西安西南郊“夏防期”大气VOCs污染特征及来源解析

于2021年8月1日—9月30日开展“夏防期”西安西南郊大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染监测,累计监测到不同大气VOCs组分70种. 基于监测结果梳理分析西安西南郊大气VOCs污染分布特征及进行臭氧生成潜势（OFP）评估,并运用PMF模型解析VOCs主要来源.结果表明：①监测期间西安西南郊平均TVOCs浓度为181.89 μg·m^-3,工业园区污染物浓度（189.32 μg·m^-3）整体略高于城区（164.96 μg·m^-3）,以甲醛和 乙醛为主的醛酮类物质占比最高（88.10%）,醛酮类物质浓度下午时段高于上午时段.②OFP评估结果表明,醛酮类物质对西安西南郊臭氧生成贡献较大,其中,甲醛、乙醛和丙醛是对该区域近地面O₃生成贡献最大的3种物质.③PMF源解析结果显示,西安西南郊大气VOCs主要来源依次为移动源、油气挥发源、溶剂涂料源、工业过程源,其中,以工业企业生产排放为主的溶剂涂料源与工业过程源均指向工业园区,表明当前西安西南郊大气VOCs来源以机动车尾气排放和工业园区企业生产排放为主.     

列车车厢内醛酮化合物的污染状况

建立了室内及公共场所空气中10种醛酮(甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛、丙酮、丙醛、丁烯醛、丁醛、苯甲醛、环己酮、戊醛)的采集、前处理及分析方法,采样效率为92%～100%,回收率为91%～104%,检测限为0.26 ng/m³～0.82 ng/m³.调查评价了6辆列车车厢空气中醛酮的污染状况.结果表明,列车车厢空气中醛酮的总浓度为0.1591 mg/m³～0.2828 mg/m³,平均浓度为0.2330 mg/m³,其中甲醛、乙醛、丙酮的平均浓度分别为0.0922 mg/m³、0.0499 mg/m³、0.0580 mg/m³,占总平均浓度的42.6%、21.4%、24.9%.初步确定列车车厢空气中的醛酮化合物来自木制品和抽烟的混合源.乘客的醛酮吸入量约为0.043 mg/h～0.076 mg/h.     

2007年春节期间北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品，并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM_2.5样品中的多环芳烃进行了检测.春节期间大气颗粒物中PM₁₀和PM_2.5夜间平均质量浓度为232 μg·m^-3和132 μg·m^-3,分别高于白天的PM₁₀(194 μg·m^-3)和PM_2.5(107 μg·m^-3)；除夕后颗粒物日平均质量浓度为252.3 μg·m^-3 (PM₁₀)和123.8 μg·m^-3 (PM_2.5)，分别高于除夕前的166.7 μg·m^-3(PM₁₀)和106.8 μg·m^-3(PM_2.5)；同时夜间PM_2.5中多17种多环芳烃(PAHs)的总浓度都高于相应白天的总浓度，且除夕前多环芳烃日均总浓度为95.9 ng·m^-3，高于除夕后的58.9 ng·m^-3.结果表明，除了受一定的气象条件的影响外，大量燃放烟花爆竹会对大气颗粒物浓度有影响，但对大气中的多环芳烃影响不大，而春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少削减了排放到大气中的PAHs.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别北京PAHs主要以燃煤为主、交通为次的混合局地源污染.     

张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物浓度变化特征

为探究中亚热带森林大气中醛酮类化合物浓度变化特征,于2014年8月—2015年1月在张家界森林公园采用 EPA TO-11A方法对张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物质量浓度进行了监测.结果表明:张家界森林大气中主要的醛酮类化合物为甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、丙醛和MACR(甲基丙烯醛),质量浓度分别为4.32、0.95、3.01、0.48和0.51 μg/m3.大气中ρ(甲醛)、 ρ(乙醛)和ρ(MACR)的季节变化特征很明显,夏季和秋季醛酮类化合物质量浓度较高,冬季醛酮类化合物质量浓度较低.此外,醛酮类化合物质量浓度日变化显著,除了10月、12月受人为因素影响较大外,其余月份醛酮质量浓度最大值通常出现在13:00—15:00.张家界森林大气中C1/C2(ρ(甲醛)/ρ(乙醛))为5.72,比城市地区(C1/C2为1左右)高,但比偏远森林地区(C1/C2为10左右)低.ρ(甲醛)与ρ(乙醛)、 ρ(MACR)均呈正相关且达到显著水平,而ρ(丙酮)与ρ(甲醛)、 ρ(乙醛)与ρ(MACR)的相关性差.与文献报道的加拿大Ontario、墨西哥Langmuir等地区对比,张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物质量浓度较高,但明显低于北京、上海等城市地区.研究显示,张家界森林大气中甲醛、乙醛和MACR主要来自森林地区植物排放的VOCs光氧化生成,丙酮除了来自植物排放的有机物光氧化分解外,还有其他人为源,进一步说明了张家界森林大气中醛酮类化合物浓度变化主要受光化学反应等自然影响,但人为因素的影响也不容忽略.      

长三角北部沿海城市2018年大气VOCs分布特征

于2018年4—9月在连云港市不同功能区进行了VOCs苏玛罐采样,分析了57种PAMS物种和15种醛酮化合物.结果表明,工业区VOCs浓度最高（54.51 μg·m^-3）,其次是城区（52.59 μg·m^-3）,郊区浓度最低（43.98 μg·m^-3）.不同功能区的VOCs组分占比类似,都为醛酮（39.29%~45.94%） > 烷烃（27.61%~33.15%） > 芳香烃（15.99%~20.25%） > 烯烃（6.49%~7.39%） > 乙炔（0.55%~0.85%）.连云港市PAMS组分浓度与我国其他城市相比明显处于较低水平,季节变化趋势在连云港市城区和郊区基本一致,各组分浓度水平则是城区和工业区较为接近,明显高于郊区.醛酮类化合物中含量最高的为丙酮和2-丁酮,与我国其他城市和乡村地区相比也处在较高水平,季节变化趋势在连云港市所有功能区均呈现春季最高,秋季最低,夏季居中的情况.采用MIR系数计算VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）,不同功能区对臭氧生成贡献最大的都是芳香烃（39.18%~46.63%）,醛酮（23.90%~29.89%）其次.OFP排名前十物种表明,在连云港市控制正己烷、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯等芳香烃和丙酮、2-丁酮,可以有效控制O₃生成.甲苯/苯比值在2左右表明连云港市交通源对大气VOCs贡献显著,由异戊烷/TVOCs比值可知城区和郊区汽油挥发源贡献明显大于工业区,甲醛/乙醛比值在1左右表明连云港市不同功能区大气都符合城市地区的特征,从苯/甲苯与二甲苯/苯比值散点图发现连云港市大气老化特征明显.     

天津冬季两个典型污染过程高浓度无机气溶胶成因及来源分析

无机气溶胶是天津冬季霾天出现的主要成分,研究挑选了2020年1月污染天中两个典型的高浓度无机气溶胶（SIA）过程（CASE1和CASE2）,利用观测数据和耦合了在线污染物来源追踪方法的大气化学传输模式NAQPMS综合探究了气象要素、区域输送和化学过程的影响.两个过程的ρ（SIA）均值分别为76.8 μg·m^-3和66.0 μg·m^-3,硝酸盐浓度高于硫酸盐和铵盐,均为硝酸盐为主导的污染过程.气象条件影响了无机气溶胶的生成,CASE1过程ρ（SIA）>80 μg·m^-3对应的温度和相对湿度区间分别是[-6℃,0℃]、[2℃,4℃]和[50%,60%]、[80%,100%];CASE2过程对应的温度和相对湿度区间分别是[2℃,4℃]和[60%,70%].外来源对CASE1和CASE2过程SIA的平均贡献率为62.3%和22.1%,分别为区域传输主导和局地生成主导过程.CASE1本地排放对硝酸盐和硫酸盐的贡献分别为16.2 μg·m^-3和8.2 μg·m^-3,均高于外来源的贡献（31.7 μg·m^-3和8.8 μg·m^-3）;CASE2过程本地排放对硝酸盐和硫酸盐的贡献分别为29.3 μg·m^-3和25.1 μg·m^-3,而外来源的贡献为8.1 μg·m^-3和9.4 μg·m^-3.这表明CASE1本地生成和外来源输送贡献造成硝酸盐高于硫酸盐浓度,而CASE2仅本地源造成硝酸盐浓度高于硫酸盐.两个污染过程气相氧化反应是无机气溶胶生成的首要来源,贡献率分别为48.9%和57.8%;非均相反应也是重要过程,对SIA的贡献率分别为48.1%和42.2%;液相反应的影响小.     

北京大气PM10中水溶性氯盐的观测研究

氯盐是大气气溶胶中重要水溶性无机盐,对2004年全年北京大气可吸入颗粒中氯盐的变化进行了监测,结果表明北京大气中可溶性氯盐的年均值在(3.1±1.7)μg·m^-3,采暖期平均浓度为(4.6±2.1)μg·m^-3,非采暖期平均浓度为(2.6±1.6)μg·m^-3.最低值出现在5月,为(1.3±0.8)μg·m^-3;最高值出现在12月,为(5.8±5.3)μg·m^-3.日变化在秋冬季多为白天浓度低,晚上浓度高,夏春季多呈现上午高,下午低的特征;季节变化呈现秋冬季高,春夏季低的特点.     

青岛大气中HNO3、HNO2和NH3的浓度及其影响因素

硝酸(HNO₃)、亚硝酸(HNO₂)和氨气(NH₃)是大气中重要的含氮化合物,不仅影响大气的光化学氧化能力和酸碱性,还在大气氮沉降中有重要贡献.利用2012年5月4—13日在青岛采集的denuder大气样品,分析了其中HNO₃、HNO₂和NH₃的浓度.青岛大气中HNO₃、HNO₂和NH₃浓度分别为0.88~6.15 μg·m^-3、0.07~2.02 μg·m^-3和0.47~7.87 μg·m^-3,平均分别为2.06 μg·m^-3、0.92 μg·m^-3和3.03 μg·m^-3.大气中3种气体浓度的昼夜变化均无显著性差异.平行采集的样品分析结果显示:denuder涂层的差异对HNO₃和NH₃的观测结果影响较小,但对HNO₂的影响较大,且高温天气易于造成HNO₂更大的观测误差.青岛大气中HNO₃浓度与温度呈正相关、与湿度呈负相关关系,高温低湿天气时样品中HNO₃的浓度一般较高,而高湿或降雨天气时的浓度则较低.NH₃浓度与风向呈显著相关关系,主要受局地一次排放源的影响, NH₄NO₃和NH₄NO₂分解对青岛大气中NH₃的贡献小于23%.青岛大气样品中NH₃的浓度在阵雨时以受土壤释放的影响为主,浓度较高;而连续降雨时则以受湿清除作用的影响为主,浓度较低.     

西安市新装修室内空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征及健康效应

室内空气质量与人体健康息息相关，为了解新装修室内大气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征及健康效应，实验对西安市三个不同装修材料及不同装修风格房间的大气环境开展研究。使用2,4-二硝基苯肼硅胶提取小柱（DNPH）进行采样，并采用高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography，HPLC）对18种醛酮类物质进行检测，研究其污染水平及特征，并根据物质的光化学反应活性，计算其臭氧生成潜势（ozone formation potential，OPF），评估其对不同年龄段人群的非致癌和致癌健康效应。研究表明：（1）18种醛酮类物质在三个新装修房间空气样品中的总含量为79.9—194.4 μg·m⁻³，高于普通室内环境中的含量。且在供暖期含量显著增加，升高了23.9%—53.3%。其中丙酮、甲醛、乙醛、正壬醛是主要的污染物，其中丁酮在Room 2中显著高于其他两个房间。（2）甲醛和乙醛的光化学活性显著高于其他物质，因而对OPF贡献较大。丙酮虽然含量显著高于其他物质，但是由于光化学活性较低，对OPF贡献不显著。（3）乙醛超过了室内安全排放标准，且在Room 2和Room 3中的非致癌风险危险熵（hazard quotient，HQ）不容忽视。终身致癌风险评估（incremental lifetime cancer risks，ILCR）显示不同人群暴露甲醛的I_LCR均大于1×10⁻⁶，存在潜在健康风险。人群暴露乙醛的I_LCR值仅青少年和老年人在Room 1中低于1×10⁻⁶。由此可见新建住房室内空气中醛酮类物质的污染所产生的健康效应不能忽视。     

沈阳市郊区环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征与来源分析

为探究沈阳市郊区环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征,于2017年8月24日—9月2日采用2,4-二硝基苯肼固相吸附/高效液相色谱方法对沈阳市郊区醛酮类化合物进行观测分析,利用美国环境保护局推荐的人体健康风险评价方法对部分有毒有害醛酮类化合物的人体健康风险进行了评价,并利用比值法对醛酮类化合物的来源进行了初步分析.结果表明:醛酮类化合物质量浓度日均值范围为23.16~38.38 μg/m3;质量浓度最高的4种醛酮类化合物依次是丙酮、甲醛、正丁醛和乙醛,其质量浓度日均值的平均值分别为8.71、5.90、5.48和2.95 μg/m3.对·OH消耗速率(L_OH)贡献较大的醛酮类化合物物种是正丁醛、甲醛和乙醛,臭氧生成潜势贡献(OFP)较大的醛酮类化合物物种是甲醛、正丁醛和乙醛,在研究区影响醛酮类化合物光化学反应活性的物种主要是甲醛、乙醛和正丁醛.研究区观测期间,环境空气中甲醛和乙醛的致癌性风险值分别为1.18×10-5和5.91×10-6,对暴露人群存在潜在的致癌风险;乙醛的非致癌风险值为0.05,对暴露人群不存在非致癌风险.在研究区的一次臭氧轻度污染过程期间,环境空气中的甲醛和乙醛受天然源排放的挥发性有机物二次转化的影响减弱,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮受到炼焦工业和机动车等人为源排放的影响增强,而正丁醛主要受当地精细化工产业排放的影响.研究显示,沈阳市应加大对炼焦工业、精细化工和机动车来源排放醛酮类化合物的管制,以降低环境空气中活性醛酮类化合物及有毒有害醛酮类化合物的浓度.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.