钙基脱硫剂孔隙分形特性的实验研究

分形维数是描述分形结构特性的一个重要参数,其反映了结构的规划程度。通过实验的方法,研究钙基脱硫剂在不同温度,气氛及烧结时间等煅烧条件下,对孔结构分形维数的影响,以及分形特性对脱硫剂的硫化能力的影响。结果表明煅烧温度对CaO孔结构的分形维数影响较小;CaO孔隙的分形维数随着煅烧气氛中的CO2浓度的增加而减小,随着烧结时间的延长而减小,脱硫剂硫化过程中形成的不可进行孔隙量随着分形维数的增大而增大。     

燃煤脱硫剂孔隙结构分形特性的研究

脱硫剂孔结构特性对脱硫性能有着重要的影响,其煅烧后的多孔结构是具有自相似性的分形结构.选取4种钙基脱硫剂,在压汞分析实验的基础上,对脱硫剂孔结构的分形特性进行研究,提出了脱硫剂孔隙分形维数的计算方法,并探讨了煅烧温度对分形维数的影响.     

钙基脱硫剂空隙结构的分形特性研究

以分形理论为基础,利用2种不同的试验方法测定了脱硫剂的分形维数.在不同反应温度下,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和改进的计盒维数法测定了钙基脱硫剂空隙边界的分形维数,得到了空隙边界分形维数与煅烧温度的关系,并采用压汞法测定了脱硫剂颗粒整体的分形维数,研究了煅烧温度和添加荆对分形维数的影响.结果表明:煅烧温度的升高及添加剂含量的增加均会造成脱硫剂分形维数的下降.说明2种方法均可有效测定脱硫剂的分形维数.     

不同粒度煤粉的表面结构与燃烧特性研究

制备了4种不同粒度的平三煤和大友煤煤粉,分别采用低温饱和氮气吸附的方法和热天平研究了煤粉的表面结构特性和煤粉的燃烧特性。实验结果表明:随着煤粉粒度的减小,煤粉的孔隙结构发生变化,比表面积和孔容积均增大,表面结构复杂,致使分形维数增大,有利于煤粉颗粒的燃烧,因此,平三煤的着火温度降低了14℃,表观活化能均降低了12.3kJ/mol,燃尽率提高了9.81%,大友煤的燃烧特性变化规律相似。此外,煤粉颗粒的分形维数还能在一定程度上表述煤粉的燃烧特性,因此,分形维数可为煤粉燃烧特性的评价提供一种新的途径。     

隔热纤维体的热导率分形模型

根据纤维体内部分形结构特点,建立了隔热纤维体的热导率分形模型,并分析了空隙率、孔隙面积分形维数和孔隙曲线分形维数等对其热导率的影响.通过对硅酸铝纤维SEM图像的处理,得到了不同密度下硅酸铝纤维的孔隙面积和孔隙通道曲线的分形维数,并据此计算了硅酸铝纤维的热导率.实验结果验证了分形热导率模型的正确性.     

石灰石煅烧过程中产物CaO孔隙分布变化研究

1引言钙基脱硫剂的孔结构是影响其硫化反应效果的关键因素,因而,对其孔结构特性的研究,一直是人们研究的重点[1~6]。描述钙基脱硫剂孔结构时,常用的参数有比表面积、孔隙率和孔径分布等,其中孔径分布影响最根本。脱硫剂孔隙的分布反映了各种孔径的孔隙在总孔隙中所占的份额。合     

热解时加热速率对煤粉孔隙结构变化的影响

为研究热解时煤粉颗粒孔隙结构的变化,采用随机行走的方法生成煤粉颗粒的孔隙结构,采用碎片化和扩散煤热解模型描述热解时的化学反应,基于分子运动论描述气体在分形孔隙中的扩散,构建了一个描述孔隙结构变化的数学模型.通过对模型计算结果的拟合,得到描述孔隙结构变化的微分方程组,并用沉降炉热解实验对方程组进行了验证.应用该微分方程组研究了加热速率对孔隙结构变化的影响,结果表明,在膨胀阶段和收缩阶段,4个孔隙结构参数的变化速率都存在一个峰值.随着加热速率的提高,煤焦的膨胀率、比表面积和分形维数先增大后减小,而煤焦的孔隙率是一直增大的.     

风力机叶片动态特性与分形维数关系研究

为探究风力机叶片动态特性与分形维数之间的关系,基于湍流风谱模型Von Karman和NWTCUP生成2种风场,通过多体动力学软件FAST仿真出不同风速条件下的风力机叶片挥舞和摆振时域动态响应,采用计盒维数法求解其分形维数。用发电机输出功率验证分形维数描述风力机叶片动态特性的可行性。结果表明:挥舞时域动态响应的分形维数随风速的增大逐渐减小,而摆振则相反,当达到额定功率时挥舞和摆振的分形维数变化都较小;相同风速下不同湍流风谱模型的功率虽几乎相同,但其对应的分形维数却不同,表明不同的湍流风谱模型有其特定的分形维数。     

华中粉砂岩粗粒土粒径级配分形特性研究

研究不同应力状态下颗粒粒径级配演化规律是分析土体应力状态、评价其工后变形的关键。基于质量-粒径分形模型从分形角度阐述了粗粒土粒径级配曲线探究依据,设计了5种不同分形维数的粒径级配,分析了土体颗粒空间分布特性;通过三轴剪切试验及颗粒筛分试验,探究了不同分形维数粗粒土偏应力峰值前后应力应变曲线性态分布及剪应力峰值、内摩擦角、分形维数因子等参数变化规律。结果表明,土体粒径范围随分形维数越大而更宽泛;应力应变曲线随分形维数及围压增大而存在应变软化向应变硬化过渡的趋势,偏应力峰值随分形维数增加而增大,内摩擦角呈先减小后增大的变化规律。粗粒土分形维数变化因子与相对围压呈线性函数关系,方程斜率及截距仍与相对围压呈线性函数关系,据此建立了考虑围压及初始分形维数的经验方程,为从分形角度来设计与优化粗粒土粒径级配而达到提高其力学强度等提供了参考依据。     

基于分形理论预测砂岩储层岩性

根据分形几何学基本理论,探讨岩石孔隙及测井曲线分形维数的确定方法。求取岩石孔隙分形维数有3种方法:分子吸附法、扫描电镜法、压汞法。分子吸附法和扫描电镜法求取岩石孔隙分形维数,所需实验设备昂贵,且过程复杂。利用岩心压汞毛管压力资料,通过线性拟合lgs与lgpc的关系,可计算出岩石孔隙分形维数D。测井曲线反映了地层岩石物理性质。从测井曲线外形上看,对应同一地层的不同测井曲线之间,以及同一条测井曲线的不同部分,分别具有相似的特性。测井响应的这种相似性,可以利用分形理论进行定量描述。目前普遍采用关联维数计算法和测井曲线分形校正法,计算测井曲线的分形维数。实际应用中,根据某油田2口取心井近50块岩样的统计分析,利用岩心压汞资料得到lgs-lgpc散点图,由于分形现象只存在于无标度区范围内,因此一般选取双对数坐标系上线性范围最宽的一段为无标度区,然后再对该段内所有的点进行拟合,并做相关系数检验,从而得到砂砾岩、不等粒砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩4种岩性的lgs-lgpc散点图(无标度区)。计算结果表明,应用测井曲线关联维数法预测砂岩储层岩性,其精确度达到92%以上。     

土体渗透变形及渗透破坏过程中分形特征初探

根据天然土体及室内配制土样颗粒分析、干密度、渗透、渗透变形试验结果,基于土体分形理论计算了土体质量分维数,土体孔隙度、不均匀系数、中值粒径、干密度、渗透系数与分维数关系密切。当分维数较大时,表示小于某粒径颗粒累积含量较少,颗分曲线越平缓,土体有粗化现象,不均匀系数及中值粒径都在增大,孔隙度减小,干密度增大。利用土体分维数可判断出土体渗透破坏形式（如管涌、流土）,土体发生渗透破坏后分维数减小,渗透破坏过程中分维数逐渐减小,并随流失颗粒粒径的增大而加速减小。     

分形几何及其在汽轮机组振动故障征兆提取中的应用

包含丰富汽轮机转子振动和故障信息的一维时间振动波形和二维轴心轨迹图具有分形的特性。研究它们的分形特性,计算不同振动故障类型的分形维数。结果表明不同的故障类型的分形维数不同。分形维数与故障类型之间存在某种对应关系。分形维数的计算的确可以作为故障征兆撮的一种方法加以应用。     

Evolution of pore structure and fractal characteristics of coal char during coal gasification

This study classifies the evolutionary properties of coal char pore structure which occur during coal gasification. CO₂ gasification of various coal samples was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. The resulting chars were analysed using N₂ isothermal adsorption/desorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), coupled with fractal theory. Analytical results indicate that the pore structure of coal char underwent micropore evolving, enlarging and overlapping, while more mesopores and macropores developed with continued gasification. The surface area of coal char increased to its maximum value when carbon conversion reached approximately 50%. Fractal calculation results showed that two types of fractal structures associated with the coal char surface and pore structure underwent stereome development and elapsing. However, the evolutionary properties were unique for different coal samples. High rank coal had a complex spatial structure with more micro-pores, whereas lower rank coal had a much flatter spatial structure.     

Fractal characterization of pore structure and its influence on salt ion diffusion behavior in marine shale reservoirs

Hydraulic fracturing becomes a significant way to develop fossil hydrogen energy from marine shale. Some marine shale formations have a higher salt ion concentration in flowback fluid, about which the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, both the fractal characterization of pore structure and its influence on salt ion diffusion was researched. The fractal dimension D₁ can reflect the roughness of pore surface, and the fractal dimension D₂ can reflect the complexity of pore structure. The fractal dimension D₁ of Sichuan Niutitang Formation is only 2.0069 and the ones of other shale samples are between 2.5291 and 2.6341, which means that the pore surface of Sichuan Niutitang Formation is far smoother than the ones of other samples. The fractal dimension D₂ ranges from 2.7396 to 2.9546, which indicates that all samples have complex pore structure. The salt ion diffusion rate is mainly controlled by specific surface area, median pore-throat radius and clay content. A higher specific surface area provides more surface for the interaction between liquid and matrix, and lots of salt ion was released into imbibed liquid. A larger median pore-throat radius benefits to salt ion diffusing out of sample, thus a higher salt ion diffusion rate appears. The liquid can cause the clay-swelling which has the potential to reduce the salt ion diffusion channel, thus the higher the clay content, the lower the salt ion diffusion rate. Our research is conducive to understanding the fractal characterization of marine shale and its impact on high salt ion concentration in flowback fluid.     

A fractal permeability model for bi-dispersed porous media

In this paper a fractal permeability model for bi-dispersed porous media is developed based on the fractal characteristics of pores in the media. The fractal permeability model is found to be a function of the tortuosity fractal dimension, pore area fractal dimension, sizes of particles and clusters, micro-porosity inside clusters, and the effective porosity of a medium. An analytical expression for the pore area fractal dimension is presented by approximating the unit cell by the Sierpinski-type gasket. The pore area fractal dimension and the tortuosity fractal dimension of the porous samples are determined by the box counting method. This fractal model for permeability does not contain any empirical constants. To verify the validity of the model, the predicted permeability data based on the present fractal model are compared with those of measurements. A good agreement between the fractal model prediction of permeability and experimental data is found. This verifies the validity of the present fractal permeability model for bi-dispersed porous media.     

基于分形的汽油机爆震边缘检测

汽油机爆震边缘检测是汽油机点火闭环控制的前提，也是爆震检测的难点。提出了一种利用分形几何检测汽油机爆震边缘的方法。研究表明，分形维数在爆震边缘附近变化明显，可以作为爆震强度指标判别爆震边缘。利用分形维数不仅能够自缸压信号巾有效检测出爆震边缘，而且能够自振动信号中有效检测出爆震边缘。由于分形维数本身可以作为爆震强度指标，因此分形维数兼具爆震检测和爆震强度判别两种功能。     

A fractal model for gas permeation through porous membranes

Macro and micro porous membranes have been used in many industrial areas. The disordered nature of pore structures in these membranes suggests the existence of a fractal structure formed by the pores. Fractal theory is employed to build the permeation model through these porous membranes. The fractal dimensions for surface pore area and tortuosity of membrane is obtained by box-counting method. Contrary to previous studies which consider only the Poiseulle flow in pores, in this research, the model reflects two gas diffusion mechanisms simultaneously: when the Knudsen number is less than 0.01, the Poiseulle flow is dominant; while when the Knudsen number is greater than 10, the Knudsen flow is dominant; and when the Knudsen number is from 0.01 to 10, the two mechanisms coexist. Contact gas permeation experiments with three porous hydrophobic PVDF membranes are conducted to validate the model. Comparisons between the current model and those from references are made.