江苏蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

江苏苏南、苏中、苏北蔬菜产地土壤Cd、Hg、As、Ph、Cr含量的检测结果表明，该省蔬菜地土壤5种重金属平均含量除Cd略高于20世纪80年代背景值外，其他4种均未超出，总体质量较好，然而各检测点间差异较大，特别是苏南部分地区污染较重，且部分点Cd、Hg、As远超过国家无公害蔬菜产地环境标准值(GB／T18407．1—2001)，表明苏南部分产地已不适宜生产无公害蔬菜。以GB／T18407．1—2001为评价标准，采用Nemerow指数法进行评价，全省土壤重金属平均综合污染指数为0．54，属1级安全。苏北、苏中、苏南分别为0．30、0．29、1．20，即苏南为3级土，属轻污染，苏北、苏中为1级土，属安全。苏中、苏北明显好于苏南。全省有15％蔬菜地土壤已受不同程度重金属污染，主要分布在苏南，且Cd、Hg分担率较高。     

大邑铅锌矿区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染现状及评价

研究了四川省大邑县铅锌矿区附近土壤和蔬菜中Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd含量,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价铅锌矿区附近土壤重金属污染状况。结果表明,铅锌矿矿口以及选矿厂周边土壤重金属富集因子均超过1,距选矿厂距离≤20 m的3个土壤样点Pb、Zn和Cd的单因子污染指数和综合污染指数较高,土壤污染程度为重污染,选矿厂周边土壤重金属污染在水平层次的空间分布上表现出异质性。选矿厂周边蔬菜地下部分重金属含量普遍高于地上部分,不同重金属在蔬菜可食用部分的转移因子总体由大到小依次为Cd、Zn、Pb和Cr。选矿厂周边蔬菜地土壤与蔬菜中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr含量之间无显著相关性,但土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd含量3者之间在α=0.01水平上显著相关。     

崇明岛公路两侧蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染研究

为了研究崇明岛公路两侧土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况,采集陈海、北沿公路两侧蔬菜地土壤、蔬菜和路面灰尘样品,测定重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量.结果表明,以上海市土壤环境背景值上限值为评价标准,所有土壤样品Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的超标率分别为10.1%、25.4%、6.5%和8.7%;以HJ 332-2006 食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准中蔬菜地土壤环境质量评价指标限值(pH值6.5～7.5)为标准,Cd超标率在21.0%,仅有不到3%样品Pb含量超标,而没有样品Cu、Zn含量超标.以国家食品卫生标准中规定的重金属限量为标准,路侧蔬菜样品Pb含量超标率为43.2%,Cd为18.6%,Zn和Cu则小于5%.由此可见,崇明岛主要公路两侧土壤污染以Cd为主,而蔬菜污染则以Pb为主.在长期运营的前提下,低交通量公路两侧50 m范围内耕作层土壤和两侧作物会发生一定程度的重金属污染,路面灰尘是路侧土壤和蔬菜的潜在污染源.     

神木煤矿区土壤重金属污染特征研究

通过对神府煤田开采区3个煤矿区周围土壤Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni质量分数进行测定及分析,评价了煤田开采对周围土壤的污染程度。结果表明,长期的煤炭资源开发、运输等活动,已导致周围土壤受到重金属不同程度的累积性污染,土壤中Cd、Ni质量分数高于陕西省土壤背景值,且Cd污染程度较高,Ni污染程度较低,而Cu、Cr、Mn基本不受污染。3个煤矿表层土壤各重金属元素质量分数均表现出污染区大于对照区,但这种变化幅度存在一定差异;Cu、Cr、Mn 3种重金属元素虽没有超出背景值,但已表现出一定程度的累积;煤矿周围土壤重金属污染受到开采年限、土壤质地、风向等因素的影响。3个煤矿污染区土壤剖面样品中,5种重金属元素质量分数基本上随着土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势,且这种趋势具有波动性。     

神木煤矿区土壤重金属污染特征研究

通过对神府煤田开采区3个煤矿区周围土壤Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni质量分数进行测定及分析,评价了煤田开采对周围土壤的污染程度。结果表明,长期的煤炭资源开发、运输等活动,已导致周围土壤受到重金属不同程度的累积性污染,土壤中Cd、Ni质量分数高于陕西省土壤背景值,且Cd污染程度较高,Ni污染程度较低,而Cu、Cr、Mn基本不受污染。3个煤矿表层土壤各重金属元素质量分数均表现出污染区大于对照区,但这种变化幅度存在一定差异;Cu、Cr、Mn 3种重金属元素虽没有超出背景值,但已表现出一定程度的累积;煤矿周围土壤重金属污染受到开采年限、土壤质地、风向等因素的影响。3个煤矿污染区土壤剖面样品中,5种重金属元素质量分数基本上随着土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势,且这种趋势具有波动性。     

江苏蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

江苏苏南、苏中、苏北蔬菜产地土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr含量的检测结果表明,该省蔬菜地土壤5种重金属平均含量除Cd略高于20世纪80年代背景值外,其他4种均未超出,总体质量较好,然而各检测点间差异较大,特别是苏南部分地区污染较重,且部分点Cd、Hg、As远超过国家无公害蔬菜产地环境标准值(GB/T18407.1—2001),表明苏南部分产地已不适宜生产无公害蔬菜。以GB/T18407.1—2001为评价标准,采用Nemerow指数法进行评价,全省土壤重金属平均综合污染指数为0.54,属1级安全。苏北、苏中、苏南分别为0.30、0.29、1.20,即苏南为3级土,属轻污染,苏北、苏中为1级土,属安全。苏中、苏北明显好于苏南。全省有15%蔬菜地土壤已受不同程度重金属污染,主要分布在苏南,且Cd、Hg分担率较高。     

饲料中重金属和抗生素对土壤和蔬菜的影响

长期施用规模养殖场猪粪和未施猪粪土壤调查结果表明.施猪粪土壤及蔬菜(韭菜、青菜、芹菜、萝卜)中铜、锌、砷含量均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).土壤中铜、锌、砷含量最高分别为对照组的11倍、5倍和2倍,蔬菜中铜、锌含量最高均为对照组的4倍,砷为对照组的3倍;施猪粪土壤中铜超标最高达133.98%.锌为52.05%,砷为12.04%;施猪粪蔬菜锌超标最高达117%;在施用粪肥的土壤和非菜根中检测出土霉素和金霉素,对照组中则未检出.     

工业城市不同功能区土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染及其健康风险评价

为了研究和评价工业城市不同功能区的土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染和健康风险状况,以株洲市为例,在工业区（石峰区）、农业区（芦淞区）和旅游区（大京风景区）分别采集土壤和蔬菜样品,分析重金属Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的质量分数,并采用地质累积指数法（Igeo）和健康风险评价模型分别对土壤和蔬菜中重金属进行评价。结果表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的平均质量分数都超出湖南省土壤背景值,部分重金属甚至超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准。不同功能区土壤中重金属的地质累积指数（Igeo）表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中Cd和Hg的污染最为严重,污染程度依次是工业区〉农业区〉旅游区。不同功能区蔬菜中Cd、As、Pb和Zn的危害商（HQ）值都大于1.0,而Cu和Cr的危害商（HQ）都小于1.0。不同功能区蔬菜中重金属危害指数（HI）都大于10.0,尤其是工业区蔬菜的危害指数（HI）〉100.0,当地成年人食用受到重金属污染的蔬菜会导致严重的健康危害,其中Cd和As,是危害指数（HI）的主要贡献者,两者贡献率之和的范围为75%~89%,而Cr的贡献率几乎为0。     

广州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染状况调查及评价

探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染状况,测定了95份土壤样品中铅、镉、铬、砷、汞的含量水平。土壤中铅、镉、铬、砷、汞的含量分别在6.44～153.10mg/kg、0-0.682mg/kg、5.82～101.60mg/kg、0.04～45.36mg/kg、0.01～O.32mg/kg之间。就污染的普遍性而言,铅污染最为普遍,其次是砷污染;就污染的程度而言,镉污染最严重.其次为砷、汞。对比今昔污染变化.广州市土壤污染治理已取得显著成效,但仍需努力。土壤中镉、砷、汞三种元素的变异系数,特别是镉的变异系数较大,这可能预示着点源性污染的存在。     

广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg的含量及变化趋势

测定了95份土壤样品、94份水样以及292份蔬菜样品中汞的含量,探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg污染状况.发现蔬菜中的Hg含量与土壤中的Hg含量较为密切.广州市土壤、蔬菜中Hg的含量水平均比过去大幅度降低.蔬菜中Hg含量与其它城市比较,污染情况较轻,处于其它城市的中低水平.     

Heavy metals contamination of soils under oak ecosystems in the Sofia region

We studied the contamination of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in soils under oak ecosystems of urban (U), suburban (SU), and rural (R) regions in Sofia, Bulgaria. The urban sampling sites are located in the large forest parks of Sofia under oak ecosystems, while the others are located between the centre of the town and the surrounding mountains and are also from oak ecosystems. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in soils were measured for identifying the sources and degree of contamination, and calculating the concentration coefficients (Hc) and enrichment factors (EF). The result of applying principal component analysis (PCA), showed that Cd and Pb accounted for the anthropogenic pollution and could be inferred as its tracers, whereas Cu is located mainly in the parent material. The Zn concentration levels were controlled both by its original content in the parent material as well as by anthropogenic pollution. The results obtained for the city forest parks allow for their successful use for recreation purposes.     

Assessment of metals in fourteen species of vegetables and crops cultivated in a suburban area using multivariate analyses

Concentrations of seven metals (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) were determined in 14 plant species including vegetables and crops from an agricultural area located at the Southern part of the Iranian capital, near the Tehran oil refinery. Different statistical methods, especially multivariate ones, were employed for the analysis of the results. Based on the results of agglomerative hierarchical method for clustering of the grid cells, some similarities between the dendrograms of Pb, Ni, and V and, furthermore, between Mn and Cr were observed that could be attributed to their similar distribution sources in the study area. The principal component analysis showed that with respect to accumulation of all the metals in the plant species, two main groups could be identified. The highest mean concentrations of all metals (except for Pb) were found in onions. In all plants the mean concentrations of Cd and Pb were considerably higher than limits stated in international guidelines for human consumption. The levels of the metals in onions exceeded these limits. Moreover, the Cr concentrations in mint and basil and the Zn concentrations in tarragon and parsley were higher than the established limits.     

An evaluation of heavy metals contamination in soils from Ganzhou navel orange orchards by geoaccumulation indexes and statistical analysis

Heavy metal pollution in orchard soils is of increasing concern owing to the potential health risk via the food chain. The evaluations of the degree of heavy metal contamination and the potential sources in soils from navel orange orchards in the Ganzhou district were investigated in the present study with the geoaccumulation index and hierarchical cluster analysis. The soil samples were collected from 280 navel orange orchards located in the 18 counties of the Ganzhou district. The concentrations of heavy metals in the samples were determined using atomic fluorescence spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with sample preparation by microwave digestion system. The results of the geoaccumulation index showed that the Ganzhou navel orange orchards were practically uncontaminated with Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Cu, while uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Ni. The results of cluster analysis indicated that four distinct clusters emerged for 18 sampling counties, and the considerable differences between clusters were derived from the different kinds of polluted substances. Results of the assessment of geoaccumulation index of heavy metals in soils will be helpful for the formulation of strategic sustainable agriculture in Ganzhou navel orchards and improvement of the navel orange yield and quality.     

Sources and risk assessment of metal contamination in soils at the international airport of Shanghai,China

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Ni in soils at the Pudong International Airport (PIA) of Shanghai, China, were determined to assess the sources and potential ecological risks. Compared to the soil background values of Shanghai, 31 soil samples out of 33 were highly contaminated with Cd, and 76% were moderately contaminated by Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Principal component analysis and clustering analysis indicated that Pb and Cd mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, while Zn, Cr, Ni, and Cu were mainly from natural sources. Relatively high concentrations of Cd and Pb were observed at sampling points near the landing or take-off sites or a close-by highway. Both air and highway traffic affected the quality of the soils at PIA.     

广州市菜园土和蔬菜中镉含量水平及污染评价

探讨了广州市各区、市菜园土和蔬菜中的重金属Cd污染状况,测定了95份土壤样品以及292份蔬菜样品中的镉含量,并对广州市各区市菜园土中Cd污染程度进行了评价。研究结果表明,不同种类的蔬菜中,叶菜类对重金属Cd的吸收和富集较高,瓜豆类较低。蔬菜中重金属Cd的含量受土壤中Cd含量的影响。与国内其它城市相比,广州市蔬菜地土壤中的Cd平均含量处于较高水平;蔬菜则以海珠、番禺两区Cd含量相对较高,高于其它城市的含量水平。     

桂林市菜地土壤-蔬菜汞污染研究和评价

对桂林市近郊8个不同片区蔬菜产地的118个土壤样品和71个蔬菜样品中汞的含量水平进行了调查和分析。运用单因子污染指数法评价了菜地土壤一蔬菜中汞的污染现状。研究表明，桂林市及近郊菜地土壤和蔬菜已受到不同程度的汞污染，全市各片区菜地土壤汞含量平均值为0．098-0．523mg／kg，以国家土壤环境质量标准二级标准评价，土壤平均污染指数在0．33-1．74范围内，属非污染或轻污染状态，除穿山南片和纸马铺外，其余采样点均有样本超过国家二级标准，其中七星公园东北片的土壤汞超标率较高，达71．4％，污染情况比较均一；虞山桥东南岸土壤汞超标率较低，为33．3％，但土壤汞含量变异较大，说明污染情况变化大。全市各片区老菜的汞含量平均值为0．0625-0．128mg／kg，为国家标准GB2762—1994规定蔬菜汞含量(0．01mg／kg)的6．25—12．8倍，超标率已达100％。实验还发现，蔬菜中的汞含量与土壤中的汞含量具有显著的相关性，且蔬菜汞的大部分分布于地上部可食部分。分析了菜地土壤汞污染的主要原因，可能与使用含汞农药和生活垃圾肥有关。     

矿冶区周边水稻对不同来源重金属污染的指示作用

有色金属开采与冶炼可对周边环境造成严重的重金属污染,查明重金属污染来源对于矿冶周边重金属污染管理与控制具有重要意义.为探索利用矿冶周边水稻对As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu的富集与水稻体内元素的含量平衡特征指示重金属污染来源的可行性,选择了我国著名的水口山Pb-Zn矿山开采与冶炼周边区,根据重金属污染排放和迁移扩散特征,结合当地气象和地貌条件,确定了3个典型采样区,其中两个采样区分别邻近冶炼厂和尾砂库,另一处为位于两者之间的过渡区.采用蛇形采样法在稻田内采集33个成熟水稻及土壤样品,分析水稻不同部位(包括根、茎叶、籽粒)及土壤中As、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu5种重金属和其他16种元素的含量.结果表明,3个采样区之间土壤中的As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量均存在显著性差异;各采样区水稻中除根际和籽粒中Cd含量外,各部位重金属含量也均有显著差异.靠近冶炼厂的水稻茎叶中As、Pb含量高于离冶炼厂较远的采样区水稻茎叶.尽管As、Pb在靠近尾砂库采样区土壤中含量最高,但在该区水稻茎叶中的含量却最低;在除As、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu5种重金属以外的其他16种元素中,水稻根部仅有5种元素含量在各采样区之间存在差异,指示相同的土地利用类型及土壤母质条件;而在茎叶和籽粒中则分别有多达11和10种元素含量出现采样区差异,指示重金属污染来源影响水稻茎叶及籽粒中元素的含量平衡.多元统计分析结果显示,3个采样区水稻茎叶中元素含量平衡存在显著的分异,显示出明显的采样区属性.结合采样区域空间位置、污染物来源、水稻对重金属的富集与转运特征分析,3个采样区重金属主要污染特征可分别确定为水-气混合来源型、大气来源型和尾砂来源型.论文结果证明利用水稻茎叶指示矿冶周边重金属污染来源是可行的.     

Arsenic contamination in water,soil, sediment and rice of central India

Arsenic contamination in the environment (i.e. surface, well and tube-well water, soil, sediment and rice samples) of central India (i.e. Ambagarh Chauki, Chhattisgarh) is reported. The concentration of the total arsenic in the samples i.e. water (n=64), soil (n=30), sediment (n=27) and rice grain (n=10) were ranged from 15 to 825 μg L⁻¹, 9 to 390 mg kg⁻¹, 19 to 489 mg kg⁻¹ and 0.018 to 0.446 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. In all type of waters, the arsenic levels exceeded the permissible limit, 10 μg L⁻¹. The most toxic and mobile inorganic species i.e. As(III) and As(V) are predominantly present in water of this region. The soils have relatively higher contents of arsenic and other elements i.e. Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ga, Zr, Sn, Sb, Pb and U. The mean arsenic contents in soil of this region are much higher than in arsenic soil of West Bengal and Bangladesh. The lowest level of arsenic in the soil of this region is 3.7 mg kg⁻¹ with median value of 9.5 mg kg⁻¹. The arsenic contents in the sediments are at least 2-folds higher than in the soil. The sources of arsenic contamination in the soil of this region are expected from the rock weathering as well as the atmospheric deposition. The environmental samples i.e. water, soil dust, food, etc. are expected the major exposure for the arsenic contamination. The most of people living in this region are suffering with arsenic borne diseases (i.e. melanosis, keratosis, skin cancer, etc.).     

Heavy metals contamination in mudflat and mangrove sediments (Mumbai,India)

The focus of this study, carried out on mudflat and mangrove sediments of Ulhas Estuary and Thane Creek in Mumbai, India, documents how sediment analysis in different ecosystems can help in understanding metal behaviour and pollution status of the region. Based on the the geoaccumulation index (I _geo ), the study shows that the estuarine and creek regions, being recipients of industrial and domestic wastes, display moderate pollution. Ulhas Estuary with higher clay and organic matter contents, exhibits higher amounts of metals than Thane Creek. Furthermore, using correlation and cluster analyses, the creek projects stable subenvironments with similar types of metal associations, with Fe and total organic carbon as the dominant metal carriers. By contrast, in the estuarine subenvironments, the metal associations do not reveal any distinct trend, which may be attributed to the disturbance caused by dredging activities routinely carried out in the region. Factor analysis carried out on I _geo data in both regions further helped in identifying polluted metal groups.