生物表面活性剂及其应用

介绍了生物表面活性剂的来源、类别、制备方法和应用进展情况。     

微生物合成生物表面活性剂研究进展

生物表面活性剂一般是由微生物产生的一类两性分子的表面活性物质。与化学表面活性剂相比,微生物合成的表面活性剂拥有生物降解、环境友好、耐极端环境和低毒性等特点。生物表面活性剂主要包括糖脂、脂肽、脂蛋白、磷脂及中性类脂衍生物等。     

生物表面活性剂的开发和应用

生物表面活性剂经过三十年的发展,现分为发酵法和酶法合成两个分支。生物表面活性剂的品种包括中性类脂、磷脂／脂肪酸、糖脂、含氨基酸类脂,聚合型和特殊型生物表面活性剂。     

生物表面活性剂及其在石油与环保中的应用

介绍了生物表面活性剂的基本特性，类型、生产及其在石油与环境领域中的应用。     

生物表面活性剂及其应用

简要介绍了生物表面活性剂相对于化学合成表面活性剂的特性、分类和制备方法;重点综述了生物表面活性剂在石油、医药、化妆品、农业、食品和环境工程等领域的应用,展现了生物表面活性剂有望取代化学合成表面活性剂,成为绿色表面活性剂发展的重要方向,提出了生物表面活性剂目前存在的主要问题和发展前景.     

生物表面活性剂的概况与发展

生物表面活性剂的概况与发展金陵石油化工公司研究院朱小兵南京，２１００４６生物科学是一门古老的科学，在制药工业、食品工业中已得到了很大的应用，如其产品有：食品稳定剂、乳化剂、维生素、氨基酸、蛋白质、食品酶、酶制剂、特种脂肪酸、保水剂、风味剂及发泡剂等。...     

生物技术与生物表面活性剂

生物技术与生物表面活性剂庄毅，马梦瑞（山东省化工研究院）由于近期生物科学，尤其是分子生物学等基础科学的进展，使人类利用生物体或生物代谢反应制造产品的技术有了质的飞跃，推动了生物化学工业的兴起。过去二十年中，大型好气发酵装置的开发、改进以及固定化酶、灭...     

Biodegradability Study of the Biosurfactant Contained in a Crude Extract from Corn Steep Water

Over the last few years, the global biosurfactant market has raised due to the increasing awareness among consumers, for the use of biological or bio-based products. Because of their composition, it can be speculated that these are more biocompatible and more biodegradable than their chemical homologous. However, at the moment, no studies exist in the literature about the biodegradability of biosurfactants. In this work, a biosurfactant contained in a crude extract, obtained from a corn wet-milling industry stream that ferments spontaneously in the presence of lactic acid bacteria, was subjected to a biodegradation study, without addition of external microbial biomass, under different conditions of temperature (5–45 °C), biodegradation time (15–55 days), and pH (5–7). For that, a Box–Behnken factorial design was applied, which allowed to predict the percentage of biodegradation for the biosurfactant contained in the crude extract, between the range of the independent variables selected in the study, obtaining biodegradation values between 3 and 80%. The percentage of biodegradation for the biosurfactant was calculated based on the increase in the surface tension of samples of the crude extract. Furthermore, it was also possible to predict the variation in t_1/2 for the biosurfactant (time to achieve the 50% of biodegradation) under different conditions.     

Biosurfactant from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lysinibacillus chungkukjangi</Emphasis> from Rice Bran Oil Sludge and Potential Applications

A newly discovered bacterium, Lysinibacillus chungkukjangi, was isolated from the sludge of rice bran oil processing. When the bacterium was grown on rice bran, it produced biosurfactant which reduced the surface tension of the media to 27.9 from 72 mN/m. The biosurfactant was recovered by a solvent extraction method and characterized with the help of various structure elucidation techniques viz. FTIR, ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy and LC–MS analysis. The combined results of FTIR and NMR revealed the presence of carbonyl, olefinic and aliphatic groups, with the typical spectra of lipids. Moreover, LC–MS analysis also supported the same information. The biosurfactant was also studied for its anti-oxidant and microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) potential. The anti-oxidant activity was observed by the DPPH free radical scavenging method using ascorbic acid as the standard. The IC₅₀ (the half maximal inhibitory concentration) was calculated and for standard, it was 0.056 mg/mL and for the biosurfactant it turned out to be 1.3 mg/mL which shows its good anti-oxidant potential. The sandpack test was performed to check its MEOR potential and kerosene was recovered up to 90 %, which shows its excellent applicability in the MEOR processes.     

The use of agroindustrial by-products for biosurfactant production

Traditionally, hydrocarbons have been used for biosurfactant production. However, urban waste, peat pressate and agroindustrial by-products, such as olive oil mill effluent and acid whey, are possible substitutes for microbial growth and biosurfactant production. The state of the art has been reviewed, augmented by some new information onPseudomonas fermentation of olive oil mill effluent. More research is needed to improve yields and production economics.     

Utilization of Oil Industry Residues for the Production of Rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas indica

In the present work, a new strain Pseudomonas indica MTCC 3714 was studied for the production of biosurfactants using various rice‐bran oil industry residues viz. rice‐bran, de‐oiled rice‐bran, fatty acids and waxes. Among all the carbon sources, a maximum reduction in surface tension (26.4 mN/m) was observed when the media were supplemented with rice‐bran and the biosurfactant was recovered using the ultrasonication technique as one of the steps in the extraction process. Biosurfactants were obtained in yields of about 9.6 g/L using rice‐bran as the carbon source. The structure of the biosurfactants as characterized by FT‐IR, NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and LC–MS analysis revealed that the majority of the biosurfactants were di‐rhamnolipids. The biosurfactants produced were able to emulsify various hydrocarbons and showed excellent potential in microbial enhanced oil recovery, as it was able to recover kerosene up to 70 % in a sandpack test.     

Isolation,characterization, and antifungal application of a biosurfactant produced by Enterobacter sp. MS16

Isolate MS16 obtained from diesel contaminated soil, identified as Enterobacter sp. using 16S rRNA gene analysis produced biosurfactant when grown on unconventional substrates like groundnut oil cake, sunflower oil, and molasses. Of these carbon substrates used, sunflower oil cake showed highest biosurfactant production (1.5 g/L) and reduction in surface tension (68%). The biosurfactant produced by MS16 efficiently emulsified various hydrocarbons. The carbohydrates and fatty acids of the biosurfactants were studied using TLC, FTIR, NMR, and GC‐MS. The carbohydrate composition as determined by GC‐MS of their alditol acetate derivatives showed the predominance of glucose, galactose and arabinose, and hydroxyl fatty acids of chain length of C₁₆ and C₁₈ on the basis of FAMEs analysis. Biosurfactant showed antifungal activity and inhibited the fungal spore germination. Practical applications : Enterobacter sp., MS16 produces a biosurfactant composed of carbohydrates and fatty acids which exhibits excellent surface active properties. Use of industrial wastes for biosurfactant production is economical and facilitates the industrial production of this biosurfactant which has potential antifungal activity.     

Characterization of aescin as a biosurfactant for environmental remediation

Surface-tension-lowering capacity and emulsion-forming ability of aescin biosurfactant in pure water, seawater, 3 M urea, and 3 M glucose were investigated. Oils used in the emulsification tests were liquid paraffin, ethylbenzene, kerosene, 1-decene, and heavy oils A and C. Volumetric ratios of oil phase to aqueous (water) phase (O/W) were 0.5∶4.5, 2.5∶2.5, 3.0∶2.0, and 4.5∶0.5. Concentration of aescin was changed from 0.16 to 27.3 mM. The critical micelle concentration of eascin in water and its surface tension effectiveness were shown to be 0.78 mM and 28.5 mN/m, respectively. Surface-tension effectiveness of aescin was found to be highest in sea-water (33.5 mN/m). The emulsifying action of aescin was compared with that of decaglyceryl-monolaurylester (DGML). The performance of aescin was found to be as good as that of DGML and, depending on the O/W ratio and the concentration, aescin could yield emulsification efficiencies as high as 100%. These results indicated that aescin could be classified as a mild surfactant safe for living organisms. Because the surface activity of aqueous aescin solution was not satisfactorily good, attempts were made to improve the situation by addition of alcohols as cosurfactants. Ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexanol, n-hexanol, and n-octanol were used. They were added to the solutions at a concentration equimolar to aescin. These cosurfactants improved surface-tension effectiveness of aescin by as much as 53% and its emulsification efficiency by 67%.     

Enhanced biosurfactant production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corynebacterium alkanolyticum</Emphasis> ATCC 21511 using self-cycling fermentation

Enhanced biosurfactant production by Corynebacterium alkanolyticum ATCC 21511 was accomplished in a self-cycling fermenter (SCF) on a hexadecane substrate. The phospholipid biosurfactant produced during each cycle could be monitored rapidly using fluorescence spectroscopy. By optimizing the cycling pattern of the SCF, significantly better yields of biosurfactant were obtained than previously reported for this microorganism. It was also possible to virtually eliminate the hydrocarbon residue in the product. Harvest concentrations of 1.9 g L⁻¹ were obtained by using a two-stage fermentation. The first step was the growth of C. alkanolyticum in an SCF to yield a harvest of synchronous cells. These cells were transferred to a second vessel for the production stage. The concentration of biosurfactant could be further increased to 2.7 g L⁻¹ by the addition of more hexadecane at the beginning of the second stage.     

排油圈法对生物表面活性剂的定性与定量

测定生物表面活性剂产生的方法有：滴液法、排油圈法和血平板裂解法。排油圈法是较为常用的一种方法。表面活性剂浓度与排油圈直径和培养液表面张力之间都呈线性关系,通过它们之间的线性图,根据其中的一个参数就能计算出另外两个参数。用上述方法对从大港油田分离出来的一株菌DG-1进行实验,证明了排油圈法能快速准确地对生物表面活性剂的产生,进行定性和定量。     

A Review of Gemini Surfactants: Potential Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Gemini surfactants are a group of novel surfactants with more than one hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail group linked by a spacer at or near the head groups. Unique properties of gemini surfactants, such as low critical micelle concentration, good water solubility, unusual micelle structures and aggregation behavior, high efficiency in reducing oil/water interfacial tension, and interesting rheological properties have attracted the attention of academic researchers and field experts. Rheological characterization and determination of the interfacial tension are two of the most important screening techniques for the evaluation and selection of chemicals for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This review deals with rheology, wettability alteration, adsorption and interfacial properties of gemini surfactants and various factors affecting their performance. The review highlights the current research activities on the application of gemini surfactants in EOR.     

Synthesis of Anionic Surfactant and Their Application in Washing of Oil-Contaminated Soil

Journal of Surfactants and Detergents - In this study, we report the synthesis of an anionic surfactant 5-(3,4,5-tris(hexyloxy)benzyloxy)isophthalic acid disodium salt (AS-5) and its application to...