考虑多对耦合源阱的氢网络优化方法及其应用

在氢网络中,氢源氢阱通常连接于同一个耗氢反应器,为耦合源阱;反应器操作参数的改变影响该耦合源阱参数。在同一个氢网络中可能存在多对耦合源阱,考虑多对耦合源阱的氢网络优化能够进一步为炼厂降低氢耗,提高经济效益。通过分析氢网络的公用工程与多对耦合源阱的关系,推导确定了公用工程迁量与反应器耗氢以及耦合源阱之间的方程。据此建立了耗氢反应器参数和氢网络图像集成优化方法。案例研究表明,该方法简单、容易理解,能够直观给出公用工程迁量与反应器进口温度之间的关系。     

储氢提纯和氢网络的耦合优化

基于氢网络的集成以及AB₅型储氢材料LaNi_4.75Fe_0.25及LaNi_4.85Al_0.15的特性,对储氢提纯在氢网络中的应用进行研究。综合考虑LaNi_4.75Fe_0.25及LaNi_4.85Al_0.15储氢/放氢动力学,建立了储氢提纯氢网络的优化方法,根据单位质量储氢材料提纯的节氢能力和公用工程节省量与提纯参数的关系,确定最优提纯氢源浓度、最大公用工程节省量、储氢材料量和吸氢时间。用该方法对某炼厂氢网络和储氢提纯单元进行优化,结果表明,最优提纯氢源浓度为70%,提纯后公用工程可节省23.72%; LaNi_4.85Al_0.15作为储氢提纯材料优于LaNi_4.75Fe_0.25,其消耗量为991.26 kg。     

炼厂多杂质氢网络的集成

利用演化法对某炼厂多杂质氢网络进行优化。在考虑源阱之间的各种匹配可能和氢源之间的互补可能基础上,依次求取最大匹配流量矩阵（M矩阵）、潜在匹配流量矩阵（P矩阵）和最优匹配流量矩阵（O矩阵）,确定系统的最小公用工程消耗量为1495.83 m³·h^-1,其节约量为1004.17m³·h^-1,占现行新氢消耗量的40.2%。此外,根据O矩阵确定了相应的最优氢分配网络。     

提纯回用氢系统优化

过程氢源的提纯回用能够减少氢气公用工程用量,是炼油厂节氢降耗的有效途径。今利用改进的问题表确定提纯回用氢系统的最小氢公用工程用量和最优提纯装置入口流率。改进的问题表法将能够顺利确定多股外部氢源(氢气公用工程和提纯产品气)的流率目标值并识别废氢流股。案例文献的优化结果表明,文中所提出的方法能够克服原文献仅有一股过程氢源提纯回用的局限,氢公用工程用量和废氢流股的流率分别减少了8.6%和7.2%。     

多工况氢网络压缩机配置和运行优化

炼油厂在实际运行过程中,加氢装置处理的原料油性质发生变化以及生产负荷调整,都会导致加氢单元耗氢量的变化。构建了具有中间管网的定结构氢网络优化模型,该模型包括供氢单元、氢气公用工程管网/中间管网、压缩机、加氢单元、燃料系统以及它们之间的固定连接关系。在常规氢网络中引入压力为1600 psi(1 psi=6.895 k Pa)的中间管网,可以减少一台加氢装置的新氢备用压缩机,设计阶段可少投资一台压缩机,即实现了新氢压缩机的优化配置。针对加氢单元正常/高/低负荷3种工况,对具有中间管网的氢网络进行了优化,得到了不同工况下流股的流量分配和压缩机的启停策略,从而实现多工况氢网络的运行优化。     

多工况氢网络压缩机配置和运行优化

炼油厂在实际运行过程中，加氢装置处理的原料油性质发生变化以及生产负荷调整，都会导致加氢单元耗氢量的变化。构建了具有中间管网的定结构氢网络优化模型，该模型包括供氢单元、氢气公用工程管网/中间管网、压缩机、加氢单元、燃料系统以及它们之间的固定连接关系。在常规氢网络中引入压力为1600 psi（1 psi=6.895 kPa）的中间管网，可以减少一台加氢装置的新氢备用压缩机，设计阶段可少投资一台压缩机，即实现了新氢压缩机的优化配置。针对加氢单元正常/高/低负荷3种工况，对具有中间管网的氢网络进行了优化，得到了不同工况下流股的流量分配和压缩机的启停策略，从而实现多工况氢网络的运行优化。     

氢网络的夹点分析与优化

通过分析炼厂不同氢源、氢阱、氢气净化提浓单元等氢气网络的组成特点,采用夹点分析法对某企业的氢源、氢阱进行分析与计算,以氢气纯度、流量为约束条件,同时考虑压力、杂质的影响。通过耦合、调整氢源-氢阱网络等措施,优化后的氢气网络PSA负荷降低39.14%,制氢单元负荷降低27.11%,氢气压缩机减少2台,实现了增加氢气来源,降低氢气成本的目的。     

运用多氢源匹配法设计氢分配网络

石油炼化企业中氢网络的优化对提高氢资源的利用率意义重大,以降低氢消耗和简化集成方法为目标提出了一种氢回用网络的设计新方法。在向一个氢阱分配氢源时,优先分配内部氢源,并将浓度刚好高于和刚好低于该氢阱入口浓度的氢源进行匹配利用,从而最大限度地降低外部氢源消耗。对文献中几个实例的研究表明,本文方法得到的结果可与文献方法得到的目标值相媲美,而设计步骤简单计算量小,可用手算即能完成,说明本文提出的方法是可行的。另外,本文方法不仅可以得出氢消耗目标值,还可以同时得出氢网络设计。     

氢系统关键氢阱最优氢浓度的确定

氢气网络优化时一般将氢阱氢浓度降低至最低限制浓度,以获取最大可能的节氢效果,然而这会降低系统操作弹性。分析了在氢阱氢浓度降低的过程中,有可能出现夹点位置的改变,从而导致节氢量-氢阱氢浓度曲线斜率的减小以及氢气网络中要考虑的其他经济因素,提出了在氢阱氢浓度降低过程中找出最优浓度并在此浓度下进行系统优化的方法,使得氢阱氢浓度降低幅度不大但系统的节氢效果较为显著。以某炼厂为例,通过选择关键氢阱,分析该关键氢阱氢浓度与系统节氢量的关系,确定最优浓度,系统优化后节氢量为42.81 mol·s^-1,占现行系统新氢用量的21.58%。结果表明,该方法可在氢阱氢浓度降低较小的情况下实现较好的节氢目的。     

考虑效率的功交换网络问题表格法

功交换网络与换热网络和质量交换网络存在类似性.本文将夹点技术推广到功交换网络,提出了确定功交换网络最小公用工程功消耗量的问题表格法.该方法中,根据功源功阱压力从高到低顺序将压力可分成若干区间,通过计算每个区间的剩余功和亏缺功,确定系统的最小公用工程功消耗量,计算亏缺功时可同时考虑功量交换的传递效率.这种方法可同时确定功...     

Analysis of the Relation between Coupled Sink and Purification Based on Hydrogen Network Integration

In a hydrogen network, sinks and sources are generally connected to reactors or purifiers, which affect their compositions and flow rates. The relationship between these streams is studied based on the integration of the hydrogen network to identify the feasible and optimal operating conditions of reactors and purifiers. Equations are deduced to describe the quantitative relationship between hydrogen consumption, hydrogen concentration, flow rates of coupled sink and source, purification feed, and purified product. The purification and hydrogen‐consuming reactor parameters can be optimized in the design and operation stage of a hydrogen network. The case study proves that the proposed method is simple, easy to understand, and can be applied to identify the variation trend line and feasible region accurately without tedious calculation.     

Optimization of hydrogen networks with constraints on hydrogen concentration and pure hydrogen load considered

The mathematical model of hydrogen network is developed to minimize the total exergy consumption of the hydrogen utility and compressor work. The constraint on the hydrogen to oil ratio of hydrogen consuming reactor is represented by that on pure hydrogen load of each sink. Instead of reducing the hydrogen concentration and pure hydrogen load to the minimum directly, all the possible combinations of them are considered. Furthermore, the optimal flow rate of each sink is taken as a variable in the model and the matching flow rate constraint is introduced to remove the source-sink match with small flow rate. This method can be applied to target the minimum utility consumption of systems with any number of impurities. In addition, both the hydrogen to oil ratio and hydrogen concentration can be guaranteed not be less than their lower limitations. The proposed method is applied to the hydrogen network of a real installation, and the results show the hydrogen utility saving potential accounts for 16.52% of the current hydrogen utility consumption.     

Effect of vacuum gas oil hydrotreating reactor on multiple reactors and hydrogen network

The inlet temperature of the Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO) hydrotreating reactor of a refinery is analyzed with the integration of multiple series reactors and hydrogen network considered. The effect of the inlet temperature (T₁) on hydrogen sinks/sources and the product output is analyzed systematically based on the simulation of the series reactors, including VGO hydrotreating reactor, hydrocracking reactor, fluid catalytic cracking reactor and visbreaking reactor. The general relation between the Hydrogen Utility Adjustment (HUA) and multiple pairs of varying sinks and sources is deduced, and correlations between varying streams and T₁ are linearly fitted. Based on this, the quantitative equation between HUA and T₁ is derived, and corresponding diagram is constructed. The T₁ corresponding the minimum hydrogen consumption is identified to be 345℃.     

Mixing potential: A new concept for optimal design of hydrogen and water networks with higher disturbance resistance

During the last decade, the design methods of hydrogen and water networks have been improved greatly. Since the resulting network structure featuring minimum utility consumption is not unique, other properties such as disturbance resistance have drawn more and more attention. In this article, a novel concept, Mixing Potential, is proposed to improve the disturbance resistance ability of the networks in the design stage. This concept originates from measuring the concentration fluctuation of a single sink, and could be calculated by its graphical and algorithmic definition, respectively. In addition, a sufficient condition for minimizing the Mixing Potential of a single sink has been proved. Based on this sufficient condition, a graphical and its corresponding algorithmic method are proposed to design the hydrogen and water networks with minimum utility consumption. Literature examples illustrate that the disturbance resistance ability of the network can be improved by adjusting the satisfying order of sinks. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3762–3772, 2014     

基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络集成图示法

将氢网络中基于剩余率的集成优化法扩展至水网络，以杂质浓度为基础进行分析，提出了基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络图像集成优化方法。该方法无需图像试差和迭代，通过构建浓度-流量图和杂质赤字图，可确定未考虑再生回用的水网络夹点位置及最小新鲜水用量。并在此基础上，考虑再生装置和水网络的优化以及二者的集成，分析水网络的新鲜水节省量与杂质脱除率、再生水源流量及再生废水浓度的定量关系；构建定量关系图确定最小新鲜水用量随各参数的变化关系、夹点位置、最大新鲜水节省量以及一定再生条件下的极限及最优提纯参数。案例分析表明，该方法简单、高效，对于各工况下的水网络，均可使新鲜水消耗量及废水排放量减小，为工艺设计和操作提供重要的参考。     

Integration strategies of hydrogen network in a refinery based on operational optimization of hydrotreating units

Inferior crude oil and fuel oil upgrading lead to escalating increase of hydrogen consumption in refineries. It is imperative to reduce the hydrogen consumption for energy-saving operations of refineries. An integration strategy of hydrogen network and an operational optimization model of hydrotreating (HDT) units are proposed based on the characteristics of reaction kinetics of HDT units. By solving the proposed model, the operating conditions of HDT units are optimized, and the parameters of hydrogen sinks are determined by coupling hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrification (HDN) and aromatic hydrogenation (HDA) kinetics. An example case of a refinery with annual processing capacity of eight million tons is adopted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed optimization strategies and the model. Results show that HDS, HDN and HDA reactions are the major source of hydrogen consumption in the refinery. The total hydrogen consumption can be reduced by 18.9% by applying conventional hydrogen network optimization model. When the hydrogen network is optimized after the operational optimization of HDT units is performed, the hydrogen consumption is reduced by 28.2%. When the benefit of the fuel gas recovery is further considered, the total annual cost of hydrogen network can be reduced by 3.21×10₇ CNY·a_-1, decreased by 11.9%. Therefore, the operational optimization of the HDT units in refineries should be imposed to determine the parameters of hydrogen sinks base on the characteristics of reaction kinetics of the hydrogenation processes before the optimization of the hydrogen network is performed through the source-sink matching methods.