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1.
Jonathan A. Zerkowski Michael J. Haas 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(8):1229-1237
This paper reports the synthesis of a series of novel compounds where carboxylic acids have been linked to a phenol through
amidomethyl units. For instance, one, two, or three fatty acids have been selectively appended to the phenol in yields above
75%. The fatty acid used was oleic acid, which was subsequently epoxidized. Other functional groups, such as amino acids,
can be incorporated in these compounds. Examples of monomers that are suitable for polymerization were also prepared: one
acrylamide, one styrene derivative, and two types of AB2 diamino acids, all of which contain oleic units that are sites for epoxidation and crosslinking. Fatty acid aryl ethers were
prepared using hydroxy fatty acids. These molecules are intended to serve as augmented analogues of epoxidized vegetable oil.
Their amide groups should lead to intermolecular aggregation through hydrogen bonding, and the option to covalently include
other functional groups may permit tuning of the macroscopic materials properties of films, coatings, or solids constructed
from them. 相似文献
2.
Vani Saxena C. D. Sharma S. D. Bhagat V. S. Saini D. K. Adhikari 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(4):501-505
Demand for fatty acids is increasing at an annual rate of 17%, due to their increased use in the oleochemical and transport
industries. Presently, vegetable oils are the major source of fatty acids, whereas lipids with fatty acids similar to those
of some vegetable oils have been reported to be synthesized by oleaginous microorganisms. In the present study, the culturing
conditions for the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula minuta IIP-33 have been optimized. In contrast to the lipid accumulation characteristics of most oleaginous yeasts, a carbon-to-nitrogen
ratio of 30 was favorable for maximal accumulation of lipids (48%) with 22.5% conversion of glucose as carbon substrate. The
lipids contained fatty acids in the C7–C18 range, the relative composition of which varied with culture temperature. 相似文献
3.
Synthesis and Surface Active Properties of Sulfonated Acrylate Esters Based on Al‐Cedre Oil 下载免费PDF全文
Wagdy Ibrahim A. El-Dougdoug Mohamed Abo Riya Basma A. Mahy 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2015,18(4):681-688
Sulfonated acrylate esters have been synthesized by using renewable raw materials such as fatty alcohols of Al‐Ceder oil. Mixed fatty acids were isolated from Al‐Ceder oil by hydrolysis; both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were isolated from the mixed fatty acids. The methyl esters of mixed fatty acid, saturated and unsaturated acids of Al‐Cedre oil were subjected to reduction with (LiAlH4) to give the corresponding fatty alcohols. The products of the reduction process were saponified and the hydroxyl values were estimated to further confirm the reduction occurrence. The acrylate esters were synthesized by esterification of acrylic acid with fatty alcohols of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 mixed saturated, mixed unsaturated and mixed fatty acids of Al‐Cedre oil, respectively. This esterification was followed by addition of NaHSO3 to form bisulfite adducts. The structures of the prepared surfactants were characterized by IR and 1HNMR spectroscopy. A series of useful surface parameters, stability towards acids and base hydrolysis and calcium stability have been determined. 相似文献
4.
Norman O. V. Sonntag 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1969,46(1):4A-4A
New developments in synthetic fatty acids have occurred in the last few years in Russia, Japan, the United States and Canada.
In 1959 Russia decided to replace 40% of natural fatty acids in soaps with synthetic fatty acids. In 1966, 548 million pounds
of C5–C30 synthetic fatty acids were produced including 288 million pounds of C10–C20 fatty acids. Forty million pounds of fatty acids are converted directly to the fatty alcohols for detergent use. A conservative
estimate predicts that one billion pounds of synthetic fatty acids will be produced in Russia by the end of the current five-year
program. Reports say that the Japanese have been interested in the oxidation of not only paraffin hydrocarbons but naphthenic
petroleum hydrocarbons as well. Production of lower homology fatty acids up to butyric acid is being seriously considered
in Japan. In America the most likely syntheses aside from “oxo” syntheses being considered for the manufacture of products
like lauric acid is the carboxylation of the Ziegler intermediates prepared from ethylene polymerization. Some data on the
current and future coconut oil consumption by major end-use for Canada and the United States are presented. Synthetic lauric
acid is predicted for 1970 in the United States.
Prepared from an address given at a meeting of the Northeast Section, New York, June 1968. 相似文献
5.
A. R. Johnson A. C. Fogerty Judith A. Pearson F. S. Shenstone Audrey M. Bersten 《Lipids》1969,4(4):265-269
Hen liver preparations which desaturate stearic acid at the 9,10 position to form oleic acid have been found to desaturate
other saturated fatty acids of carbon chain length from 12 to 20 and 22. The 9,10-monoenoic fatty acid of the same chain length
as the substrate fatty acid is the major product formed. Minor amounts of the 10,11- and 11, 12-monoenoic acids are also formed.
Maximum desaturation occurred with the C14 fatty acid substrate and with the fatty acids C17 and C18, suggesting the presence of at least two desaturating systems. The cyclopropene fatty acids, sterculic and malvalic acids,
inhibited the desaturation of all thefatty acids at the 9,10 position but desaturation at the 10,11 and 11, 12 positions was
affected only slightly. The effect is not due to inhibition of the primary activating enzyme, the long chain acyl CoA synthetase.
Sterculic acid is a more effective inhibitor than either malvalic acid or sterculyl alcohol, probably because these cyclopropene
compounds do not block the desaturating site of the enzyme as completely as sterculic acid. 相似文献
6.
A fraction has been isolated from sheep perinephric fat and identified by techniques which included mass and infrared spectrometry,
as a mixture of the 8 to 14-methoxyoctadecanoic acid isomers. It is postulated that these isomers are artifacts produced by
rigorous esterification with methanol and concentrated H2SO4 of a large sample of sheep perinephric fatty acids which are presumed to have contained trace amounts of constituent hydroxy
fatty acids. It is estimated that these methoxystearic acid isomers represented approximately 0.08% of the total weight of
fatty acids. 相似文献
7.
The UV-curable hyperbranched urethane acrylate oligomers modified with different fatty acids including undecylenic acid (UCA), myristic acid (MA), and oleic oil (OA) are successfully synthesized in this paper. The prepared oligomers are characterized using FTIR, 1HNMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. The properties of the UV-curable films formed by these oligomers are also determined. The effects of the oligomer structures including double bond content, chain length of the modified fatty acids, and content of fatty acid and polyurethane acrylate segment, on the properties of the cured films, which are tack-free time, pencil hardness, impact resistance, adhesion, and boiling water resistance, are discussed in detail. It is observed that the curing film formed by HBPE2-60%UCA-20%PUA shows the best comprehensive performance among the films prepared in this study. 相似文献
8.
Three groups of diesters have been isolated and identified in the lipids of steer meibomian glands. The first group, designated
as α Type I, with the abbreviated formula FA-αOHFA-FA1c, consisted of α-hydroxy fatty acids esterified to fatty acids and
fatty alcohols in the approximate molar ratio 1∶1∶1. The second group, designated as ω Type I-St, with the abbreviated formula
FA-ωOHF A-St, consisted of ω-hydroxy fatty acids esterified to fatty acids and sterols in the approximate molar ratio 1∶1∶1.
The third group, designated as α,ω Type II, with the abbreviated formula FA-α,ωdiol-FA, consisted of α,ω-diols esterified
to 2 moles of fatty acids. The sum of the different diesters comprised about 9% of total steer meibomian lipids.
Capillary GLC of the fatty acids of αType I diesters showed the fatty acids to be a family with a two-cluster profile, one
at C12 to C20 and the other at C21 to C31, with anteiso chains predominating. Fatty acids from ωType I-St and α,ωType II diesters gave mainly a one-cluster profile
in the short long chain, C23 to C30, with anteiso chains predominating, while the α-hydroxy fatty acids were short chain C13 to C18 acids with C16 predominating. The sterols in diesters ωType I-St were cholesterol (∼60%), Δ7 cholestenol (∼35%) and an unidentified compound
(∼5%) with a GLC retention time slightly longer than Δ7 cholestenol on SE-30 phase. The ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-diols
both were of exceedingly long chain lengths, C29−C38, and showed similar GLC profiles. Two types of triesters comprising approximately 1% of total steer meibomian lipids have
been isolated but incompletely characterized. In terms of molar ratios, one group of triesters gave fatty acids:ω-hydroxy
fatty acids:α-hydroxy fatty acids:sterols + fatty alcohols as approximately 1∶1∶1∶1. The other contained fatty acids, α-hydroxy
fatty acids and α,ω-diols in what appears to be a complex mixture of several triesters. Diesters ωType I and α,ωType II also
were found in human meibum. Hitherto these two diesters have not been found in any animal tissue. 相似文献
9.
Medium-chain fatty acid-rich glycerides by chemical and lipase-catalyzed polyester-monoester interchange reaction 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) that contain caprylic acid (C8:0) and capric acid (C10:0) have immense medicinal and nutritional importance. Coconut oil can be used as a starting raw material for the production
of MCT. The process, based on the interchange reaction between triglycerides and methyl esters of medium-chain fatty acids
by chemical catalyst (sodium methoxide) or lipase (Mucor miehei) catalyst, appears to be technically feasible. Coconut oils with 25–28.3% (w/w) and 22.1–25% (w/w) medium-chain fatty acids
have been obtained by chemical and lipase-catalyzed interchange reactions. Coconut olein has also been modified with C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids, individually as well as with their mixtures, by chemical and lipase-catalyzed interchange reactions. Coconut
olein is a better raw material than coconut oil for production of mediumchain fatty acid-rich triglyceride products by both
chemical and lipase-catalyzed processes. 相似文献
10.
W. R. Miller H. M. Teeter A. W. Schwab J. C. Cowan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1962,39(3):173-176
Alkyd resins were modified to 50% oil length with crude, flash-distilled, and 78% pure cyclic fatty acids. These resins were
compared with ones modified with naturally occurring fatty acids and with vegetable oils. Those modified with the cyclic acids
process more rapidly than those prepared with linseed, safflower, or soybean fatty acids, and they also have good nonyellowing
properties. Resins modified with 78% pure cyclic acids show definite improvement in drying time, hardness, and chemical resistance
in air-dried films, and an almost equal improvement in baked films, over resins obtained with the other modifiers. Distilled
cyclic acids also improve alkyd resins although not to the extent that pure acids do. Both give resins superior to commercial
oil-modified resins under the test conditions. Resins with crude cyclic acids are as good in air-dried films as are the others,
but are poorer in baked films.
Presented at the American Chemical Society Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, March 21–30, 1961.
A laboratory of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division. Agricultural Research Service, USDA. 相似文献
11.
Summary It has been shown that soybean fatty acids neutralized with a mixture of 40% of sodium hydroxide and 60% of barium hydroxide
(on equivalent basis) form about 35% soluble soaps, which after separating from the insoluble soaps and splitting with sulfuric
acid, form fatty acids of about 165 iodine number. From these acids a synthetic drying oil was prepared by esterification
with glycerol which formed films almost as good as those of linseed oil.
It was also shown that the same process applied to fish oil fatty acids, but using in this case 60% of sodium hydroxide and
40% of barium hydroxide, resulted in a yield of about 50% of fatty acids of about 283 iodine number, which when esterified
with glycerol gave a very fast drying synthetic drying oil forming tack-free films.
Presented at 22nd fall meeting, American oil Chemists' Society, New York City, Nov. 15–17, 1948. 相似文献
12.
The relationship between polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids and atopy has been discussed for decades. Higher levels of
the essential fatty acids linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid and lower levels of their longer metabolites in plasma phospholipids
of atopic as compared to nonatopic individuals have been reported by several, but not all, studies. Largely similar findings
have been reported in studies of cell membranes from immunological cells from atopics and nonatopics despite differences in
methodology, study groups, and definitions of atopy. An imbalance in the metabolism of the n−6 fatty acids, particularly arachidonic
acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, leading to an inappropriate synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGE1 was hypothesized early on but has not been corroborated. The fatty acid composition of human milk is dependent on the time
of lactation not only during a breast meal but also the time of the day and the period of lactation. This explains the discrepancies
in reported findings regarding the relationship between milk fatty acids and atopic disease in the mother. Prospective studies
show disturbances in both the n−6 and n−3 fatty acid composition between milk from atopic and nonatopic mothers. Only the
composition of long-chain polyunsaturated n−3 fatty acids was related to atopic development in the children, however. A relationship
between lower levels of n−3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5 n−3), and early development of atopic disease
is hypothesized. 相似文献
13.
Gas chromatographic analysis of many surfactants has been limited due to tailing and adsorption of the analyte on the stationary
phase of the column by polar groups such as hydroxyl and amine functionalities. Silylation of these surfactants reduces these
unfavorable interactions by replacement of the active hydrogen with a silyl group Si−(CH3)3. Although silylation generally is avoided in aqueious solutions some surfactants have been silylated successfully in aqueous
solutions. These include fatty acids and their hydroxamine soaps, fatty and other alcohols, fatty amines, and some inorganic
acids. Quantitative results have been confirmed by stoichiometric, gas chromatographic and infrared data. 相似文献
14.
W. J. Bland T. C. Dine R. N. Jobanputra G. G. Shone 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1984,61(5):924-928
Various concentrations of cyclopropene fatty acids have been determined down to 0.2% by the use of gas liquid chromatographic
(GLC) analysis of the methyl esters of fatty acids that have been quantitatively hydrogenated using a homogeneous transition
metal complex catalyst. The effectiveness of the use of bromotris(triphenylphosphine)-rhodium(I), Br(P(C6H5)3)3Rh, as a homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst to convert the cyclopropene ring to a cyclopropane ring has been evaluated and
compared with the analogous chloro- and iodo-complexes. The hydrogenation/GLC method of analysis has been compared with the
method of titration with hydrogen bromide in benzene and with the method involving the use of high resolution nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR). 相似文献
15.
An analytical method that was developed to analyze deuterium-labeled fatty acids in human blood has been extended to identify
labeled fatty acids from C14 to C24 chain length which are formed by metabolic processes such as desaturation, elongation, or shortening of the labeled fatty
acids fed. A new computer and a hard-wave adder have been utilized to assure reliable data acquisition. Relative standard
derivations for the analysis of labeled fatty acids were measured at 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 at the 5%, 1%, and 0.2% levels of
the labeled fatty acid methyl esters, respectively. The method makes extensive use of standards and computer processing for
accuracy and high productivity. Data from a chylomicron triacylglycerol fraction are included to demonstrate the sensitivity
of detection of metabolites formed by desaturation and elongation.
The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. 相似文献
16.
Isomeric methyl esters of fatty acids in three groups (C15, C17, C19) have been isolated from ruminant fats. Basic structural analysis by physiochemical techniques indicated that these odd-numbered
fatty acids were even chain with a single methyl branch on the chain. High resolution open-tubular gas liquid chromatographic
studies indicate that, with the exception of iso acid impurities in these fractions, only even-numbered carbons of the fatty
acid chains bear the methyl branch. 相似文献
17.
A new concept of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of long-chain fatty acids 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Fatty acids are the main structural and energy sources of the human body. Within the organism, they are presented to cells
as fatty acid: albumin complexes. Dissociation from albumin represents the first step of the cellular uptake process, involving
membrane proteins with high affinity for fatty acids, e.g., fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD 36) or the membrane fatty acid-binding
protein (FABPpm). According to the thus created transmembrane concentration gradient, uncharged fatty acids can flip-flop from the outer
leaflet across the phospholipid bilayer. At the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane, fatty acids can associate with the
cytosolic FABP (FABP
c
) or with caveolin-1. Caveolins are constituents of caveolae, which are proposed to serve as lipid delivery vehicles for subcellular
organelles. It is not known whether protein (FABP
c
)- and lipid (caveolae)-mediated intracellular trafficking of fatty acids operates in conjunction, or in parallel. Channeling
fatty acids to the different metabolic pathways requires activation to acyl-CoA. For this process, the family of fatty acid
transport proteins (FATP 1-5/6) might be relevant because they have been shown to possess acyl-CoA synthetase activity. Their
variable N-terminal signaling sequences suggest that they might be targeted to specific organelles by anchoring in the phospholipid
bilayer of the different subcellular membranes. At the highly conserved cytosolic AMP-binding site of FATP, fatty acids are
activated to acyl-CoA for subsequent metabolic disposition by specific organelles. Overall, fatty acid uptake represents a
continuous flow involving the following: dissociation from albumin by membrane proteins with high affinity for fatty acids;
passive flip-flop across the phospholipid bilayer; binding to FABP
c
and caveolin-1 at the cytosolic plasma membrane; and intracellular trafficking via FABP
c
and/or caveolae to sites of metabolic disposition. The uptake process is terminated after activation to acyl-CoA by the members
of the FATP family targeted intracellularly to different organelles. 相似文献
18.
- The mixture of fatty acids from muskrat scent glands has been analyzed by the ester fractionation method.
- The esters of myristic, palmitic, hexadecenoic, oleic, and linoleic acids were found present as major components in these glands. Unsaturated acids of the C24 and C26 series are also present to the extent of 8.5% of the total fatty acids. Acids present to less than 1% each include decanoic, dodecanoic, stearic, tetracosanoic, dodecenoic, and tetradecenoic acids.
- Application of determinants for the solution of simultaneous equations has been presented as a method which greatly simplifies and facilitates the calculations necessary to this type of work.
- The possible relationship existing between fatty acids and macrocyclic carbinols has been considered and possible mechanisms for such transformations have been presented.
19.
Summary Polarized infrared spectra of thin films of representative samples of form C′, B′, and A′ n-alkyl monocarboxylic acids have
been observed. The data obtained on C′ heptadecanoic acid confirm that the type C and type C′ structures are very similar
and that the major difference is in the packing of the CH3 end-groups. The results on type B′ and A′ acids indicate that meaningful polarization data can be obtained on triclinic crystals
of n-alkyl carboxylic acids, provided that careful consideration is given to the sample orientation and to the symmetry characteristics
of certain portions of the molecules. The P1 space structure of these crystals and the orthorhombic substructure of the B′ configuration as well as the triclinic substructure
of the A′ configuration were confirmed. Some strong infrared bands of the highly irregular triclinic A′ structure did not
seem to be appreciably polarized. The data on group-frequency bands which did show clear-cut polarization were in agreement
with prediction. The spectra of form A′, B′, and C′ crystals did not coineide with data obtained on KBr pellets. It is concluded
that in these pellets fatty acids exist in a form which is not easy to duplicate under more conventional conditions.
Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
20.
Weidong An Jin Ki Hong Peter N. Pintauro Kathleen Warner William Neff 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(8):917-925
A new electrochemical method has been devised and tested for the moderate temperature/atmospheric pressure hydrogenation of
edible oils, fatty acids, and fatty acid methyl esters. The method employed a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) reactor, similar
to that used in H2/O2 fuel cells, with water as the source of hydrogen. The key component of the reactor was a membrane-electrode-assembly, composed
of a RuO2 powder anode and either a Pt-black or Pd-black powder cathode that were hot-pressed as thin films onto the opposing surfaces
of a Nafion cation-exchange membrane. During reactor operation at a constant applied current, water was back-fed to the RuO2 anode, where it was oxidized electrochemically to O2 and H+. Protons migrated through the Nafion membrane under the influence of the applied electric field and contacted the Pt or Pd
cathode, where they were reduced to atomic and molecular hydrogen. Oil was circulated past the back side of the cathode and
unsaturated triglycerides reacted with the electrogenerated hydrogen species. The SPE reactor was operated successfully at
a constant applied current density of 0.10 A/cm2 and a temperature between 50 and 80°C with soybean, canola, and cottonseed oils and with mixtures of fatty acids and fatty
acid methyl esters. Reaction products with iodine values in the range of 60–105 were characterized by a higher stearic acid
content and a lower percentage of trans isomers than those produced in a traditional hydrogenation process. 相似文献