铜/铝异质钎焊连接界面金属间化合物的研究进展（英文）

对近年来钎焊铜铝异种材料的相关研究进行回顾,分析了在接头形成与服役时,焊缝中金属间化合物(IMCs)的形成与生长。结果表明,金属间化合物的形成与生长在接头形成与服役过程中是不可避免的。金属间化合物的形成和生长取决于铜铝之间以及与钎料之间的原子相互扩散。金属间化合物的形核和生长必须同时满足热力学与动力学条件。脆硬性金属间化合物容易引起应力集中,且其形成与生长会加剧扩散原子的消耗,因此金属间化合物的形成与生长是导致接头缺陷(如孔洞、空洞和裂纹)的主要原因之一。当界面处金属间化合物层的厚度超过2～5μm时,接头性能会急剧下降。影响金属间化合物生长与扩散和接头缺陷的主要因素有温度,导热性,接头设计,热输入和钎料成分等。以上因素主要通过改变原子扩散过程影响金属间化合物的形成与生长。目前,控制金属间化合物形成与生长的主要方法有控制接头热输入、优化接头设计和在钎料中添加第三元素等。     

BiAgNiCuGe/Cu接头抗剪强度与断口分析

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDX)、电子拉伸试验机对Bi-x Ag-O.4Ni-0.2Cu-0.1Ge(x=2,5,8,11,14)高温无铅钎料/铜接头进行了界面微观组织分析、抗剪强度测试及剪切断口分析.结果表明,界面微观组织由初生Ag原子、初晶Bi原子和共晶组织组成,还有少量的NiBi3相.随着钎料中Ag元素含量的提高,微观组织中初生Ag原子数量逐渐增多,宏观性能上接头抗剪强度提高.初生Ag原子能够阻碍钎料中裂纹的扩展,使得接头的强度提高.钎料与铜基板之间没有金属间化合物生成,它们之间的连接主要是通过液态钎料原子向铜基板晶界扩散.钎料中的Bi原子向铜基板晶界的扩散程度高于Ag原子.钎料与铜基板界面的连接处为接头薄弱区,是剪切断裂的起点.     

掺杂石墨与铜钎焊的显微组织

通过SEM、EDS、EPMA及XRD等手段研究了掺杂石墨与铜钎焊的显微组织.结果表明:用非晶态Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni钎料在不加中间层及插入Mo/Cu复合中间层的情况下,掺杂石墨和铜均能够很好地被连接在一起,接头未发现明显的气孔、裂纹及未焊合的区域;钎料中的活性元素Ti向掺杂石墨一侧扩散,使得掺杂石墨与钎料之间形成冶金连接,其主要因素是形成了碳化物;钎料/铜界面处主要生成了金属间化合物,而钎料/石墨界面除了金属间化合物的存在外,还发现有碳化物的存在;钎缝组织内部由金属间化合物组成.     

掺杂石墨与铜钎焊的显微组织

通过SEM、EDS、EPMA及XRD等手段研究了掺杂石墨与铜钎焊的显微组织.结果表明用非晶态Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni钎料在不加中间层及插入Mo/Cu复合中间层的情况下,掺杂石墨和铜均能够很好地被连接在一起,接头未发现明显的气孔、裂纹及未焊合的区域;钎料中的活性元素Ti向掺杂石墨一侧扩散,使得掺杂石墨与钎料之间形成冶金连接,其主要因素是形成了碳化物;钎料/铜界面处主要生成了金属间化合物,而钎料/石墨界面除了金属间化合物的存在外,还发现有碳化物的存在;钎缝组织内部由金属间化合物组成.     

铝铜异种材料活性软钎焊的界面行为研究

采用Sn Zn Si低熔点合金作钎料,以丁烷火焰作热源,用含氟化氢铵的钎剂辅助润湿,对铝铜异种材料进行软钎焊,得到了润湿良好的钎焊接头。用扫描电镜结合电子探针对接头界面的组织形态和成分分布情况进行研究,得到了钎料及母材元素的扩散迁移情况。钎料中Zn、Si两种元素向母材防锈铝和铜基板迁移量较多,防锈铝中的Mg元素则大量越过钎料层向铜基板一侧快速扩散。在铜侧界面处会有少量扇贝状的Sn-Cu金属间化合物生成。     

Ti-20Ni-15Cr钎料与纯钛的钎焊

采用Ti-20Ni-15Cr研究了钛材非真空钎焊工艺.分析了钎焊过程中钎料和钛基体之间的相互扩散或反应.钎焊时间对钎焊接头的强度具有重要影响.钎焊时间太短时,由于钎料刚刚熔化,钎料层和扩散区的组织还不均匀,因此接头强度较低;钎焊时间过长时,钎缝中又会形成大量的脆性金属间化合物,接头强度趋于降低.因此既要保证钎料和钛基体之间进行必要的扩散或反应,同时要避免在钎缝中产生大量的脆性金属间化合物的产生.     

镁-铜异种金属连接技术研究进展

对比镁和铜的物理化学性质,结合镁-铜二元合金相图,分析镁-铜异种金属焊接存在的问题,介绍了镁-铜异种金属连接技术的研究现状。镁-铜搅拌摩擦焊是通过塑性流动和原子扩散实现连接,不易形成金属间化合物;扩散焊和钎焊通过控制焊接工艺参数控制金属间化合物的组织结构和厚度;镁-铜TIG焊通过中间金属来控制金属间化合物的生成和生长;冷金属过渡焊接技术可以通过控制热输入来控制铜的熔化和扩散,进而控制金属间化合物的生成和生长,实现镁-铜的熔钎焊。严格控制焊接工艺参数,加入中间层,采用低热输入等方法可以实现镁-铜的优质连接。     

铜-铝异种金属钎焊材料的研究现状

从钎剂和钎料两方面对国内外有关铜-铝异种接头钎焊材料的研究成果进行了综述,重点介绍了铜-铝异种接头钎焊连接过程中无腐蚀性钎剂和钎料成分对钎焊接头结合机理、界面反应、金属间化合物的微观结构及生长规律等的影响。然而,铜-铝异种接头钎焊材料的应用过程中仍存在以下问题:无腐蚀性钎剂熔化温度和价格均较高,适用范围较窄;铝硅系钎料熔化温度较高,铝合金容易过烧熔蚀;钎料洁净度低,钎缝处容易出现氧化夹杂,影响钎焊接头的力学性能。     

Cu基微晶钎料高频钎焊0Cr18Ni9Nb/YG6分析

应用Cu-xSn（X=7,13．5,质量分数％）微晶钎料对0Cr18Ni9Nb不锈钢与YG6硬质合金进行了高频钎焊,分析了钎焊接头的相组成、组织形态和界面元素分布特征,探索了钎料成分和原子互扩散与接头组织之间的相关规律。结果表明,在感应钎焊过程中,Cu基微晶钎料表现出了良好的润湿性和铺展性,液态钎料与母材之间发生了一定程度的原子互扩散,实现了0Cr18Ni9Nb／YG6的焊接。钎接接头组织致密均匀,无夹渣和气孔缺陷产生。0Cr18Ni9Nb／Cu-xSn／YG6钎缝组织由α-Cu固溶体和少量金属间化合物组成,钎料中锡含量的增加使钎缝化合物数量有所增加。近界面母材组织无明显粗化现象。     

Cu基微晶钎不料高频钎焊OCr18Ni9Nb/YG6分析

应用Cu-xSn(x=7,13.5,质量分数%)微晶钎料对OCr18Ni9Nb不锈钢与YG6硬质合金进行了高频钎焊,分析了钎焊接头的相组成、组织形态和界面元素分布特征,探索了钎料成分和原子互扩散与接头组织之间的相关规律.结果表明,在感应钎焊过程中,Cu基微晶钎料表现出了良好的润湿性和铺展性,液态钎料与母材之间发生了一定程度的原子互扩散,实现了OCr18Ni9Nb/YG6的焊接.钎接接头组织致密均匀,无夹渣和气孔缺陷产生.Ocr18Ni9Nb/Cu-xSn/YG6钎缝组织由β-Cu固溶体和少量金属间化合物组成,钎料中锡含量的增加使钎缝化合物数量有所增加.近界面母材组织无明显粗化现象.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.