中国建立落实2030年可持续发展议程创新示范区的战略思考

2016年12月,国务院发布《中国落实2030年可持续发展议程创新示范区建设方案》,引起了国内外的广泛关注,成为当前中国推进可持续发展的标志性事件.本文介绍了该方案的制定过程及其重要意义,对方案的主要内容进行了解析,并提出了近期应围绕创新示范区建设开展的几项重点工作.文章认为,建立落实2030年可持续发展议程创新示范区是中国顺应全球可持续发展趋势的必然选择,是解决国内可持续发展主要问题的迫切需要,是回应国际社会期待的客观要求.文章提出,在建设落实2030年可持续发展议程创新示范区时关键要把握好四个原则:①勇于突破GDP导向的传统发展思维,真正以可持续发展的理念推动地方发展;②从制约地方可持续发展的瓶颈问题入手,通过制度、科技等各方面的改革和创新,形成成熟有效的系统性解决方案;③调动社会各界的积极性,形成政府引导、市场配置资源、各利益攸关方共同参与的机制;④主动分享系统性解决方案和实践经验,为全球可持续发展做出中国贡献.文章最后提出,面向未来,建设中国落实2030年可持续发展议程创新示范区要做好四个衔接:①加强与国家可持续发展实验区工作的衔接,形成互为支撑的布局体系;②加强与"绿色技术银行"工作的衔接,促进先进适用技术落地生根;③加强与国家科技计划的衔接,促进创新能力的提升;④加强与各领域改革工作的衔接,形成综合创新示范的局面.     

2030年可持续发展议程对全球及中国环境治理的影响

《2030年可持续发展议程》已经形成了社会、经济与环境三大支柱的格局.根据进程追踪的方法,本文通过回顾环境进入《2030年可持续发展议程》目标的过程,着重分析环境目标未来15年将对全球与中国环境治理产生的重要影响.在全球环境治理层面的基本结论是:①全球环境治理体系的重要性将显著上升.②新型伙伴关系将强化环境非政府组织与市民社会的作用.③未来全球环境治理将形成以数据和指标为驱动的特点.④联合国系统内环境机构的作用将进一步强化,联合国环境署的发展受到关注.⑤环境与气候变化中的资金融资与技术转让渠道将进一步多元化.⑥气候变化问题与其他环境问题将在全球和国家层面深度融合.对中国环境治理的积极影响,体现在:①《2030年可持续发展议程》将为中国经济的转型升级和可持续发展提供新的强大动力,并形成倒逼机制;②将显著提升中国公众的环保意识;③为中国在全球治理中发挥关键性作用提供了难得的着力点;④将使中国的区域合作更加“绿色化”.当然,在新常态的经济形势下,全球可持续发展的环境目标也使得中国环境治理的压力与责任不断增加.同时,《2030年可持续发展议程》也存在一系列问题与不足之处:①目标过多且模糊不清,实现难度大.②当前所罗列的一些目标间可能包含潜在的冲突,需要进一步的研究与论证.③环境目标缺乏量化的标准.尽管如此,就环境目标而言,《2030年可持续发展议程》比千年发展目标更加综合、全面和系统,是当今国际社会应对环境问题集体努力的成果,必须高度重视与研究.     

协同治理:2030年可持续发展议程与应对气候变化的国际制度分析

对国际议程间的关联性分析已经成为全球治理中的重要问题。特别是,由联合国引领的全球发展与应对气候变化问题,已经占据了当前国际政治议程的首要位置,两者的协同直接影响到全球治理的有效性。《2030年可持续发展议程》与《巴黎气候协定》不仅具有共同的规范性基础,而且两者通过议题衔接和叠加已经形成了密切的治理关系,国际制度关联性日益突出。从目前来看,这种关联性体现了以下特点:第一,嵌入关系。可持续发展议程的目标之一是应对全球气候变化,《巴黎协定》的治理目标已经嵌入联合国可持续发展议程之中,但也与一些目标存在矛盾,因此,协同治理具有必要性。第二,指标对应。《巴黎协定》下的“国家自主贡献”细化项目与可持续发展议程中的大部分指标已经形成对应关系,治理具有同质性。第三,制度间倡议交叉与功能外溢。其协同治理关系具体表现在诸多层面上,特别是在联合国系统内的协调、治理模式的趋同、资金渠道的整合、围绕联合国可持续发展议程所进行的发展机构改革,以及联合进行政策倡议、规则建构及政策制定等方面。从制度关系演变的角度来看,两者协同治理的类型正在发生变化,制度互动在不同层次上不断累积,并逐渐转向伙伴型的协同治理模式。     

《中国21世纪议程》:我国实施可持续发展战略的纲领

本文简要介绍了编制《中国21世纪议程》的背景及今后实施《中国21世纪议程》的主要构想。     

国家可持续发展实验区建设的回顾与展望北大核心CSCDCSSCI

国家可持续发展实验区(以下简称"实验区")诞生于1986年,是我国针对改革开放后经济快速发展但社会建设相对滞后、生态环境恶化等问题发起的一项地方试点工作,旨在依靠制度创新和科技推广应用,促进经济发展与社会进步、环境保护相协调。30年来,实验区建设取得了积极成效,突出体现在促进了可持续发展理念在国内的普及、探索出了一批具有示范推广意义的地域可持续发展模式以及发挥了向世界展示中国可持续发展成就的窗口作用三个方面。但是,实验区建设也存在许多不足,主要体现在顶层设计存在缺陷、在我国创新驱动发展战略布局中没有占据应有位置以及能力建设工作滞后三个方面。随着国内外可持续发展的形势变化,特别是国际上通过了《2030年可持续发展议程》以及国内落实"五位一体"总体布局、五大发展理念和"一带一路"倡议,赋予了实验区建设新的历史使命。着眼未来,实验区建设应在深入分析总结30年经验和教训的基础上,以统筹落实《2030年可持续发展议程》和"五位一体"总体布局、五大发展理念为目标,以破解地区可持续发展的关键问题为着力点,以创新为动力,着力探索可持续发展关键问题的系统解决方案,凝练可持续发展典型模式,为国内同类地区可持续发展发挥实验和示范效应,并依托"一带一路"向其它发展中国家提供中国经验和鲜活案例。     

对全球可持续发展目标制定中有关问题的思考

"里约+20"启动的全球可持续发展目标(SDGs)关系到未来全球发展规则的制定。在对SDGs的提出背景进行全面回顾基础上,就其制定中的若干问题进行了分析。文章认为:①SDGs应重点关注四大问题,即全球发展的不平衡和不公平性、人口快速增长以及老龄化和城市化加速、人类活动持续超过全球承载能力、全球可持续发展治理机制的不完善;②在SDGs制定中,两大阵营的斗争将持续,但其利益共同点也在增加,最终可能是重点面向2030年设定一系列具有政治意义的目标;③SDGs将为我国加快绿色转型创造机遇,与此同时,实现SDGs过程中我国也将承受更多的国际压力;④我国参与SDGs进程应坚持4点原则,即在总体目标设置方面强调三大支柱的协调性,在目标的约束性方面强调指导性和参考性,在实现目标的时间方面强调预留充足转型期的重要性,在执行手段方面强调在"共同但有区别的责任"原则指导下强化国际合作的迫切性。     

国家可持续发展议程创新示范区评价指标体系研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

国家可持续发展议程创新示范区是中国落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程的重要举措之一,也是解决制约中国发展瓶颈问题,为全球推进可持续发展贡献中国经验的重要实践。选择具有典型性和示范性的创建主体是建设可持续发展议程创新示范区的首要步骤,需要对作为创建主体的城市各方面进行综合评价。现有的城市可持续发展评价体系能够对城市的发展现状和基础进行绝对值评估,或作为城市落实2030年议程、实现可持续发展目标的进度监测工具,但难以体现不同规模、级别和类型的城市在可持续发展领域的优势和特点,有可能忽略了规模较小、但具有较大示范性和发展潜力的城市。因此文章从示范导向角度构建了包括城市发展基础、发展经验、重视程度、创新能力、辐射性和可塑性6个相对值指标的评价体系,并将指标与SDGs框架相对应,旨在对中国城市可持续发展的基础、经验、特点和潜力等进行综合评价,为后续示范区的选择提供思路。通过对已建立的6个示范区进行评价和分析,结果表明:①GDP为导向的经济发展不是唯一标准,发展基础相对薄弱、解决可持续发展问题能力较为突出的小城市也可能具有较强的示范作用;②发展经验、政府对示范区建设的重视程度和创新能力对示范区建设有较为重要的影响;③单个指标突出较难形成推动城市整体提升的持续动力。后续示范区的筛选和建设应重视各指标要素的协调性,形成推动城市整体可持续发展的合力。     

《中国21世纪议程》：中国可持续发展战略

自1992年联合国环境与发展大会以来,实现全球可持续发展已形成共识。那么,中国在面临人口、资源、环境严重问题之际,并作为一个发展中国家,在今后如何求得进一步健康发展,不但是中国政府以及全国上下有识之士所迫切关心的问题,而且也为太平洋地区其他国家所瞩目。西方发达国家工业化后期所遇到的人口、资源、环境问题,在中国工业化初期就已出现,     

从世界看中国：落实联合国可持续发展目标的成效、差距和展望

推进联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）是世界共识,也是中国需要。在通往可持续发展的未来进程中,如何评估一个国家的可持续发展,进而了解中国在世界可持续发展中所处的位置,分析中国可持续发展的有利条件和面临的挑战,对于世界了解中国以及中国优化可持续发展具有重要意义。基于此,该研究以2015—2022年联合国可持续发展解决方案网络发布的可持续发展报告为主要载体,探究全球SDGs评估和进展情况,并以从世界看中国的视角分析中国落实SDGs的成效以及中国和世界其他国家的差距,以期为提升中国可持续发展水平提供可能性路径,并为推动世界可持续发展提供动力。研究发现,在全球范围内,可持续发展具有明显的区域和经济集聚性特征,SDGs实现进展在一定程度上具有同质性。从世界看中国,目前中国的可持续发展进展较稳定地处于世界中上游水平,2022年中国SDGs得分为72.4,在163个国家中排第56位。具体而言,中国在“无贫穷”“优质教育”及“负责任消费和生产”方面取得明显进展并为世界可持续发展提供经验;海洋生态系统和陆地生态系统的可持续发展是现阶段中国可持续发展面临的突出短板,与世界其他国家相比存在一定差距。研究认为,...     

全球可持续发展报告:背景、进展与有关建议

启动"全球可持续发展报告"(GSDR)编写进程是"里约+20"峰会达成的重要成果之一,受到了国际社会的广泛关注。目前,国际社会已经在报告的总体定位、核心议题、框架结构和编写周期等方面初步达成一致,但在GSDR与SDGs/Post-MDGs的关系、应采用的组织模式以及是否需要相应编写国家可持续发展报告等问题上仍存在较大分歧。本文基于中国视角,对GSDR编写进程提出了若干建议:1报告应定位在"基于科学、面向决策"的评估报告;2以SDGs/Post-MDGs确定的优先领域为核心;3努力研究提出"数目不多、易于量化、具有普适性"的可持续发展综合评估指标体系;4建立全球可持续发展报告国际专家工作组;5鼓励各国根据国情编写"国家可持续发展报告";6把可持续发展报告与高级别政治论坛有机结合。文章还就中国如何参与GSDR进程提出了若干建议:1在SDGs/Post-MDGs框架下根据国情研究提出面向2030年的中长期国家可持续发展目标;2围绕实施国家可持续发展目标,启动相应的进展评估工作并定期编写国家可持续发展报告;3组织中国科学家积极参与GSDR编写进程。     

The Belt and Road Initiative and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: seeking linkages for global environmental governance

ABSTRACT

Global environmental cooperation serves as an important part in the Chinese ideal of building a Community with a Shared Future for all Human Beings. The report of 19th CPC National Congress indicates that China is committed to proactive mitigation under the Paris Agreement and further participating in global environmental governance under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and both of which are largely integrated to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). BRI are also closely linked with South–South environmental and climate cooperation proposed by China from previous UN summits. Based on shared ideas, intersected agendas, and compatible governance approaches, BRI and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development grow increasingly relevant and they might form synergies based on increasingly interactive relations. In sum, seeking and intensifying the linkages between BRI and 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs) could address global environmental governance deficits and enhance cooperation among nations.     

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and China’s implementation

The concept of sustainable development has experienced great development and change at different levels of theoretical connotation and practical implementation since 1960s and 1970s when it was first proposed. People’s understanding of the relationship between economy, society, and environment has been continuously deepened over the years. When it came to the end of 2015, it is necessary to examine the results of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals on sustainable development, and at the same time, the post-2015 framework and guidance on sustainable development at the global level were to be made, including the ideas, action plans, key areas that would guide the global sustainable development. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has developed a 5P theoretical framework of being people-centered, global environmental security, sustained economic prosperity, social justice and harmony and partnership promotion, including a political declaration, 17 overarching goals and 169 specific targets, specific ways of implementation, as well as the follow-up. It is the road map to achieve global sustainable development and meet the requirements of the millennium development goals. This paper summarizes the understanding of the concept of sustainable development from its origin, its significant development, to the proposition and development of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and its strategic impact on China.     

Energy and Sustainable Development at Global Environmental Summits: An Evolving Agenda

This paper presents a framework for understanding energy issues in the context of sustainable development. It posits that there are three important ways in which energy is related to sustainable development: (a) energy as a source of environmental stress, (b) energy as a principal motor of macroeconomic growth and (c) energy as a prerequisite for meeting basic human needs. These three dimensions correspond to the three dimensions of the often-used triangle of sustainable development: environmental, economic, and social. Using this framework, the paper traces how successive environmental summits at Stockholm (1972), Rio de Janeiro (1992) and Johannesburg (2002) have dealt with energy issues. It identifies a slow, surprising and important evolution of how energy issues have been treated at these global discussions. Energy has received increasing prominence at these meetings and become more firmly rooted in the framework of sustainable development. Stockholm was primarily concerned with the environmental dimension, Rio de Janeiro focused on both the environmental and economic dimensions, and the major headway made at Johannesburg was the meaningful addition of the social dimension and the linking of energy issues to the UN's Millennium Development Goals.     

A New Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Development

A critical review of the multidisciplinary literature on sustainable development reveals a lack of a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding sustainable development and its complexities. A critical review shows that the definitions of sustainable development are vague; there is a lack of operative definitions and disagreement over what should be sustained; the concept is unclear in terms of emotional commitment; and it “remains a confused topic”, “fraught with contradictions”. This article aims to theoretically synthesize the interdisciplinary literature on sustainable development, and then identify the results by broad categories. Therefore, this article uses conceptual analysis, which reviews multidisciplinary literature on sustainable development, which recognizes patterns and similarities within the literature, then it synthesizes the patterns to different categories and independent concepts, where each concept has distinctive meanings and represents close ideas on sustainability. The analytical process elaborates seven concepts that together assemble the theoretical framework of ‘sustainable development’ and each concept represents distinctive meanings of the theoretical framework.     

Accounting for the environment as an economic asset: global progress and realizing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

National and international efforts to develop natural capital accounts are proliferating. The newly agreed 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development echoes these efforts. Continued cooperation is needed to overcome key scientific and policy challenges.     

Sustainable Development and the Role of the Financial World

The incapacity to finance sustainable development through philanthropic official assistance turned the Johannesburg Summit to business world and the financial industry. Pioneering financial institutions – including development banks and private banks – have developed a wide range of innovations that can support sustainable development. This article highlights a few innovative products and markets and focuses on the progress made by financial players on the level of standards, metrics and guidelines to improve sustainability management systems, reporting and accounting practices and the multi-stakeholder dynamic. The role of the socially responsible investing (SRI) community has been underexposed by the Summit. Through its voice and market success, SRI has moved from a green market niche to the mainstream, however not becoming mainstream. The invaluable levering effect of SRI has just been discovered by authorities and market regulators and is becoming instrumental. In order to show the business case of Corporate Social Responsibility and to prove the financial viability of the People, Planet, Prosperity investing approach, the SRI community should critically reflect on its own quality assurance systems, sound disclosure and verification practices.     

Cooperative Game Among Cities in Urban Agglomerations and Economical Sustainable Development

This paper analyses redounded profits of cooperation and non-cooperation among cities in urban agglomerations based on game theory. It discusses the problems of economical development among cities with feeble cooperation, and deduces the conclusion that only cooperation of cities produces the maximum profits and realizes Pareto efficiency for cities and urban agglomerations. The paper states that cooperation is the cornerstone of economic sustainable development in urban agglomerations in profits produced by cooperation among cities. Some suggestions to accelerate cooperation among cities are proposed.