无功能性甲状旁腺囊肿临床分析

目的 总结无功能性甲状旁腺囊肿患者的临床病理学特点,探讨其诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2002 -2009年收治的6例甲状旁腺囊肿患者的临床资料,患者均为体检时无意中发现颈部肿物,血钙、血磷及血甲状旁腺素正常,其中5例患者影像学检查提示甲状腺下极后方有囊性肿物.结果 6例患者均行手术治疗,术后病理证实为甲状旁腺囊肿,免疫组化染色甲状旁腺素、嗜铬素A及突触素均阳性.随访2～9年无复发.结论 手术是治疗甲状旁腺囊肿的有效方法,最终确诊需要依赖病理学检查.     

甲状旁腺良性肿瘤临床分析

目的 探讨甲状旁腺良性肿瘤的诊断及治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析6例甲状旁腺良性肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中女2例,男4例;年龄为36～62岁,中位年龄59岁.结果 6例甲状旁腺良性肿瘤中甲状旁腺腺瘤5例,甲状旁腺囊肿1例,4例伴有甲状旁腺功能亢进症状,6例患者血钙、血磷血甲状旁腺激素均升高.术前多普勒超声定位的诊断准确率为66.7%(4/6),甲状旁腺显像定位诊断准确率为60%(3/5).6例患者均行肿瘤切除和(或)探查术,均获得临床治愈.随访时间5个月至3年,中位随访时间2年.结论 临床医师应对高度怀疑甲状旁腺疾病的患者进行血钙、血磷、血甲状旁腺激素检测.术前影像学检查应首选多普勒超声,并辅以甲状旁腺显像检查.手术切除是最佳的治疗手段.     

甲状旁腺癌的外科诊治

目的:探讨甲状旁腺癌(PTC) 的临床诊断、治疗方法及预后.方法:回顾性分析4例PTC患者的临床资料.4例均可触及颈部肿块.患者血钙为(3.25±0.53)mmol/L,甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平为(1210.25±528.72)ng/L.仅1例术中冷冻明确诊断,3例术后石蜡病理及免疫组织化学确诊.3例行甲状旁腺切除术加患侧甲状腺次全切除术,1例接受内镜下甲状旁腺肿块切除术.结果:随访8～60个月患者血钙及PTH正常,无转移及复发.结论:PTC术前诊断困难,术前结合血钙、PTH血生化检查与超声、CT等影像学检查可能有助于提供诊断信息;术中冷冻病理价值有限.首次手术时根治切除是影响预后最重要的因素,手术治疗预后好.     

甲状旁腺原发占位性病变的临床诊治

目的：探讨甲状旁腺占位性病变的临床表现、诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析我院2003-01—2012—10期间收治的26例甲状旁腺占位性病变患者的临床资料。结果：26例患者中,甲状旁腺腺癌2例,甲状旁腺腺瘤11例,甲状旁腺囊肿13例。临床表现除13例为囊肿外,均伴有甲状旁腺功能亢进症状,其中颈部肿物26例,骨质疏松或骨纤维囊性变11例,泌尿系统症状9例,消化系统症状8例。定性诊断依赖于血钙及甲状旁腺激素（PTH）水平的测定。术前定位检查主要依靠B超、CT、MRI等影像学手段。2例甲状旁腺腺癌患者、11例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者和13例甲状旁腺囊肿患者术前与术后诊断符合率分别为0（0／2）、91％（10／11）、69％（9／13）。所有患者均行手术治疗,2例甲状旁腺腺癌患者术后分别随访17个月和27个月均无瘤生存;11例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者手术治疗后,症状缓解,均未见复发;13例甲状旁腺囊肿患者术后均未见复发。结论：甲状旁腺占位性病变缺乏特异性临床表现,颈部肿物为常见表现。血清钙离子及PTH水平的测定结合B超、CT、MRI和99mc-MIBI等影像学有助于甲状旁腺占位性病变的诊断。甲状旁腺腺癌术前诊断困难。甲状旁腺占位性病变确诊主要依靠病理学诊断。手术为甲状旁腺占位性病变的首选治疗方式。     

甲状旁腺占位性病变的临床分析

目的 探讨甲状旁腺占位性病变的临床表现、诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析42例甲状旁腺占位性病变患者的临床资料,包括临床症状、体征、实验室检查、病理和影像学结果及治疗方法.结果 42例患者中男8例,女34例,男女比例为1:5.25;年龄12～77岁,中位年龄39岁;甲状旁腺癌2例,甲状旁腺腺瘤29例,甲状旁腺囊肿11例.临床表现有颈部肿物40例次、骨质疏松或骨纤维囊性变34例次、泌尿系统症状29例次、声音嘶哑7例次、消化性溃疡4例次、呼吸困难及吞咽受阻症状3例次、胸腔内肿物3例次、淀粉酶升高2例次等.术前定性检查采用血清钙离子及血清甲状旁腺激素检测.术前定位检查分别采用B超、99mTc.甲氧基异丁基异腈、CT、MRI.甲状旁腺腺瘤29例经手术治疗,28例症状缓解,1例手术后23个月复发;甲状旁腺囊肿11例均经手术治疗,随访未见复发.甲状旁腺癌2例均经手术治疗,分别随诊28个月和50个月均无瘤生存.结论 血清钙离子及甲状旁腺激素检测结合B超99mTc-甲氧基异丁基异腈、CT、MRI有助于甲状旁腺占位性病变的诊断.手术为首选治疗方式,甲状旁腺囊肿行单纯肿物切除术,甲状旁腺腺瘤的主要手术方式为双侧颈部探查术,甲状旁腺癌的首次手术应为根治性手术.     

甲状旁腺囊肿的临床特点和外科处理

目的 :探讨甲状旁腺囊肿的临床特点和外科处理方法。方法 :回顾近 3 0年中发现的 5例甲状旁腺囊肿 ,结合囊肿的大小 ,位置 ,临床症状 ,随诊情况 ,讨论其治疗方法。结果 :5例均手术治疗结果满意 ,治愈率 1 0 0 % ,随诊 4～ 2 4年无异常 ,1例术前在 B超引导下细针穿刺治疗失败。结论 :甲状旁腺囊肿治疗应以手术为主 ,无功能性囊肿可试行 B超引导下细针穿刺治疗。     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症并发甲状旁腺危象的诊治

目的 探讨原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症并发甲状旁腺危象的诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年5月西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院收治的6例原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症并发甲状旁腺危象患者的临床资料,均依临床表现、实验室检查确诊,术后经病理结果证实;6例均行甲状腺区B超及颈部CT扫描,3例次行99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(methoxy isobutylisonitrile,MIBI)甲状旁腺核素扫描检查进行定位诊断,5例次在积极内科治疗3～5 d后进行手术,1例次在内科治疗7 d后进行手术;术中6例均行冰冻切片检查,5例行快速甲状旁腺素测定.结果 6例患者中有5例经及时甲状旁腺探查切除手术加内科治疗后痊愈,随访1个月至3年无并发症及复发,中位随访时间19.5个月;1例并发多脏器功能衰竭而死亡.结论 经过短暂的内科治疗后及时行甲状旁腺探查切除术是抢救原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症并发甲状旁腺危象患者的有效方法.术前明确诊断及准确定位、术中进行冰冻切片和快速甲状旁腺素测定是手术成功的有力保障.     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床特点及其外科治疗

目的　探讨原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症的临床特点及其外科处理方法。方法　回顾性分析2000年1月～2014年12月在我科手术治疗的25例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料,外科治疗方式以及术后随访情况。结果　24例患者均在术前确诊,1例甲状旁腺癌术中冰冻明确。2例双侧下甲状旁腺瘤行双侧探查及双侧下甲状旁腺瘤切除,18例单侧甲状旁腺瘤行单侧探查及切除;4例甲状旁腺增生行双侧探查加双侧甲状旁腺大部切除,仅保留0.5枚甲状旁腺,1例甲状旁腺癌行患侧甲状腺和甲状旁腺全切除、峡部切除、健侧甲状腺近全切除和患侧颈部中央区淋巴结清扫术。所有患者术后均恢复良好,甲状旁腺功能亢进症状得到有效控制,随访6个月～10年,无复发。结论　影像学和实验室检查是诊断甲状旁腺亢进的有效方法,及时进行外科手术治疗可减少骨关节和泌尿系统损害等严重并发症的发生。     

下咽癌肉瘤临床病理特征的研究

目的:探讨下咽癌肉瘤的临床病理学特征、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法:报道1例经病理证实的下咽癌肉瘤患者的临床资料,结合文献复习进行分析。结果:患者通过手术切除病变,病理检查证实为鳞状细胞癌横纹肌肉瘤,术后行放化疗,恢复良好,随访18个月无复发。结论:下咽癌肉瘤是一种极为罕见的恶性肿瘤,具有特征性的组织病理学、免疫组织化学及临床特点,需与肉瘤样癌、喉癌的放疗反应等相鉴别。下咽癌肉瘤的治疗应首选手术切除。对局部晚期、术后残留、肉眼切除范围欠安全的头颈部癌肉瘤患者应行放疗并及时随访。     

术中检测甲状旁腺素治疗肿瘤性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床观察

目的：探讨肿瘤性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床表现、诊断方法以及术中检测甲状旁腺素在手术治疗中的作用。方法：回顾性分析2003—01—2012—10收治的37例功能性甲状旁腺肿瘤的临床资料,总结其临床表现、检查手段及手术方式,观察手术前后及术中甲状旁腺素的变化。结果：全部患者术前能够明确诊断,颈部彩超的敏感性及阳性预测值为86．5％和97．6％,Tc-99m-MIBI的敏感性及阳性预测值为97．2％和100．0％。肿瘤切除术后10min较手术切皮前甲状旁腺素下降84．9％。术后血钙下降,症状缓解。结论：肿瘤性甲状旁腺功能亢进的常见症状有反复发作骨病、长期泌尿系结石、不明原因消化道症状等。颈部彩超和Tc-99m—MIBI适于甲状旁腺肿瘤定位。手术切除甲状旁腺肿瘤疗效确切,术中检测甲状旁腺素能够保证功能性甲状旁腺肿瘤手术的彻底性和安全性。     

先天性会厌囊肿临床表现及误诊分析

目的:探讨先天性会厌囊肿临床表现及误诊原因.方法:回顾性分析19例先天性会厌囊肿患儿临床表现及诊治经过.结果:19例患儿临床表现包括喉喘鸣、呼吸急促、吸气性呼吸困难、吸奶中断或呛咳、哭声低弱含混等.其中15例首诊被误诊:诊为新生儿肺炎者9例(47.4%),支气管肺炎5例(26.3%),咽喉炎1例(5.3%).所有患儿行小儿超细纤维喉镜检查后诊断为先天性会厌囊肿,并经病理证实.结论:本病临床易误诊,对于出现喉喘鸣伴有上呼吸道阻塞症状的患儿,应尽早作上呼吸道检查.小儿超细纤维喉镜检查可明确病因,及时治疗.     

Concurrent nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare etiology of primary hyperparathyroidism characterized by severe clinical symptoms of hypercalcemia and markedly elevated serum parathormone levels. Nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma is an inactive form of the disease. There are less than 30 reports of nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma in the English literature and the association with parathyroid adenoma has not been described. This report describes a patient with concurrent nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma and a functioning parathyroid adenoma.     

Unintentional parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy.

OBJECTIVES: In the United States thyroidectomy is a frequently performed surgery by both general and head and neck surgeons. Even the most experienced thyroid surgeon, however, has probably received a pathology report stating that an incidental parathyroid gland or parathyroid tissue was found in the submitted thyroidectomy specimen. The aim of this report is to explore some of the pathologic and clinical characteristics of unintentional parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed of thyroidectomies performed at the University of California, Los Angeles, Center for the Health Sciences between 1989 and June 1998 which had pathology reports showing parathyroid tissue contained within the thyroidectomy specimen. This excluded any tissue submitted separately to be evaluated for parathyroid tissue and parathyroid tissue removed unintentionally during a thyroidectomy for a different procedure such as a laryngectomy or surgery for parathyroid disease. METHODS: The pathology slides were reviewed to determine the incidence of unintentional parathyroid tissue removal, the size of the parathyroid tissue found within the thyroid specimen, the location of the parathyroid tissue (extracapsular, intracapsular, intrathyroidal), and whether this unintentional parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy caused clinical consequences. RESULTS: Four hundred fourteen applicable thyroidectomies were performed during this time with 45 (11%) discovered cases of unintentional parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy. Twenty-five (56%) cases were discovered during thyroidectomy for benign disease, and 20 (44%) during thyroidectomy for malignant thyroid disease. All the parathyroid tissue was normal and was found in extracapsular (58%), intracapsular (20%), or intrathyroidal (22%) locations. Of these 45 cases, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis was found only in two patients who had the nerve resected intentionally during the thyroidectomy, and none of the patients developed permanent hypocalcemia. CONCLUSIONS: Incidental parathyroid gland tissue was reported in 11% of the thyroidectomies performed in our series, without the clinical consequence of hypocalcemia. The majority (78%) of this parathyroid tissue was found in the extracapsular and intracapsular locations; therefore it is possible that these parathyroid glands may be identified and preserved with more meticulous inspection of the thyroid capsule during and after thyroidectomy to decrease the incidence of unintentional parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy in the future.     

Thymic cyst in the neck

A rare case of a thymic cyst in the neck containing both thymus and parathyroid tissue in a 7-year-old boy is presented. The clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, surgical management and histopathological features are described. The embryology of cervical thymic cysts and the differential diagnosis of cystic neck masses in children are briefly reviewed. The diagnosis is seldom made preoperatively. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for definitive diagnosis, resolution of symptoms and cure.     

Thymic cyst in the neck

A rare case of a thymic cyst in the neck containing both thymus and parathyroid tissue in a 7-year-old boy is presented. The clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, surgical management and histopathological features are described. The embryology of cervical thymic cysts and the differential diagnosis of cystic neck masses in children are briefly reviewed. The diagnosis is seldom made preoperatively. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for definitive diagnosis, resolution of symptoms and cure.     

Careful examination of thyroid specimen intraoperatively to reduce incidence of inadvertent parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence and clinical relevance of inadvertent parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy, and the possibility of reducing its occurrence. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients who underwent thyroidectomy from 1999 to 2005, divided into 2 groups (group 1, those with inadvertent parathyroidectomy; and group 2, those without inadvertent parathyroidectomy). Patients who underwent surgical procedures for recurrent thyroid disease, intentional parathyroidectomy, and resection of central compartment viscera were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: All pathology reports were reviewed for the presence of any parathyroid tissue in the resected specimen. Age, sex, preoperative diagnosis, thyroid hormonal status, substernal thyroid extension, number of parathyroid glands identified and spared at the time of surgery, autotransplantation of parathyroid gland, and final histologic findings were recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Identification of parathyroid tissue in resected specimens and postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia. RESULTS: A total of 307 patients were included. Surgical procedures included bilateral or unilateral thyroidectomy (95% and 5% of procedures, respectively). Central neck lymph node dissection was performed in 5% of cases. Pathologic findings showed inadvertent parathyroidectomy in 12% of cases. Of these, 32% were recognized intraoperatively. The parathyroid tissue was found in extracapsular locations in 37% of cases, intracapsular locations in 39%, and intrathyroidal locations in 24%. There was no statistical difference between the 2 groups in terms of sex, preoperative diagnosis, substernal extension, extent of surgery, pathologic diagnosis, and occurrence of postoperative hypocalcemia, except for the presence of thyroiditis. CONCLUSION: Careful examination of the surgical specimen intraoperatively decreases the incidence of inadvertent parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy.     

Essential parathyroid cysts: a misleading lesion

Though a rare lesion, non-functioning parathyroid cyst is of clinical significance because it usually mimics a thyroid nodule. The cyst can be ectopic in location and therefore constitutes a differential diagnosis to a bronchial or thymic cyst. Two recent cases of non-functioning parathyroid assay are reported. Needle puncture with estimation of the level of parathyroid hormone in the aspirate allows the diagnosis to be made before surgery.