我国新发现的鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫菌基因组序列测定及分析

目的 测定和分析我国新发现的鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫菌株（耶尔森菌）的全基因组序列,探讨玉龙疫情菌株(D106004)与邻近两个疫源地剑川菌株(D182038)和西藏菌株(Z176003)的亲缘关系。方法 采用全基因鸟枪法及Solexa方法对3株鼠疫菌株进行全基因组测序,并进行比较基因组学分析。基因组间编码序列比较分析采用BLAST软件进行,基因组间重排分析采用MAUVE软件进行。结果 鼠疫菌株D106004、D 182038、Z176003均具有1个染色体和3个质粒,菌株间染色体、质粒特征基本相似;3株菌株间编码序列的蛋白相邻类的聚簇(COG)功能分类及插入序列数目比较差异无统计学意义(x2值分别为3.03、0.257,P均＞0.05)。菌株间编码序列、单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)和基因组重排结果显示,在3株菌株中,有2882个基因具有100％的同源性。其中D106004菌株预测的3636个基因中与D182038菌株一致的基因有2994个,90％以上相似的基因有240个;与Z176003菌株一致的基因有3113个,90％以上相似的基因有200个;D106004菌株与Z176003、D182038菌株的同义SNPs数为59、68个,非同义SNPs数为104、203个;D106004与Z176003菌株之间可分为11个重排片段,较之D106004与D182038菌株之间的16个重排片段数目明显减少。结论 3株鼠疫菌株基因之间具有高度同源性,D106004与Z176003菌株之间的亲缘关系较之与D182038菌株更为接近,玉龙疫源地菌株可能是由西藏疫源地菌株进化而来。     

鼠疫耶尔森菌基因组中IS100插入位点的特异性分析

目的 通过鼠疫耶尔森菌基因组中插入序列IS100位点的特异性研究,对我国鼠疫菌基因组的构成类型和特点进行分析.方法 以鼠疫菌东方变种CO92全长序列为参考,选择5个位置的IS100位点,在IS100基因相邻两外侧设计1对引物,在IS100基冈内设汁1对向外引物使其分别能够与两外侧引物扩增.对来自13个生态型的91株鼠疫菌和1株假结核耶尔森菌进行PCR扩增,产物进行克隆测序分析,同时把各菌株的IS100位点情况标记在我国鼠疫疫源地类型慨图上二进行分析.结果 实验所用91株鼠疫菌在所选定IS100位点出现含有和不含IS100的插入序列,基因片段组成相对CO92序列已发生改变,而且这些IS100基因型的组成在我国鼠疫自然疫源地中呈现区域性分布.结论 IS100基因型别分布与我国鼠疫菌疫源地分型分布基本一致,并直接反映了鼠疫菌基因组某特定位点的基因组成状况及其在进化过程中的高度流动性.     

应用标识基因检测鼠疫菌的研究

英国Sanger研究中心、美国Wisconsin大学和我国分别于2001,2002和2004年完成了鼠疫耶尔森氏菌CO92,KIM,91001的全基因组序列测定工作[1～3],这有助于研究鼠疫菌的进化过程,为寻找新的检测手段提供了便利研究条件.聚合酶链反应(PCR)自1985年发明至今,经过不断开发和改进,现已经广泛应用在诸多领域,是分子生物学、临床诊断、法医检验实验室的常规技术.我们采用我国91001菌株序列上YPO2088标识基因(编码甲基化转移酶)[4],对150份样本进行PCR扩增,现将结果报道如下.     

利用分子生物学技术对鼠疫耶尔森菌的分类鉴定

目的 对4株可疑菌株进行系列验证实验,以确定其是否为鼠疫耶尔森菌(以下简称鼠疫菌)自然分离株.方法 用鼠疫细菌学常规方法和分子生物学手段确定其生物学表型特征、特异性基因及基因组特征.结果 4株菌具备鼠疫菌的典型形态特征;能被鼠疫噬菌体完全裂解;主要生化特性为阿胶糖(+)、鼠李糖(-)、麦芽糖(+)、蜜二糖(-)、甘油(-)、脱氮(+),与鼠疫菌同源菌株菌苗株(EV76)一致;其毒力因子为F1(+),VW(+),Pgm(-),PstⅠ(+),与鼠疫菌菌苗株(EV)特征完全一致;109个/ml可疑菌对实验动物小白鼠无致死能力.具有鼠疫标识基因;差异片段(DFR)分型结果,4株菌的24个DFR扩增,DFR谱不同于任何鼠疫菌自然分离菌株基因组型.结论 尽管4菌株具备鼠疫菌自然分离株的一些表型特征,但基因组特征表明其不是鼠疫菌自然分离株,而是鼠疫菌同源菌株菌苗株(EV菌).     

随机扩增多态性DNA技术检测不同地区田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌基因结构

目的　了解不同地区田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌 (以下简称鼠疫菌 )之间的亲缘关系和基因类型。方法　随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术。结果　扩增的 13株田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌在凝胶电泳所显示的条带 ,除 3株菌缺少部分条带外 ,其余菌株基本相同。结论　青海田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌和布氏田鼠型鼠疫耶尔森氏菌具有相似性 ,在遗传学上属于同源。     

陕西省两起鼠间鼠疫流行鼠疫菌生物学特性比较

目的通过对两起鼠间鼠疫流行鼠疫菌生物学特性进行比较,了解陕西省动物间鼠疫流行的病原特点。方法对2000～2001年、2006年动物鼠疫流行期间所分离菌株的生化、毒力、毒力因子及质粒进行比较分析。结果被鉴定菌株发酵阿胶糖,分解甘油,不发酵鼠李糖、麦芽糖,脱氮阴性。所有测试菌株含有F1和Pst1因子,2000～2001年19株鼠疫菌除1株Pgm±外,均含有4种毒力因子,2006年5株测试鼠疫菌均不含VW因子,2株不含Pgm因子。2000～2001年5株测试菌LD50在41～180个菌之间,2006年5株测试菌LD50在100～12.5亿个菌之间;2000～2001年未进行质粒检出工作,2006年鼠疫菌检出6、45、65 MD 3种质粒。结论所有鉴定菌株生化特点符合鄂尔多斯高原沙鼠鼠疫菌生化特性,引起两起鼠间鼠疫的鼠疫菌毒力因子及毒力不完全相同,2000～2001年鼠疫菌为强毒鼠疫菌,2006年鼠疫菌毒力有强弱之分,5株测试菌3株强毒菌,2株弱毒菌。     

云南省家鼠疫源地鼠疫耶尔森氏菌分子流行病学特征研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨云南家鼠疫源地鼠疫菌在云南鼠疫菌遗传进化上所处的位置,及其种群流行演化规律。方法按照不同地点、时间及分离源随机选取186株家鼠疫源地鼠疫菌,采用差异区段(DFR)、规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPRs)及多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)3种方法进行分子分型分析;以DFR+CRISPRs双重方法聚类分析划分基因簇,以MLVA26对基因簇再次聚类分析划分亚簇。结果 186株家鼠疫源地鼠疫菌中的184株聚为一个簇(家鼠鼠疫簇),其余2株为独立株;近史流行期、复燃流行期和2016年疫情分离株分别处于不同的亚簇,它们之间的位点差异至少有5个;复燃流行期菌株共有5个亚簇和6个独立株,其中2个亚簇为主要的基因亚簇,即滇西亚簇和滇西南-滇东-广西-贵州亚簇,它们之间有4个位点差异。结论家鼠鼠疫菌是云南鼠疫菌中最晚出现的菌株,近史流行期菌株与复燃流行期菌株菌株存在较大差异,而复燃流行期的鼠疫流行是复燃和扩散并存的结果。     

青海省乌兰县鼠疫病原学分析及流行病学意义

目的分析青海省乌兰县鼠疫菌株生物学特性及流行病学意义,为该地区的鼠疫防治提供科学依据。方法对1966—2011年青海省乌兰县分离的65株鼠疫菌株进行生化试验、毒力测定、毒力因子鉴定、质粒分析、鼠疫菌差异区段(Different Region,DFR)分型等研究。结果 65株被试菌株生物型为古典型、生态型均为青藏高原型。菌株基因组型为8型、5型、1b型、37型、44型,主要基因组型为8型。携带3种质粒谱,83.08%(54/65)菌株携带分子质量为6×106、45×106、52×106的质粒谱。93.85%(61/65)的鼠疫菌具备4个毒力因子,96.97%(32/33)的鼠疫菌为强毒菌。结论青海省乌兰县分离的鼠疫菌具备青藏高原鼠疫病原体特性,鼠疫菌的毒力强,因此该地区的鼠疫防治工作不容松懈。     

黄连素作用鼠疫耶尔森菌的体外表达谱

目的 探讨黄连索抑制鼠疫耶尔森菌(简称鼠疫菌)作用的分子机制.方法 应用鼠疫菌全基因组芯片表达谱进行黄连素作用鼠疫菌研究.液体稀释法测定黄连索作用鼠疫菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC).应用10倍MIC的黄连索作用于鼠疫菌30 min后,提取鼠疫菌总RNA,反转录合成eDNA,Cy3,Cy5荧光染料标记,芯片杂交,扫描仪扫描,SAM软件分析结果 .结果 在鼠疫菌全基因组范围内黄连素作用鼠疫菌的明显差异表达基因有360个.其中明显上调基因333个,下调基因27个.依据鼠疫菌CO92株基冈功能分类结果 ,这些差异基因分属24个不同的功能类群,其中主要有细胞膜相关基冈83个,未知功能基因75个,转运结合蛋白基因48个.发生明显改变的基因功能类群是代谢相关基因,共有40个.结论 获得了黄连素作用鼠疫菌的表达谱.阐述了黄连作用鼠疫菌的分子机制,主要机制在于影响代谢相关基因的上调.     

对1株疑似鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的系统鉴定

目的对1株可疑菌株进行系列验证实验,以确定其是否为鼠疫耶尔森氏菌（以下简称鼠疫菌）。方 法用鼠疫细菌学常规方法和分子生物学手段确定其生物学表型特征、特异性基因及基因组特征。结果该菌 株具备鼠疫菌的典型形态特征;能被鼠疫噬菌体完全裂解;主要生化特性为阿胶糖（＋）、鼠李糖（－） 、麦芽糖（＋）、蜜二糖（－）、甘油（＋）、脱氮（+）,与典型鼠疫菌一致。毒力因子检查结果为均 为阴性;对实验动物小白鼠完全无致死能力。全基因组芯片杂交实验和PCR扩增表明55023菌株没有鼠疫菌 的三个质粒;也不具鼠疫标识基因;pgm位点代表性基因YPO1954扩增阳性,YPO1908扩增阴性,表明其pgm 位点不完整;差异片段（DFR）分型结果表明该菌株缺失了14个DFR,不符合鼠疫菌的特征;多位点序列分 型（MLST）分析结果表明该菌株与鼠疫存在16个碱基的差异,而与血清III型假结核耶尔森氏菌仅相差两 个碱基。结论尽管55023菌株具备鼠疫菌的一些表型特征,但基因组特征表明其不是鼠疫菌,而可能是血 清III型的假结核耶尔森氏菌;噬菌体裂解结果等表型不能作为鼠疫菌鉴定的最终标准。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.