and all wildlife species during October-March than April-September (p = 0.012). However, no difference was found between these periods for contacts between cattle and individual wildlife species. A total of 18 (32%) field rangers reported contacts between cattle and wildlife. The most common species-specific contacts were between cattle and buffalo (63/year), cattle and impala (17/year) and cattle and lion (10/year). There were no significant differences in rangers reporting observed contacts between cattle and wildlife during October-March versus April-September or between rangers reporting observed contacts outside versus within the KNP. Overall, there was no evidence of higher contact rates between cattle and wildlife in the study area during October-March compared to April-September. Contact data collected in this study can be used to better understand the transmission of FMD virus in this region.     

东北虎豹国家公园黑龙江东宁片区人兽冲突现状调查分析

针对人兽冲突现状、补偿情况、野生动物保护态度等问题,通过入户访谈、调查问卷的方式对东北虎豹国家公园东宁片区两个乡镇5个村屯的居民进行了调查。结果显示,发生冲突率47.28%,人兽冲突形式有粮食减产、捕食家畜和人身伤害,造成损害的野生动物物种主要包括野猪、黑熊、东北虎、东北豹、马鹿和狍。造成的平均经济损失为8796.9元/年,其中农牧业损失最大,为10373.3元/年。但大部分野生动物损害未能得到补偿,仅1户得到了1000元的补偿款。人兽冲突的预防和缓解措施包括:规范当地居民的生产生活行为,禁止非法狩猎、在禁牧区放牧等活动;对东北虎及其他重点保护野生动物造成的损害采取经济补偿办法,建立东北虎损害保险制度;加强宣传,提高居民对东北虎等野生动物的保护意愿。     

Discourses of Elk Hunting and Grizzly Bear Incidents in Grand Teton National Park,Wyoming

Incidents of human–wildlife conflict can solidify participant perspectives and expectations, and reveal underlying social and institutional dynamics. We describe and analyze two incidents of conflict between hunters and grizzly bears in 2011 and 2012. Both incidents were associated with the controversial elk hunt in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. We gathered quotes from opinion-editorials and interviews, categorized quotes according to type, and used cluster analysis to identify discourses and associated coalitions of participants. We examined how participants defined problems, used evidence, and advocated solutions in relation to these incidents. Participant discourses addressed technical and procedural issues of regional wildlife management that extended beyond these incidents, revealing divergent expectations about wildlife management on public lands. Existing decision-making processes dominated by government agencies do not appear to be addressing these expectations. We recommend an integrative, outside appraisal of regional elk management to address conflict and support ecologically sound decision-making that serves common interests.     

牧户家庭资产禀赋对其生计风险的影响——基于祁连山国家公园的调查

分析牧户生计风险及其影响因素,对于降低牧户生计脆弱性和减少生计风险负面影响等方面具有重要意义.利用专题调研的468份问卷,运用二元Logistic回归模型实证研究国家公园牧户生计风险及其影响因素.研究结果表明:祁连山国家公园牧户面临就业风险、市场风险、健康风险、养老风险和环境风险等多种生计风险的冲击,并且受到家庭资产禀...     

甘肃尕海-则岔自然保护区蝶类群落及其区系

2012-2015年5月-9月,通过走样线和广泛采集的方式首次对甘肃尕海-则岔国家级自然保护区的蝶类进行了调查,采集到蝶类标本共计681号,经整理鉴定共有136种(亚种),隶属于8科74属。其中凤蝶科1属3种、绢蝶科1属13种、粉蝶科8属32种、眼蝶科14属19种、蛱蝶科21属32种、蚬蝶科2属3种、灰蝶科20属25种、弄蝶科7属9种。其中,粉蝶科和蛱蝶科为优势种群,灰蝶科和眼蝶科为次优势种群,绢蝶科和弄蝶科为常见种群,凤蝶科和蚬蝶科为罕见种群。136种蝶类中,属于古北界的有95种,占69.85%;东洋界的有5种,占3.68%;广布种有36种,占总种数的26.47%,即古北界分布的种类占绝对优势。通过研究该保护区的蝶类资源对于甘肃及我国蝶类研究积累基础资料。     

齐齐哈尔市牛寄生性蠕虫的区系调查

在齐齐哈尔市龙江县、富裕县、泰来县的3个肉牛饲养场随机选取改良成年肉牛52头，用蠕虫学剖检法进行寄生性蠕虫区系调查。结果，在牛体内共检获各类寄生性蠕虫13种，隶属于2门、3纲、10科、12属，其中以捻转血矛线虫、牛仰口线虫、前后盘吸虫、食道口线虫、肝片形吸虫、毛圆线虫和莫尼茨绦虫的感染率和感染强度高，分布广，为齐齐哈尔市牛寄生虫的优势虫种。