全频段亚纳米精度氟化钙材料加工

考虑用CaF_2材料制作投影光刻物镜可以明显提高其性能指标,本文研究了CaF_2材料加工工艺的全流程,以实现CaF_2材料的全频段高精度加工。首先,利用沥青抛光膜和金刚石微粉使CaF_2元件有较好的面形和表面质量。然后,优化转速、抛光盘移动范围、压力等加工工艺参数,并使用硅溶胶溶液抛光进一步降低CaF_2元件的高频误差,逐渐去除加工中产生的划痕并且获得极小中频误差(Zernike残差)和高频粗糙度。最后,在不改变CaF_2元件高频误差的同时利用离子束加工精修元件面形。对100mm口径氟化钙材料平面进行了加工和测试。结果表明:其Zernike 37项拟合面形误差RMS值可达0.39nm,Zernike残差RMS值为0.43nm,高频粗糙度均值为0.31nm,实现了对CaF_2元件的亚纳米精度加工,为研发高性能深紫外投影光刻物镜奠定了良好基础。     

离子束抛光去除函数计算与抛光实验

由于传统的离子抛光工艺采用的确定去除函数的方法操作复杂且成本很高,本文提出了利用法拉第杯对离子束流空间分布进行测量、标定的方法,并计算得到不同离子源工作参数对应的去除函数。首先,基于离子束抛光材料去除原理,研究了离子束抛光过程中束流分布与能量对去除函数的影响,并提出简化的离子束抛光去除函数模型。然后,设计实验并得出离子束流空间分布与去除函数相关参数间的关系,计算得到了不同离子源工作参数产生的离子束流对应的去除函数。对硅和融石英玻璃的相关实验表明:利用法拉第杯扫描结果计算相同材料的去除函数的单位时间体积去除率与实际测量值误差小于2%。结合抛光实验,对Φ800mm碳化硅表面硅改性层平面镜进行抛光,得到的初始面形误差均方根(RMS)值为57.886nm,两次抛光后RMS值为11.837nm,收敛率达到4.89,满足精密光学加工对去除函数的确定性及精度的要求,并大大提升了确定去除函数的效率。     

一种光学材料高效超精密加工方法

提出了结合磁流变光整加工(MRF)与在线电解修整(ELID)磨削对各种光学材料进行超精密加工的方法,即采用ELID磨削进行预抛光以获得高质量表面,然后采用MRF进行精密抛光以进一步减小表面粗糙度和形状误差.利用该组合工艺对BK7玻璃、硅晶玻璃、碳化硅等光学材料进行了超精密加工实验,可以在短时间内使光学材料工件表面得到亚纳米级的表面粗糙度和峰谷值为λ/20(λ为单位波长,λ=632.8nm)的形状精度.     

光学材料磨削的亚表面损伤预测

基于压痕断裂力学理论,建立了工件表面粗糙度与亚表层损伤深度的理论关系模型,用于预测磨削加工脆性光学材料引起的亚表层损伤深度.利用磁流变角度抛光技术检测了不同磨削加工工艺条件下亚表层的损伤深度,验证了理论模型的正确性.分析了加工工艺参数对工件表面粗糙度及亚表层损伤深度的影响规律,提出了提高材料去除率的磨削加工工艺方案.分析结果表明:脆性材料工件的亚表层损伤深度与工件的表面粗糙度呈非线性单调递增关系.工件亚表层损伤深度及工件表面粗糙度均随着切削深度和进给速度的增加而增加,随着主轴转速的增加而减小.对比实验结果与理论模型预测结果表明,提出的模型可以准确、无损伤地的预测磨削加工引起的工件亚表层损伤深度.     

超光滑光学表面加工技术

现代科学技术的发展,在许多领域中提出了加工超光滑表面的要求。这种表面不仅要具备较高的面形精度和极低的表面粗糙度,同时要具有完整的表面晶格排布,消除加工损伤层。近年来国际出现了不少成功的超光滑表面加工技术,可以实现表面粗糙度小于1nm,面形精度优于30nm.本文介绍了超光滑表面的主要应用领域；从去除机理的角度讨论了BFP抛光、Teflon抛光、离子束加工、PACE加工、浮法抛光、延展性磨削等六种有代表性的超光滑表面加工技术；并对国内情况作了简单分析。     

化学刻蚀的光学元件面形修复

采用化学加工方法对光学元器件进行面形加工,可以避免传统的抛光工艺带来的亚表面缺陷和表面污染。实验中利用Marangoni界面效应有效控制化学液的驻留时间和驻留面积,并通过数控系统实现编程控制加工,进行了面形修复实验,利用轮廓仪测量了加工前后的表面粗糙度。结果表明,采用拼接小去除量多次加工的方法,有效地降低了面形误差,面形值由1.32 λ(λ=632 nm)减少到0.66 λ,粗糙度基本维持不变。利用此实验装置使基片面形得到修复,避免了传统加工方式带来的亚表面缺陷等问题,有利于强激光系统的使用。     

磁流变抛光消除磨削亚表面损伤层新工艺

针对传统光学加工技术难于精确测量和控制亚表面损伤的特点,提出用磁流变抛光替代研磨工序并直接衔接磨削的新工艺流程。采用自行研制的磁流变抛光机床KDMRF-1000和水基磁流变抛光液KDMRW-2进行了磁流变抛光去除磨削亚表面损伤层的实验研究。结果显示,直径为100mm的K9材料平面玻璃,经过156min的磁流变粗抛,去除了50μm深度的亚表面损伤层,表面粗糙度Ra值进一步提升至0.926nm,经过17.5min磁流变精抛,去除玻璃表面200nm厚的材料,并消除磁流变粗抛产生的抛光纹路,表面粗糙度Ra值提升至0.575nm。由此表明,应用磁流变抛光可以高效消除磨削产生的亚表面损伤层,提出的新工艺流程可以实现近零亚表面损伤和纳米级精度抛光两个工艺目标。     

一种Al_2O_3陶瓷导轨的超精密加工方法

提出了700mm长Al_2O_3陶瓷导轨超精密加工的工艺流程;依次介绍了磨削、研磨使用的工艺方法和检测方法,并详细介绍了采用自行研发的超精密导轨研磨抛光机对导轨抛光的工艺方法、工艺参数和检测方法。采用Zygo平面干涉仪检测导轨面形,通过子孔径拼接技术,得到导轨面700mm×260mm表面面形误差最大峰谷值为0.78λt(λ=632.8nm),面形误差均方根值为0.1λ。     

磁流变抛光消除磨削亚表面损伤层工艺研究

针对传统光学制造技术对亚表面控制局限性和磁流变抛光的特点,提出用磁流变抛光替代研磨工序直接衔接磨削工序的新工艺流程。采用自研的磁流变抛光机床KDMRF−1000和水基磁流变抛光液KDMRW-2进行了磁流变抛光去除磨削亚表面损伤层的实验研究。直径为100mm的K9材料平面玻璃,经过156min的磁流变粗抛,去除50um深度的亚表面损伤层,表面粗糙度Ra值提升至0.926nm,经过17.5min磁流变精抛,去除了200nm深度的材料,并消除磁流变粗抛产生的抛光纹路,表面粗糙度Ra值提升至0.575nm。应用磁流变抛光可以高效消除磨削产生的亚表面损伤层。磁流变抛光替代研磨工序直接衔接磨削工序的新工艺流程可以实现近零亚表面损伤和纳米精度抛光两个工艺目标。     

高精度光学表面磁流变修形技术研究

作为一种确定性子孔径的光学加工方法,磁流变抛光具有高精度、高效率、高表面质量以及无亚表面损伤的特点,有能力对各种形状的光学零件进行加工。本文系统的介绍了磁流变抛光高精度光学表面的关键技术,并采用自研的KDMRF－1000磁流变抛光机床和KDMRW-1水基磁流变抛光液对直径100mm的K4材料平面反射镜和直径200mm的K9材料球面反射镜进行加工实验。样件一面形收敛到PV值55.3nm,面形RMS值5.5nm;样件二面形收敛到PV值40.5nm,面形RMS值5nm。样件的表面粗糙度均有显著改善。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.