中国西北部高山区多尺度降水稳定同位素的时空变化成因分析

大气降水氢氧稳定同位素可以指示降水过程的气候环境变化,分析其变化对于研究现在及过去气候条件下的水文循环过程具有重要意义。本研究选取中国西北部典型的天山、昆仑山为研究对象,基于研究区5个高山站点2013—2015年间的353个大气降水样品的δ²H、δ¹⁸O分析测试结果,系统分析了不同时间尺度下δ²H与δ¹⁸O的时空分布特征及其与环境要素的关系,并结合ERA5数据探讨了其水汽通量及风向特征。结果表明：(1)研究区大气降水稳定同位素呈现较为显著的时空变化特征,降水δ¹⁸O季节上呈现夏高冬低,而空间上呈现北高南低;拟合的区域大气降水线为δ²H=7.74δ¹⁸O+5.83 (R²=0.98),揭示其降水过程受云下蒸发影响强烈(斜率较低)。(2)研究区降水δ¹⁸O与温度呈现正相关关系,与高程呈现负相关关系,而与降水量间无显著相关关系。(3)水汽来源的分析结果表明,研究区水汽输送路径主要为西方路径(占比6...     

雅鲁藏布江流域降水中δ18O 的时空变化

通过研究2005年西藏雅鲁藏布江流域拉孜、奴各沙、羊村和奴下4个站点降水中的δ18O变化,揭示了雅鲁藏布江流域降水中稳定同位素的时空变化规律.研究显示,雅鲁藏布江流域降水中δ18O季节变化明显,高值出现在季风降水之前的春季,而低值出现在季风降水季节,其间降水中δ18O具有明显的\"降水量效应\";从空间上看,降水中的δ18O从下游至上游递减,造成这种分布特征主要是由于\"高程效应\"以及水汽远距离输送导致其中的18O被贫化的结果.经计算表明,雅鲁藏布江流域降水中δ18O由于\"高程效应\"造成的递减率为0.34‰/100m,而水平方向上自东向西由于水汽远距离输送造成的递减率为0.7‰/100km.从季风期间大范围的降水过程来看,降水中δ18O的空间变化主要受\"降水量效应\"制约.     

1960-2009年横断山区潜在蒸发量时空变化(英文)

Based on the meteorological data of 20 stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during 1961-2009, the annual and seasonal variation of potential evapotranspiration was analyzed in combination with the Penman-Monteith model. With the method of Spline interpolation under ArcGIS, the spatial distribution of potential evapotranspiration was presented to research the regional difference, and the correlation analysis was used to discuss the dominant factor affecting the potential evapotranspiration. The results indicated that the an-nual potential evapotranspiration showed a decreasing tendency since the 1960s, especially from the 1980s to 1990s, while it showed an increasing tendency since 2000. Regional potential evapotranspiration showed a rate of -0.17 mm a?1. Potential evapotranspiration in north, middle and south of the Hengduan Mountains exhibited decreasing trends over the studied period, and its regional trend was on the decline from southwest to northeast.     

近50年来淮河流域极端降水的时空变化及统计特征(英文)

Based on the daily precipitation data of 27 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2009 in the Huaihe River Basin, spatio-temporal trend and statistical distribution of extreme precipitation events in this area are analyzed. Annual maximum series (AM) and peak over threshold series (POT) are selected to simulate the probability distribution of extreme precipitation. The results show that positive trend of annual maximum precipitation is detected at most of used stations, only a small number of stations are found to depict a negative trend during the past five decades, and none of the positive or negative trend is significant. The maximum precipitation event almost occurred in the flooding period during the 1960s and 1970s. By the L-moments method, the parameters of three extreme distributions, i.e., Generalized extreme value distribution (GEV), Generalized Pareto distribution (GP) and Gamma distribution are estimated. From the results of goodness of fit test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, AM series can be better fitted by GEV model and POT series can be better fitted by GP model. By the comparison of the precipitation amounts under different return levels, it can be found that the values obtained from POT series are a little larger than the values from AM series, and they can better simulate the observed values in the Huaihe River Basin.     

雅鲁藏布江流域降水时空变化特征

雅鲁藏布江流域是全球气候变化的敏感区,该流域降水变化对青藏高原的水系统、生态系统和山地灾害系统的演变具有重要影响。本文通过流域水文分析,将雅鲁藏布江流域的三大水资源区细分为9个分区。基于雅鲁藏布江流域1979—2018年降水数据,综合分析了雅鲁藏布江流域及9个分区的年、干湿季、月降水量以及日、小时尺度极端降水的时空变化特征,探讨了降水和典型大尺度大气环流因子的相关性。结果表明：① 1979—2018年间,在流域尺度上,各时间尺度降水整体上均呈上升趋势。其中,年降水量上升趋势最大,为2.5 mm·a^-1;年、干湿季降水量以及典型小时尺度极端降水（Rx3hour、Rx12hour）均在95%信度水平下显著上升。在水资源分区尺度上,各分区不同时间尺度降水的变化趋势呈现更明显的非一致性,所有分区除小时尺度极端降水均呈上升趋势外,其余时间尺度降水的趋势变化方向各异。② 雅鲁藏布江流域降水存在明显的空间分异性,且降水空间分异性会随着降水指标时间尺度的缩短而增强。各时间尺度降水整体上均呈现出自东部向西部逐渐减少的趋势,流域东南部（分区Ⅲ-2）始终是高值中心,流域中西部（分区Ⅰ-2、Ⅱ-1）存在区域性高值中心。③ 北半球副热带高压和北半球极涡对雅鲁藏布江流域降水变化具有显著影响。研究结果有助于掌握当地降水的多尺度变化特征,可为雅鲁藏布江流域和青藏高原地区的水循环研究、水资源开发利用和山洪灾害防治等提供科学基础。     

玉龙雪山冰川稳定同位素分馏冬夏对比

1 Introduction Under the dominance of South Asian monsoon, China’s temperate glaciers are distributed on Hengduan Mountains (southeast of Tibetan Plateau), the central part and southern slope of the Himalaya Mountains as well as the central and eastern p…     

夏季怒江流域水汽输送多支特征及对降水影响

基于高空间分辨率0.25°的ERA-Interim再分析资料、TRMM 3B43 Version7数据、气象站点实测数据等多源数据,本文采用一种新的流域边界水汽通量概化和提取方法,揭示了夏季怒江流域水汽输送多支特征,并分析了其对降水时空分异的影响。研究表明,在高黎贡山南部、北部,伯舒拉岭北部及念青唐古拉山中部,有4支区域性水汽输送高值区,多年平均输送通量分别达102.6 kg/(m·s)、66.3 kg/(m·s)、39.7 kg/(m·s)和41.3 kg/(m·s)。多支水汽输送不仅深刻影响流域水汽输送格局,而且对降水时空分异也有不同程度影响。年际变化上,中下游横断山区水汽输送对降水的影响较小,上游青藏高原区影响较大,尤其以那曲—比如—索县一带影响最为显著。空间分布上,流域降水与水汽输送通量呈显著正相关,受多支水汽输送影响形成多个区域性多雨带。     

1998-2008年中国农作物化肥消费的时空分异(英文)

The agricultural and land policies in China are always focused on protecting its food supply and security because of the country’s large population and improved diets.The crop production guide ’Take Grain as the Key Link’ prompted peasants to plant grain on most of the agricultural land,leading to the majority of fertilizer being used in grain crops for many years in China.This situation has changed dramatically in recent years.Based on data pertaining to provincial crops sown area and fertilizer use per unit area in 1998 and 2008,the temporal and spatial variations of China’s fertilizer consumption by crops were analyzed at the provincial level,and the results are presented here.(1) Fertilizer consumption in China grew strongly in the last decade,while the growth was mainly attributable to the increase of fertilizer con-sumption by horticultural crops.The fertilizer consumption of grain crops dropped from 71.0% in 1998 to 57.8% in 2008.Thus,it is concluded that the emphasis of fertilizer consumption is shifting toward horticultural crops.(2) There were marked differences in the growth rates of fertilizer consumption from the regional point of view.The national average growth rate of fertilizer consumption was 31.9% during 1998-2008.The western and northeastern parts of the country came close to the national average,while the eastern part was lower,with an average of 13.0%,and central China was much higher(50.8%).The increase of fertilizer consumption in central and west China was higher than the other zones,which already ac-counted for 77.9% of the national total.Thus,it is concluded that the consumption emphasis of chemical fertilizer shifts toward the central and western regions.(3) The decline of fertilizer consumption by grain crops was largely due to the decrease in sown area compared with the increase by vegetable crops attributable to the enlarging sown area;the increase by orchard crops was affected by both expanding the sown area and fertilizer use per unit area.     

玉龙雪山冰川稳定同位素分馏冬夏对比

利用玉龙雪山白水1号冰川区冬季和夏季表面积雪、雪坑、融水以及白水河河水中δ¹⁸O资料,对比分析了冬季和夏季我国典型季风温冰川系统内稳定同位素分馏行为的差异。分析结果表明,夏季冰川系统内各水体相变过程中稳定同位素分馏程度均比冬季强烈,指示出夏季季风海洋型冰川强烈消融的特点。另外,不论是冬季还是夏季,从表面积雪到融水再到由融水补给的河流,δ¹⁸O垂直变化梯度依次增大,反映了从固态降雪向冰川融水补给的河流河水转换过程中,稳定同位素分馏程度逐渐增强,体现了沉积后过程对海洋型冰川区同位素记录的影响具有空间差异性。     

皇甫川流域降水量和人类活动对径流量变化影响的定量评估(英文)

The runoff of some rivers in the world especially in the arid and semi-arid areas has decreased remarkably with global or regional climate change and enhanced human activities.The runoff decrease in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China has brought severe problems in livelihoods and ecology.To reveal the variation characteristics,trends of runoff and their influencing factors have been important scientific issues for drainage basin management.The objective of this study was to analyze the variation trends of the runoff and quantitatively assess the contributions of precipitation and human activities to the runoff change in the Huangfuchuan River Basin based on the measured data in 1960-2008.Two inflection points(turning years) of 1979 and 1998 for the accumulative runoff change,and one inflection point of 1979 for the accumulative precipitation change were identified using the methods of accumulative anomaly analysis.The linear relationships between year and accumulative runoff in 1960-1979,1980-1997 and 1998-2008 and between year and accumulative precipitation in 1960-1979 and 1980-2008 were fitted.A new method of slope change ratio of accumulative quantity(SCRAQ) was put forward and used in this study to calculate the contributions of different factors to the runoff change.Taking 1960-1979 as the base period,the contribution rate of the precipitation and human activities to the decreased runoff was 36.43% and 63.57% in 1980-1997,and 16.81% and 83.19% in 1998-2008,respectively.The results will play an important role in the drainage basin management.Moreover,the new method of SCRAQ can be applied in the quantitative evaluation of runoff change and impacts by different factors in the river basin of arid and semi-arid areas.     

复杂地形下降水的高空间分辨率插值方法研究

复杂地形山区降水格局在多种地形要素的综合影响下呈现出显著异质性特征,弱化了降水站点观测资料的空间代表性,限制了遥感及再分析产品的适用性及传统插值方法的准确性。常用的PRISM降水插值算法通过提取并权重化地形要素,借助加权最小二乘算法对降水站点观测数据进行空间插值,被广泛应用于降水产品制备。本文针对PRISM算法对中小地形地貌刻画能力不足的问题,在解析影响复杂地形降水模式的地形要素的基础上,改进了PRISM的地形要素计算与权重化过程,同时,考虑到实际日降水量的随机性,将改进后的PRISM嵌入到“平均态日降水—比值”插值框架,构建了适用于复杂地形的日降水插值算法MPRISMR。随后,以具有复杂地形特征的元江流域为例,通过交叉验证及与ERA5-Land和TRMM_3B42降水产品的对比分析,发现该算法具有较高的准确性与可靠性。结果表明,在元江流域23个气象站点上,MPRISMR的插值结果与观测值的相关系数、相对偏差的中位数分别为0.72、0.98%,总体上优于ERA5-Land和TRMM_3B42日降水产品。另外,MPRISMR插值结果的精度随时间变化更小,更为稳定。最后,研究基于MPRISMR制备了空间分辨率约3 km的元江流域日尺度降水格网数据。本文可为复杂地形的陆面模式或流域水文水质模型提供高精度降水驱动场数据产品,从而支持流域可持续管理决策。     

海河流域降水稳定同位素的云底二次蒸发效应

云底二次蒸发导致的同位素动力分馏可显著影响观测的降水同位素组成和大气水线。本文利用海河流域7个监测站点的降水δ²H和δ¹⁸O数据,分析了云底二次蒸发对流域降水同位素的影响。结果表明：流域降雨水样的大气水线为δ²H=7.19δ¹⁸O-0.74,显著不同于降雪水样的大气水线(δ²H=8.42δ¹⁸O+15.88);流域降雨,特别是小降雨(<5 mm)事件,易受到云底二次蒸发的影响,导致其大气水线的斜率和截距均随着降雨量的减小而减小。流域降雨同位素的云底二次蒸发主要受气温和相对湿度控制,随着气温的升高和相对湿度的减小,云底二次蒸发加剧,导致观测的地面降雨富集重的同位素,同时伴随的同位素动力分馏导致流域降水过量氘(d)值以及大气水线的斜率和截距均减小。与平原地区相比较,流域山间盆地地区受“雨影效应”影响,气候相对干燥,其降雨同位素受更强的云底二次蒸发影响。观测期间,流域小的降雨事件占总降水事件的42%,故云底二次蒸发对流域降水同位素具有重要的影响。     

我国降水中δ18O的分布特点

根据实测资料计算,我国东南部地区以及西北地区的大气降水中δ１８Ｏ较高,东北和青藏高原南部的δ１８Ｏ则较低。在我国,温度效应主要出现在中高纬度大陆内部,降水量效应则主要分布在东南沿海、云贵高原和青藏高原。这些地区明显受季风气候的影响。不同地区的大气水线存在一定的差异,它们与水汽在源地的蒸发以及水汽凝结致雨两个过程的稳定同位素分馏密切相关。     

湘江流域传统民居平面原型基因的类型表达及空间分异北大核心CSCD

传统聚落景观基因的适应性表达与地域差异,为文化地理文化生态视角的重要问题。以湘江流域64个传统民居的平面形态为研究对象,构建原型基因-类型-区系综合分析法,探究围合型基因、方正形基因、中轴对称性基因三类原型基因在传统民居平面形态类型上的适应性表达及空间分异。结果发现:①中上游低纬度的大部分区域,主要分布“一明两暗”型、天井型两种类型,传统民居平面形态方正,差异性较小,以适应集中的聚落格局;下游及沿干流上溯的部分区域,主要分布附院式“一明两暗”型、开口式三合型、附院式天井型、附院式大屋型、中庭式大屋型、附院中庭式大屋型六种类型,传统民居平面形态多样,差异性较大,以适应相对离散的聚落格局;两个区系的分界线,大致在越城岭-阳明山-大义山-八面山一带。②原型基因在两个区系有两种潜在表达路径,以适应不同区域不同家庭或家族需求,一种是“一明两暗”型向天井型转变,另一种是附院式“一明两暗”型向开口式三合型或附院式天井型转变,继而向附院式大屋型转变,最后向中庭式大屋型或附院中庭式大屋型转变。     

2001-2021年黄河流域农业科技园区的时空格局及影响因素

探究农业科技园区的时空格局及影响因素对于优化园区布局、促进区域农业高质量发展具有重要意义。本文以黄河流域国家和省级农业科技园区为对象,采用标准差椭圆、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析、空间变差函数、地理探测器模型等方法,分析了2001—2021年园区时空格局、演化特征及影响因素。结果发现：(1)农业科技园区经历了试点建设（2001—2009年）、全面推广（2010—2016年）和创新提质（2017—2021年）3个阶段。(2) 2001—2021年国家和省级园区总体分布态势逐渐一致,已经形成了河湟谷地、关中平原和黄河下游冲积平原3个主要集中分布区。(3)国家和省级园区全局关联特征表现不同,前者空间关联从随机模式向集聚模式转变,后者则一直表现为集聚模式;局部关联格局则均表现为“同向集聚增强,异向集聚减弱”的特点。(4)国家和省级园区格局演化均同时受结构性和随机性因素影响,包括产业结构水平、经济实力基础、交通便捷度、专利授权件数、农作物种植规模等主要因素,各因素间的交互作用大于单因素的作用,特别是产业结构水平与交通便捷度、经济实力基础与交通便捷度交互作用最为突出。本研究有助于丰富和完善农业科...     

南极伊利莎白公主地250年来雪芯累积、氧同位素与化学研究

1Introduction In the ongoing discussion of climate change,the mass balance of Antarctica has received increasing attention during recent decades,since its reaction to global warming will strongly influence sea-level change(Schlosser and Oerter,2002).Many …     

希夏邦马峰达索普冰川高海拔区夏季风期间大气降水的δ18O特征

降水中δ1 8O的分析表明 ,本区夏季风期间大陆性气团降水中δ1 8O值高于海洋性气团降水 ,同类型气团降水中δ1 8O与气温之间呈正相关关系。达索普冰川高海拔区高程效应明显的降水过程 ,δ1 8O的垂直变化梯度较小为 - 0 .1‰ / 10 0m。无高程效应特征的降水过程 ,可能与降水时的天气状况有关。同时地形对降水中δ1 8O随高程的分布有较大影响。达索普冰川区近东西向区域内降水中δ1 8O分布与高程效应一致 ,而近南北向区域内则与高程效应相反。     

不同时间尺度下降水中氧稳定同位素的时空变化

The spatial and temporal variations of stable oxygen isotope in precipitation on different time scales are analyzed according to the data from the IAEA/WMO stations with long survey series in the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature effect is mainly distributed in mid-high latitudes on seasonal scale except for Bamako and Addisababa stations. The δ18O/temperature slope displays the positive correlation against altitude for most of the statistical stations. Amount effect appears primarily in the region south of 30°N and coastal areas. The δ18O/precipitation slope is indirectly proportional to precipitation amount. For some of the sampling stations at mid-high latitudes where their seasonal distribution of precipitation is contrary to that of temperature, coupled with temperature effect, the amount effect appears synchronistically. Either the temperature effect or the amount effect on seasonal scale, there are positive correlations to a certain extent between the annual weighted mean δ18O and the annual mean temperature for almost all the stations. The correlation between composite δ18O and temperature on spatial scale is much more marked, compared with that of individual station. There is a good agreement between 10-year moving average temperature curves I and Ⅱ, with the values of the former all markedly smaller than corresponding ones of the latter, calculated by the monthly mean series group I and the annual mean series group Ⅱ, respectively. However, two calculated dδ18O/dT curves display the distinct difference: the variation amplitude of slope series Ⅱ is larger than that of slope series I. Both curves had similar ascending trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, and then, their variations display the anti-phase. Moreover, the analyses show that there is negative correlation between slope series Ⅱ and temperature series Ⅱ. However, the status is different for slope series I and temperature series I. Both series have contrary trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, whereas the same trend since the 1980s.     

西北地区大气降水δ18O 的特征及水汽来源

根据2005年各月在中国大气降水同位素观测网(CHNIP)位于西北地区的阜康、策勒、临泽、海北、沙坡头、长武和安塞观测站点收集的降水样品,对其中的同位素的组分进行测定,分析了西北地区大气降水中δ18O的时空分布特征.所建立的局地大气降水线方程δD=7.05δ18O-2.17,反应了西北地区独特的局地气候特点.降水δ18O的温度效应显著,而降水量效应只在夏季(6-8月)间存在.δ18O的空间分布特征可以很好地反映西北地区的大气环流背景.应用瑞利分馏模型及动力分馏模型对阜康-安塞沿线降水δ18O的定量模拟结果,揭示了西北地区降水水汽的分馏主要以动力分馏为主,雨滴在降落过程中历经了一定的二次蒸发过程,其降水水汽中也混入一定量的由局地再蒸发的水汽.此外,利用西北地区在全球大气降水同位素观测网络(GNIP)中的乌鲁木齐、和田、张掖、兰州、银川和西安6个站点的长时间序列的δ18O与降水量、温度等气候因子建立的多元线性回归关系可以对降水δ18O进行定量估算;基于乌鲁木齐站点12年的δ18O资料对该地区的温度拟合,为历史气候的定量恢复提供了依据.     

藏北高原夏季降水的水汽来源分析

根据GAME-Tibet加强观测期间取得的降水量和δ18O资料,基于来自海洋性气团的水汽形成的降水中δ18O较低、来自局地蒸发形成的降水中δ18O较高这一认识,尝试性地给出了划分不同来源水汽的标准.基于此标准,对研究区域中局地来源水汽和海洋性气团水汽在总降水中所占的比率定量估计.就安多附近平均而言,1998年6～9月海洋气团的直接输送而形成的降水量至多占总降水量的32.06%,而局地蒸发的水汽所形成的降水量至少占总降水量的46.86%.其它至少有21.8%可能来源于季风环流对沿途蒸发水汽的输送.青藏高原中部(如安多等)的降水,可能是海洋性气团携带的水汽经过若干次凝结-降水(降落到地面)-蒸发-再凝结等过程,不断循环并依次将水分通过季风环流向高原中西部推进.