改进的分级多相图像分割模型及其快速实现

提出一种基于分级C-V模型的改进的快速图像分割算法.针对现有的多相水平集图像分割算法存在的问题,本文从曲线演化方程的平均曲率项、水平集函数Φ的狄拉克(Dirac)函数δ(Φ)等方面进行改进,并引入了一个非线性扩散方程对图像进行预处理,从而优化组合了分级C-V模型的全局特性.实验结果表明,改进的图像分割模型不仅保留了原有方法的优势,而且提高了对多目标图像分割算法的速度与精度,同时也可以有效解决具有弱边界物体的分割问题.     

矢量图像分割的快速C-V模型

为了实现对矢量图像快速有效的分割,在分析矢量图像颜色、空间信息和水平集函数特性的基础上,对主动轮廓分割模型进行了改进,提出一种免重新初始化的矢量图像分割模型.在C-V(Chan-Vese)模型中引入了非线性热方程的符号距离函数的约束项,通过对非线性热方程传导率的均衡化使水平集函数始终保持符号距离函数的特性,完全取消比较...     

改进的C-V水平集模型图像分割算法

复杂的计算限制了基于Chan-Vese（C-V）水平集模型的图像分割方法的应用。为提高图像分割的速度,提出一种基于C-V水平集模型的改进水平集方法。在一般情况下,只需要几次简单迭代就能分割出物体的轮廓。实验表明,该方法简单高效,能够快速有效地实现图像轮廓分割。     

结合边缘与区域信息的超声图像分割方法

针对超声图像受到成像原理的限制导致分割精度不高的问题,提出一种结合边缘与区域信息的变分水平集超声图像分割方法。通过对Li模型的能量函数进行改进,引入C-V模型的外部能量项,将图像的边缘梯度信息和区域信息相结合,并将其应用到超声图像的分割中。实验结果表明,新模型不仅继承了两种模型的优势,而且在分割速度、精度、抗噪性、鲁棒性等方面均优于上述模型,可以较为理想地提取超声图像中的目标。     

基于局部熵的主动轮廓模型

针对传统C-V模型对灰度分布不均匀图像分割效果不理想的问题,研究了一种基于局部熵的主动轮廓模型.首先,算法将局部熵的概念引入到C-V模型中,通过核函数获得局部区域的不均匀信息,来构建局部熵能量函数;其次,采用变分水平集的方法,最小化局部熵能量泛函,得到水平集的梯度下降流,根据梯度下降流不断更新水平集,获得目标轮廓图;最后,对4组灰度严重不均匀的图像进行仿真实验,并将本文算法与LBF方法和LGDF方法进行对比.实验结果表明,与LBF方法和LGDF方法相比,本文算法实现了灰度不均匀的图像的精确分割.     

基于图割和改进的变分水平集的图像分割方法

文章在图割理论的基础上,引入了一种新的方法将图割理论和改进的变分水平集模型结合起来,先利用图割理论对目标形成一个初始轮廓,并在得到的轮廓线上定义能量函数,通过能量函数的最小化,从而使得到的轮廓线最终收敛到目标边界,这样在保证分割精度的同时大大简化了计算量.     

一种改进的快速C-V水平集红外图像分割

当红外图像中包含较强噪声时,C-V模型水平集分割方法会产生大量冗余轮廓;同时,C-V水平集采用偏微分方程(PDE)实现,存在计算量大、分割速度慢的缺点.为此,本文提出了改进的快速算法,该算法保留了C-V模型的全局优化特性,并通过窗口滤波整合图像邻域空间信息来构建曲线进化的外部速度,从而提高C-V模型的抗噪性并减少分割中产生的冗余轮廓;采用基于双链表的快速水平集算法来实现曲线的演化,去除了传统算法中的重新初始化和PDE求解的过程,减少了迭代步数,提高了分割的速度.实验结果表明,本文算法对边缘模糊、噪声较大的红外图像能实现快速而有效的分割.     

基于边缘检测函数尺度变换的水平集图像分割

针对Chan-Vese模型（C-V模型）存在收敛缓慢等缺陷,给出一种基于边缘检测函数尺度变换的水平集图像分割算法。引入边缘检测函数对C-V模型进行改进,在不降低分割质量的前提下,提高图像分割的速度。为了增强改进模型的灵活性,提出对边缘检测函数进行尺度变换的方法。实验结果表明,改进模型有良好的分割效果,尺度变换能有效加快改进模型的演化速度,保持分割过程的稳定性。     

图像分割的结构张量几何活动轮廓模型

基于水平集方法和结构张量,提出几何活动轮廓模型应用于图像分割,解决水平集方法轮廓初始化和弱边缘处易于边缘泄露问题.该方法利用张量图像的散度算子构造新的外力,引导水平集函数的自适应运动,使得其可以初始为常值函数,消失其演化对初始轮廓的需要;在偏微分方程中引入张量迹信息,减少噪声对其演化的影响,避免轮廓在弱边缘处泄露.实验结果表明,该方法对噪声图像鲁棒,能提取深度凹陷目标轮廓和红外图像中的弱目标.     

模糊C 均值聚类与多相水平集图割优化相结合的图像分割

针对在分割多个目标时多相水平集模型对初始轮廓曲线敏感且计算量大的问题, 提出采用模糊C 均值聚类算法将图像进行粗分割,初始化多相水平集函数,使用图割算法分割 出多相结果的方法。该方法能有效减小多相水平集算法对初始轮廓曲线的敏感性,使图割算法 在分割图像时更容易分割出理想的目标轮廓;同时,采用图割算法可使水平集函数很快收敛到 能量最小值,有效减少计算量,提高计算效率。实验表明该方法具有较好地分割效果和较高地 分割效率。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).