纳米SiO_2粒子对低熔点混合硝酸盐热物性影响

为探究纳米粒子对低熔点混合硝酸盐热物性的影响规律,采用高温熔融分散法将平均粒径20 nm的SiO_2纳米粒子以1%(质量)比例直接分散到混合熔盐[Ca(NO_3)_2?4H_2O-KNO_3-NaNO_3-LiNO_3]中得到不同分散条件下的熔盐纳米复合材料。采用同步热分析仪(DSC)与激光闪射仪(LFA)测量熔盐纳米复合材料比热容与热扩散系数,进而得到热导率。分析发现,600 r/s搅拌速率下熔盐纳米复合材料热物性随分散时间(15,45,90,120和150 min)发生明显变化。比热容、热扩散系数和热导率在分散45 min时提高率最大,平均提高率分别为11.5%,12.9%和26.4%。扫描电镜(SEM)观察到熔盐纳米复合材料表面有大量特殊结构(类似于链状或条状)存在。这些具有高比表面积和表面自由能的特殊结构可能是熔盐纳米复合材料热物性提高的关键。     

不同纳米粒子对聚乳酸热性能的影响

采用超声辅助、熔融共混的方法,将不同的纳米粒子对聚乳酸(PLLA)进行复合改性,利用热失重分析(TGA)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X-射线衍射分析(XRD)、FTIR等测试手段研究了不同纳米粒子对改性材料热性能的影响。研究发现:相同质量分数(1%)的不同纳米颗粒对PLLA的热稳定性的影响不同。含有NH2功能团的纳米SiO2(RNS)和含CH3功能团的纳米SiO2(DNS)的加入促进了PLLA热稳定性,乙烯基笼状倍半低聚硅氧烷(Vinyl-POSS)的加入对PLLA热稳定性影响不明显,而NLY101Ⅰ型纳米CaCO3则引起了PLLA热稳定性的大幅降低。同时,不同纳米粒子的加入对PLLA冷结晶、熔融和结晶都产生了影响。     

添加纳米SiO2对单组分及二元硝酸盐热物性的影响

熔盐作为相变材料,可以用作聚热太阳能电站中的储热介质,通过向基盐中添加不同比例的纳米材料可以显著增强熔盐的热物性。将20 nm的SiO₂纳米颗粒分别分散到硝酸钾、硝酸钠和solar salt （60% NaNO₃,40% KNO₃,均为质量分数）中制备成稳定的纳米流体,制备的每一种纳米流体都经过溶解、超生、干燥蒸发等过程。采用差式扫描量热法测量熔盐的比热容、熔化潜热、熔点等热物理性质,并采用激光闪射法对基盐和纳米熔盐的热扩散系数进行测量和分析。结果表明,SiO₂颗粒的添加对硝酸钠、硝酸钾和solar salt的熔化潜热、比热容和热导率等热物理性质有显著的影响。与基盐相比,solar salt、硝酸钾和硝酸钠在液态的比热容值分别增加了4.7%～15.89%、3.9%～33.5%、1.9%～11.86%;测得的热导率分别最大增加了17.16%、39.7%、9.5%。     

纳米SiO2粒子对PP结晶行为的影响

通过X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）对经偶联剂处理的纳米SiO2粒子（简称烷基化SiO2纳米粒子）和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）接枝包覆SiO2纳米粒子（简称SiO2-g-PMMA复合纳米粒子）的表面组成进行分析。将纳米SiO2粒子，烷基化SiO2纳米粒子，复合纳米粒子分别与基体PP复合制备复合材料，通过DSC，WAXD和TEM等测试方法详细研究了PP/SiO2复合材料的结晶行为与力学性能，结果发现：纳米SiO2粒子与烷基化SiO2纳米粒子并不改变基体PP的结晶形态，而复合纳米粒子诱发了基体PP的β晶型结晶，复合纳米粒子比较均匀地分散于PP基体中，对复合材料的力学性能有较大的改善。     

pH值对TiO_2-H_2O纳米流体稳定性及热物性影响的实验研究与评价方法

通过两步法制备质量分数为0.1%的TiO_2-H_2O纳米流体,测量纳米流体在pH值为2,4,6,8,10,12基液下的Zeta电位、导热系数、黏度,进行静置实验以及透射电镜(TEM)扫描,研究pH值对TiO_2纳米流体稳定性和热物性的影响,比对PER模型和优值Mo数分析的评价方法。研究表明,TiO_2纳米流体在pH值为2和12时Zeta值分别为24.10和-40.60,pH值为12的样品在20℃时导热系数相比于基液提高了1.04倍,60℃时提高了1.17倍;pH值为2样品在20℃时导热系数相比于基液提高了1.06倍,60℃时提高了1.14倍,两种评价模型表明,pH=2,pH=12,在特定温度下,均满足PER值<5,优值Mo模型C_μ/C_λ<4,表现最为稳定且热物性表现最优。pH值为6,8的纳米流体处于Zeta电位不稳定的缓冲区,稳定性差,热物性表现差。     

纳米粒子对熔盐复合蓄热材料热物性的影响

为了得到SiO₂纳米粒子含量对SiO₂/NaNO₃-KNO₃/EG复合蓄热材料比热容和热导率的影响，通过机械分散法，采用NaNO₃-KNO₃和不同质量分数（0.1%，0.5%，1%，2%，3%）的SiO₂纳米粒子所形成的熔盐纳米材料作为蓄热材料，膨胀石墨（EG）作为基体材料，制备出纳米SiO₂/NaNO₃-KNO₃/EG复合材料。对复合材料的比热容和热导率进行了测量，同时用扫描电镜对其微观结构特征进行了分析。结果表明，SiO₂纳米粒子的质量分数为1%时，复合材料的平均比热容和热导率分别为3.92 J/(g·K)和8.47 W/(m·K)，与其他纳米SiO₂添加比例相比，其比热容和热导率分别提高了1.37～2.17倍和1.7～3.2倍。这是由于复合材料表面会形成高密度的网状结构，这种具有较大比表面积和高表面能的特殊纳米结构可以提高复合材料的比热容和热导率。     

纳米粒子在聚合物熔体中分散方法的研究

由于纳米粒子的易团聚性及其与聚合物熔体间较差的亲和性,熔融共混法一般难以使其获得单粒子的分散状态.对反应型溶剂法,母料法、超声波法等可以有效地克服纳米粒子在熔体中团聚的辅助熔体分散方法及其最新进展进行了介绍.     

粒子分散性对环氧树脂/纳米SiO2材料性能的影响

通过原位分散聚合法制得了环氧树脂／纳米SiO2复合材料。采用超声波和偶联剂改善了纳米SiO2在基体中的分散性，利用拉伸实验、冲击实验、扫描电子显微镜、热重法等方法研究了粒子分散性对复合材料结构和性能的影响。结果表明：超声波和偶联剂都能使纳米SiO2均匀地分散在环氧树脂基体中，有效地增加复合材料的力学强度及韧性，并能提高材料的耐热性。对于提高纳米SiO2在环氧树脂中的分散均匀性，超声波的作用优于偶联剂。     

氯离子对Solar Salt熔盐热物性的影响及结构分析

以质量比6∶4的NaNO_3/KNO_3的混合熔盐为基础,添加Cl~-,测定DSC-TG,研究其热稳定性并进行XRD分析。结果表明,Cl~-对NaNO_3-KNO_3熔点和相变潜热影响较小,上限温度轻微降低,热稳定性变差;XRD结果表明,在NaNO_3-KNO_3熔盐冷却时,Cl-优先与Na+结合;常温下,Cl~-以固溶体的形式存在。     

SiO2纳米涂料的分散性研究进展

在制备纳米复合材料时，解决纳米颗粒的分散问题已经成为纳米科投的重要内容。对SiO2纳米粒子在涂料中存在的团聚问题，本文综述了利用机械力分散、对纳水粒子表面改性、改变制备工艺等方法提高SiO2纳米涂料的分散稳定性的途径。     

低共熔混合锂盐合成Co和Al共掺杂的LiNiO2

在空气中,采用低共熔混合物L iNO3-L iOH为锂盐,制备了Co和A l共掺杂锂离子电池正极材料L iN i0.8Co0.15A l0.05O2。XRD分析表明,制得的正极材料具有完整的层状结构。电性能测试表明:在0.5 mA/cm2的放电电流密度和2.7—4.2 V的电压范围内,L iN i0.8Co0.15A l0.05O2首次放电比容量达147.6 mA.h/g,库仑效率达84.3%,第20次的放电比容量为133.8 mA.h/g。该合成新工艺,能制备出电化学性能良好的Co和A l共掺杂的L iN iO2正极材料。     

添加纳米MgO和SiO2颗粒对二元碳酸盐(Li2CO3-K2CO3)比热容的影响

熔盐作为一种新型传热工质,由于其液体使用范围宽,比热容相对较高,蓄热能力强,已被广泛应用于聚热太阳能电站的储热传热介质,而通过增强熔盐的比热容可以显著提高其储热密度。将纳米SiO₂和MgO颗粒分别均匀分散到二元共晶碳酸盐（Li₂CO₃-K₂CO₃）中,制备出两种稳定的纳米流体,采用差式扫描量热法（DSC）分析纳米颗粒对熔盐比热容的影响。实验结果显示,添加20 nm的纳米颗粒对碳酸盐的比热容有显著影响：通过添加纳米MgO和SiO₂颗粒,纳米熔盐比热容相比基盐分别平均提高了27.5%～34.1%,11%～20.7%。经过多个固-液循环后,测得两种纳米流体的比热容变化率均低于4.31%,且具有良好的热稳定性。采用电子扫描显微镜表征纳米流体的微观结构,纳米流体在固态时的SEM图像显示在熔盐表面形成了特殊的纳米结构。     

低熔点熔盐蓄热罐内温度分布与散热损失实验

为了研究熔盐蓄热罐内的温度分布变化与散热规律,采用课题组搭建的槽式聚光熔盐集热、传热与蓄热实验台中的熔盐罐作为实验装置,通过加热、内循环及冷却等实验,得到了罐体在各运行状态下的温度分布数据,并分析拟合得到了自然冷却降温阶段熔盐罐散热功率随时间和温度的变化曲线。实验结果表明：加热时,加热器下部熔融盐出现明显的温度分层现象。混合均匀后的冷却降温过程,熔融盐基本不出现温度分层现象。     

三元硝酸熔盐高温热稳定性实验研究与机理分析

通过熔盐质量损失率和试样中NO2-含量变化状况,以及熔盐材料的热重(TG)曲线,研究了三元硝酸熔盐(53%KNO3-40%NaNO2-7%NaNO3)在空气和氮气气氛中高温条件下的热稳定性性能。结果表明,三元硝酸熔盐空气中的上限使用温度为773K,高温时存在劣化现象;而在氮气气氛中三元熔盐的热分解温度为723K。同时,从热力学和动力学角度分析得到,三元硝酸熔盐在773K以下空气中发生的反应为亚硝酸钠的分解和氧化;而在氮气气氛中三元熔盐723K以下时主要发生的是亚硝酸钠的分解反应。在氧气含量一定的情况下,氧气的扩散和亚硝酸盐的分解反应符合一级反应动力学模型。     

Effect of SiO2 on rheology,morphology, thermal,and mechanical properties of high thermal stable epoxy foam

A series of highly thermostable epoxy foams with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A and bisphenol‐S epoxy resin (DGEBA/DGEBS), 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) as curing agent have been successfully prepared through a two‐step process. Dynamic and steady shear rheological measurements of the DGEBA/DGEBS/DDS reacting mixture are performed. The results indicate all samples present an extremely rapid increase in viscosities after a critical time. The gel time measured by the crossover of tan δ is independent of frequency. The influence of SiO₂ content on morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of epoxy foams has also been investigated. Due to the heterogeneous nucleation of SiO₂, the pore morphology with a bimodal size distribution is observed when the content of SiO₂ is above 5 wt %. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) reveals that pure epoxy foam possesses a high glass transition temperature (206°C). The maximum of specific compressive strength can be up to 0.0253 MPa m³ kg^?1 at around 1.0 wt % SiO₂. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40068.     

Effect of morphology on the permeability,mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene/SiO2 nanocomposites

Spherical silica nanoparticles with 20 and 100 nm diameters and organic‐template layered silica nanoparticles synthesized by the sol‐gel method were melt blended with a polypropylene (PP) matrix in order to study and quantify their effect on the oxygen and water vapor permeability and mechanical and thermal behavior. With regard to barrier properties, the spherical nanoparticles barely increased the oxygen permeability at low loads (≤10 wt%); meanwhile the layered nanoparticles dramatically increased it even at low loading (<5 wt%) probably due to the percolation effect. The changes in water vapor permeability were similar to those in oxygen permeability. The repulsive interaction between nanoparticles and PP forms interconnecting voids where the gas permeates. Tensile stress–strain tests showed that the composites present up to a 56% increase in the elastic modulus with spherical nanoparticles at 20 wt%, while layered nanoparticles show a decrease probably due to agglomerations and voids. Thermogravimetric analysis under inert conditions showed that the nanoparticles improved the PP thermal degradation process through the adsorption of volatile compounds on their surface, where the smaller spherical nanoparticles show the greatest stabilization. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of the origin of ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in polyimide films on their photoluminescence and thermal stability

Polyimide (PI) films containing dispersed ZnO nanoparticles were prepared from both zinc nitrate hexahydrate (designated as Zn(NO₃)₂/PI) and ZnO nanoparticles, 2‐nm average primary size (ZnO/PI). This work shows how the origin of ZnO affects both the photoluminescence and thermal decomposition of the film. The presence of ZnO derived from Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction technique. The fluorescent intensities from Zn(NO₃)₂/PI and ZnO/PI were much higher than that from pure PI films. When the ZnO concentration exceeded a certain saturation level, the emission intensity decreased due to the undesirable aggregation of ZnO. At the same concentration, ZnO/PI exhibited higher emission intensity than Zn(NO₃)₂/PI. All samples prepared under nitrogen emitted higher intensity than their counterparts prepared under argon. The ZnO/PI film was thermally more stable than the Zn(NO₃)₂/PI one. From TEM images of 117.6 mol% ZnO/PI films, the ZnO aggregates, whose average size was 17–90 nm, were well distributed throughout the film but poorly dispersed in nanometer range. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

A high temperature polymer of phthalonitrile‐substituted phosphazene with low melting point and good thermal stability

A phthalonitrile‐substituted phosphonitrilic monomer has been synthesized from phosphonitrilic chloride trimer and then polymerized with addition of 4‐(hydroxylphenoxy)phthalonitrile (HPPN). The chemical structures of the phosphonitrilic monomer and polymer were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR). Curing behaviors and thermal stabilities of the polymer were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Analysis showed that the monomer has large processing temperature window and good thermal stability. Apparent activation energy, initial curing temperature (T_i), curing temperature (T_p), and termination curing temperature (T_f) of the phosphonitrilic polymer were explored. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), glass transition temperature (T_g) were studied, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were estimated from the van Krevelen equation, which indicates the polymer process high modulus and good flame retardance. Micro‐scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) was also used for evaluating the flammability of the polymers. Postcuring effects were explored, showing excellent thermal and mechanical properties with postcuring. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42606.     

高温熔盐的热物性测试及热稳定性分析

为满足太阳能高温传热、蓄热的要求,以价格便宜的氯化物为原料,通过静态熔融的方法配制出新型混合熔盐,并采用热重差热联用热分析仪及其他实验手段对熔盐的熔点、相变潜热及热稳定性进行了表征。实验结果表明:氯化物的混合熔盐具有较低的熔点,合适的潜热值及高温下良好的热稳定性的特点。氯化物熔盐的适宜使用温度在550~800℃。该实验研究为氯化物熔盐在太阳能高温利用中的使用提供了宝贵数据。