低位前切除并直肠全系膜切除术吻合口瘘的危险因素研究

目的 探讨低位前切除(LAR)并直肠全系膜切除(TME)术治疗中低位直肠癌发生吻合口瘘的危险因素。方法1992年9月-2000年12月,156例直肠癌病人行低位前切除(LAR)并直肠全系膜切除(TME)术,肿瘤距肛缘3～12cm。临床资料实施前瞻性方法研究,分析吻合口瘘的影响因素。结果 吻合口距肛缘平均3.6 cm(1～5 cm)。吻合口瘘率10.3％。女性(p=0.01)、近段肠造口(p=0.01)与吻合口瘘率显著低有关。而未行近段肠造口在男性病人与显著增加的吻合口瘘有关,女性则否。结论 低位前切除并直肠全系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌,为预防低位吻合口瘘在男性病人应常规行近段肠造口,而女性造口多不需要,只有在吻合技术不理想时可选择造口术。     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)后吻合口漏的危险因素.方法 对498例直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(TME)术患者的资料进行回顾性分析,应用SPSS软件对数据进行统计处理,采用x2检验.结果 36例(7.2%,36/498)术后出现吻合口漏.发生吻合口漏与患者的性别、肿瘤距肛缘距离、术前放疗密切相关(P＜0.05或0.01),而与年龄、糖尿病、高血压病、预防造瘘、脉管癌栓、吻合方式等无明显关系.37例手术同时即行预防性造瘘的患者,仍有3例发生吻合口漏,未经特殊处理后自愈.另外33例吻合口漏的患者中10例经保守治疗痊愈,23例行近端肠造瘘粪便转流术,吻合口漏愈合后二期还纳治愈.结论 直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(TME)后吻合口漏的发生与性别、肿瘤距肛缘距离、术前放疗密切相关;控制好围手术期血糖可以明显降低吻合口漏的发生.     

Anastomotic leakage after lower gastrointestinal anastomosis: men are at a higher risk

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leakage is the most important complication specific to intestinal surgery. The aim of this study was to review the anastomotic leakage rates in a single Colorectal Unit and to evaluate the risk factors for anastomotic leakage after lower gastrointestinal anastomosis. METHODS: A total of 541 consecutive operations involving anastomoses of the colon and rectum that were carried out between 1999 and 2004 at a single colorectal unit were reviewed. Data concerning 35 variables, relating to patient, tumour and surgical factors, were recorded. Outcomes with respect to anastomotic leakage and mortality were recorded. Data were analysed using univariate and multivariate analyses and odds ratios (OR) calculated. RESULTS: The overall rate of anastomotic leakage was 6.5% (35 of 541). The most frequently carried out operations were right hemicolectomy and anterior resection of the rectum, with leak rates of 2.2 and 7.4%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that male gender (OR = 3.5), previous abdominal surgery (OR = 2.4), Crohn's disease (OR = 3.3), rectal cancer < or =12 cm from the anal verge (OR = 5.4) and prolonged operating time (OR = 2.8) were factors significantly associated with anastomotic leakage. Male gender, a history of previous abdominal surgery and the presence of a low cancer remained significant after multivariate analysis. The risk of anastomotic leakage increased when two or more risk factors were present (P < 0.01). The overall mortality was 3.7% and was higher in patients with anastomotic leakage (14.3%; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Male gender, previous abdominal surgery and low rectal cancer are associated with increased anastomotic leakage rates. These have important implications during preoperative patient counselling and decision-making regarding defunctioning stoma formation.     

我国直肠癌前切除术后发生吻合口瘘危险因素的Meta分析

目的探讨直肠癌前切除术后发生吻合口瘘的危险因素。方法对2002年6月至2012年6月国内公开发表的有关直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘发生危险因素的文献进行Meta分析。结果共纳入文献19篇,6454例患者,其中438例患者发生了吻合口瘘,发生率6.79%。男性术后吻合口瘘发生风险高于女性,OR=1.79（95%CI=1.44～2.23,P〈0.001）;术前合并糖尿病、贫血、低蛋白血症、肠梗阻都增加术后吻合口瘘发生风险,OR分别为2.41（95%CI=1.78～3.26,P〈0.001）、1.74（95%CI=1.12～2.71,P=0.01）、3.18（95%CI=1.63～6.18,P〈0.001）、4.47（95%CI=2.69～7.45,P〈0.001）;Duke＇s分期晚期（C、D）术后吻合口瘘发生风险高于早期（A、B）,OR=1.63（95%CI=1.22～2.17,P〈0.001）;肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离≥7cm者与〈7cm者相比,术后吻合口瘘发生风险也增高,OR=3.09（95%CI=1.07～8.98,P=0.04）。而年龄、吻合方式、肿瘤大小和恶性程度与术后吻合口瘘发生无关。结论性别、术前合并糖尿病、贫血、低白蛋白血症、肠梗阻,Duke＇s分期及肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离是我国直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘发生的主要危险因素。     

Risk of peritonitis and fatal septicaemia and the need to defunction the low anastomosis

The aim of this study was to investigate the need to defunction the low anastomosis after anterior resection of the rectum with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Two hundred consecutive patients (125 defunctioned, 75 non-defunctioned) undergoing low anterior resection for carcinoma were included in the study. Peritonitis requiring emergency laparotomy occurred in 8 per cent of the patients who did not have a defunctioning stoma compared with less than 1 per cent of those patients who had a defunctioning stoma (P less than 0.01). There was no mortality related to closure of the stoma but seven patients developed a faecal fistula and ten developed an incisional hernia. Despite current trends to avoid the defunctioning stoma, these results suggest that after total mesorectal excision the faecal stream should be temporarily diverted away from the anastomosis that is 6 cm or less from the anal verge to protect against potentially life-threatening anastomotic leakage.     

直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的影响因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏的相关影响因素.方法 对2005年1月至2007年12月施行直肠癌前切除手术的738例连续患者的临床资料行回顾性研究.分析影响吻合口漏发生的相关因素.结果 单因素分析显示低位直肠癌(肿瘤距肛缘≤7cm)、非结直肠专科术者和放置肛管与吻合口漏发生率相关.低位直肠癌的吻合口漏发生率显著高于高位直肠癌(5.9%vs.0.9%.P=0.003).结直肠专科术者手术吻合口漏发生率显著低于非专科术者(3.9%vs.11.3%.P=0.031).结直肠专科术者手术的患者中低位直肠癌比例也明显高于非专科术者(72.1%vs.52.8%,P=0.003).放置肛管组的吻合口漏发生率反而明显高于未放置组(14.5%vs.3.6%.P<0.001).多因素分析显示除低位直肠癌、非结直肠专科术者和放置肛管外,糖尿病(P=0.027)、远端切缘肿瘤距离<1 cm(P=0.009)和预防性造口(P=0.031)也与吻合口漏的发生相关.在522例低位直肠癌中进一步分析发现,预防性造口组的吻合口漏发生率明显低于未造口组(2.9%vs.8.5%,P=0.007);而由于保护作用较差及选择偏倚存在,肛管放置组的吻合口漏发生率仍显著高于未放置组(15.1%vs.4.9%,P=0.008).结论 低位直肠癌、非结直肠专科术者以及糖尿病是直肠癌术后吻合口漏的危险因素,而预防性造口能有效预防低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生.     

Risk Factors and Clinical Outcome for Anastomotic Leakage After Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer

BACKGROUND: Anastomosis leakage is a major complication of rectal surgery. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection (LAR) in rectal cancer patients and study its impact on long-term prognosis and disease-free survival and overall survival in rectal cancer patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent rectal resection with primary anastomosis below the pelvic peritoneal reflexion for rectal cancer between October 1996 to February 2006 were included. RESULTS: Anastomosis leakage after LAR occurred in 51 patients (4.0%). The median time to leakage was 4 days (range = 2-30 days). In univariate analysis, gender, level of anastomosis less than 4 cm, preoperative concomitant chemoradiation (CCRT), and length of operation greater than 120 min were significantly associated with anastomosis leakage. In a multivariate analysis, gender (p = 0.041; relative risk = 2.007; 95% CI = 1.030-3.912) and preoperative CCRT (p = 0.003; relative risk = 2.861; 95% CI = 1.417-5.778) were identified as independent prognostic factors. The overall survival of the nonleakage group and the leakage group was 80.2% and 64.9%, respectively (p = 0.170). The 5-year disease-free survival rates were not significantly different between the nonleakage and leakage groups (78.1% vs. 65.9%, p = 0.166). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection is relatively low. Male gender and preoperative CCRT were associated with increased risk for anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery. No effect of anastomosis leakage on local recurrence was found in this series.     

Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer: risk factors

Objective  The study aimed to identify risk factors for clinical anastomotic leakage (AL) after anterior resection for rectal cancer in a consecutive national cohort.
Method  All patients with an initial first diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma were prospectively registered in a national database. The register included 1495 patients who had had a curative anterior resection between May 2001 and December 2004. The association of a number of patient- and procedure-related factors with clinical AL after anterior resection was analysed in a cohort design.
Results  Anastomotic leakages occurred in 163 (11%) patients. In a multivariate analysis, the risk of AL was significantly increased in patients with tumours located below 10 cm from the anal verge if no faecal diversion was undertaken (OR 5.37 5 cm (tumour level from anal verge), 95% CI 2.10–13.7, OR 3.57 7 cm, CI 1.81–7.07 and OR 1.96 10 cm, CI 1.22–3.10), in male patients (OR 2.36, CI 1.18–4.71), in smokers (OR 1.88, CI 1.02–3.46), and perioperative bleeding (OR 1.05 for intervals of 100 ml blood loss, CI 1.02–1.07).
Conclusion  Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for low rectal tumours is related to the level, male gender, smoking and perioperative bleeding. Faecal diversion is advisable after total mesorectal excision of low rectal tumours in order to prevent AL.     

La stomie de dérivation réduit le taux de fistule symptomatique après résection antérieure basse du rectum. Une étude multicentrique randomisée

Objective

The aim of this randomized multicenter trial was to assess the rate of symptomatic anastomotic leakage in patients operated on with low anterior resection for rectal cancer and who were intraoperatively randomized to a defunctioning stoma or not.

Summary Background Data

The introduction of total mesorectal excision surgery as the surgical technique of choice for carcinoma in the lower and mid rectum has led to decreased local recurrence and improved oncological results. Despite these advances, perioperative morbidity remains a major issue, and the most feared complication is symptomatic anastomotic leakage. The role of the defunctioning stoma in regard to anastomotic leakage is controversial and has not been assessed in any randomized trial of sufficient size.

Methods

From December 1999 to June 2005, a total of 234 patients were randomized to a defunctioning loop stoma or no loop stoma. Loop ileostomy or loop transverse colostomy was at the choice of the surgeon. Inclusion criteria for randomization were expected survival > 6 months, informed consent, anastomosis < or = 7 cm above the anal verge, negative air leakage test, intact anastomotic rings, and absence of major intraoperative adverse events.

Results

The overall rate of symptomatic leakage was 19.2% (45 of 234). Patients randomized to a defunctioning stoma (n=116) had leakage in 10.3% (12 of 116) and those without stoma (n=118) in 28% (33 of 118) (odds ratio: 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.6–6.9; P < 0.001). The need for urgent abdominal reoperation was 8.6% (10 of 116) in those randomized to stoma and 25.4% (30 of 118) in those without (P < 0.001). After a follow-up of median 42 months (range, 6–72 months), 13.8% (16 of 116) of the initially defunctioned patients still had a stoma of any kind, compared with 16.9% (20 of 118) those not defunctioned (not significant). The 30-day mortality after anterior resection was 0.4% (1 of 234) and after elective reversal a defunctioning stoma 0.9% (1 of 111). Median age was 68 years (range, 32–86 years), 45.3% (106 of 234) were females, 79.1% (185 of 234) had preoperative radiotherapy, the level of anastomosis was median 5 cm, and intraoperative blood loss 550 mL, without differences between the groups.

Conclusion

Defunctioning loop stoma decreased the rate of symptomatic anastomotic leakage and is therefore recommended in low anterior resection for rectal cancer.     

The indications for a diverting stoma in low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a prospective multicentre study of 222 patients from Japanese cancer centers

Aim The aim of the study was to determine the present state of diverting stoma construction in Japanese cancer centres and to investigate the relationship between symptomatic leakage and diverting stoma after low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Method Two hundred and twenty‐two consecutive patients undergoing low anterior resection for rectal cancer located within 10 cm from the anal verge were investigated in a prospective, multicenter study. Results The overall leakage rate was 9.0% (20/222). Of 31 cases with an anastomosis within 2.0 cm from the anal verge, 22 (71%) had a diverting stoma. Of cases anastomosed within 5.0 cm, the absence of a diverting stoma and tumour size were significantly related to an increased rate of leakage [leakage in 13 (12.7%) of 102 cases without a diverting stoma; in three (3.8%) of 80 cases with a diverting stoma]. Among anastomoses within 2.0 cm from the anal verge, leakage occurred in four (44.4%) of nine cases without and in none (0%) of 22 cases with a diverting stoma. Conclusion We recommend a diverting stoma for an anastomosis within 5.0 cm of the anal verge and strongly recommend it for a very low anastomosis within 2.0 cm.     

Pelvic drainage and other risk factors for leakage after elective anterior resection in rectal cancer patients: a prospective study of 978 patients

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate prophylactic pelvic drainage and other factors that might be associated with anastomotic leakage after elective anterior resection of primary rectal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anastomotic leak after anterior resection for primary rectal cancer leads to significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. The role of pelvic drainage in the prevention of anastomotic leakage is controversial. METHODS: We investigated 978 consecutive patients undergoing elective anterior resection for primary rectal cancer between February 1995 and December 1998 in a single institution. Use of a drain and type of drainage were at the surgeon's preference. Data were prospectively collected during hospitalization. Twenty-five independent tumor-, patient-, and treatment-related variables were analyzed. The dependent variable was clinical anastomotic leakage. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent association of variables with the dependent variable. RESULTS: The clinical anastomotic leakage rate was 2.8%. Independent risk factors for anastomotic leakage were use of an irrigation-suction drain (odds ratio [OR], 9.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-71.76), blood transfusion, poor colon preparation (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.10-5.88), and anastomotic level 5 cm or less from the anal verge (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.03-5.46). CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of pelvic drainage is not justified and should be discouraged. In cases in which pelvic drainage is required such as in difficult operations or to prevent pelvic hematoma, pelvic drainage other than irrigation-suction should be considered.     

Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery: a case-control study

Background With introduction of the total mesorectal excision technique and preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer surgery, the local recurrence rate has decreased and the overall survival has improved. One drawback, however, is the high anastomotic leakage rate of approximately 10–18%. Male gender and low anastomoses are known risk factors for such leakage. The aim of this study was to identify potentially modifiable risk factors. Method In a case‐control study, data from the Swedish Rectal Cancer Registry (1995–2000) were analysed. Cases were all patients with anastomotic leakage after an anterior resection (n = 134). Two controls were randomly selected for each case. The medical records (n = 402) were checked against a study protocol. Due to incorrect recording two cases and 28 controls were excluded from further analyses. Results In the multivariate analysis significant risk factors were American Society of Anesthesiologists score > 2 [OR = 1.40 (95% CI 1.05–1.83)], preoperative radiotherapy [OR = 1.34 (95% CI 1.06–1.69)], intraoperative adverse events [OR = 1.85 (95% CI 1.32–2.58)], level of anastomosis ≤ 6 cm [OR = 1.39 (95% CI 1.01–1.90)] and severe bleeding [OR = 1.45 (95% CI 1.14–1.84)]. Diverting stoma protected from leakage [OR = 0.68 (95% CI 0.52–0.88)]. Male gender was a risk factor in the univariate but not in the multivariate analysis [OR = 1.30 (95% CI 1.04–1.63) and OR = 1.26 (95% CI 1.00–1.58), respectively]. Except for a protective stoma, none of the variables considered as possible targets for improvement, such as postoperative epidural anaesthesia, observation at intensive care unit for more than 24 h, and intraabdominal drainage, proved to be protective factors either in the univariate or in the multivariate analyses. Conclusion The most important risk factors for leakage were adverse intraoperative events, low anastomoses and preoperative radiotherapy. A diverting stoma is protective and can reduce the consequences when leakage occurs. Further analyses with focus on the surgical technique and individual surgeon may be valuable in identifying targets for improvement.     

腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统分析影响腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生的危险因素.方法 对2003年8月至2013年8月国内外公开发表的有关腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生危险因素的文献进行Meta分析.数据采用优势比（OR）和95％可信区间（95％ CI）表示,采用x2检验和I2对异质性进行分析,采用固定或随机效应模型合并数据.结果 共纳入文献8篇,包括3 289例直肠癌患者,吻合口漏的发生率为6.050％（199/3 289）.男性腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术患者术后吻合口漏发生风险高于女性（OR =2.17,95％ CI：1.54 ～ 3.06,P＜0.05）;新辅助化疗亦可能增加术后吻合口漏发生风险（OR=1.53,95％ CI：1.00～2.32,P＜0.05）;围手术期输血可能增加术后吻合口漏发生风险（OR=4.80,95％ CI：2.98 ～7.73,P＜0.05）;低位直肠癌较高位直肠癌术后吻合口漏发生风险高（OR=1.60,95％CI：1.14～2.23,P＜0.05）;切割闭合器钉匣数目≥3个增加术后吻合口漏发生风险（OR =0.46,95％CI：0.27 ～0.78,P＜0.05）.而ASA分级、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、预防性肠造口与术后吻合口瘘发生风险无关（OR=0.66,0.91,1.25,0.78,95％CI：0.36～1.20,0.55～1.51,0.75 ～2.09,0.50 ～1.23,P＞0.05）.结论 男性、新辅助化疗、围手术期输血、低位直肠癌、切割闭合器钉匣数目≥3个是腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生的主要危险因素.     

结肠J型贮袋在低位直肠癌吻合术32例中的应用

目的探讨结肠J型贮袋在低位直肠癌手术中的应用。方法对我科2001年~2004年实施的直肠癌结肠J型贮袋肛管(直肠)吻合术32例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组无术中意外损伤及大出血病例。无死亡病例。发生吻合口狭窄1例。无吻合口漏及便秘。病人术后1年内排便状况满意。结论低位直肠癌行结肠J型贮袋肛管(直肠)吻合术具有操作方便、易于观察、容易推广等特点,有明显改善排便功能的作用,可显著提高病人术后的生活质量。     

Anterior resection for rectal cancer with mesorectal excision: a prospective evaluation of 622 patients

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to review the operative results and oncological outcomes of anterior resection for rectal and rectosigmoid cancer. Comparison was made between patients with total mesorectal excision (TME) for mid and distal cancer and partial mesorectal excision (PME) for proximal cancer, when a 4- to 5-cm mesorectal margin could be achieved. Risk factors for local recurrence and survival were also analyzed. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anterior resection has become the preferred treatment option rectal cancer. TME with sharp dissection has been shown to be associated with a low local recurrence rate. Controversies still exist as to the need for TME in more proximal tumor. METHODS: Resection of primary rectal and rectosigmoid cancer was performed in 786 patients from August 1993 to July 2002. Of these, 622 patients (395 men and 227 women; median age, 67 years) underwent anterior resection. The technique of perimesorectal dissection was used. Patients with mid and distal rectal cancer were treated with TME while PME was performed for those with more proximal tumors. Prospective data on the postoperative results and oncological outcomes were reviewed. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage, local recurrence, and survival of the patients were analyzed with univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The median level of the tumor was 8 cm from the anal verge (range, 2.5-20 cm) and curative resection was performed in 563 patients (90.5%). TME was performed in 396 patients (63.7%). Significantly longer median operating time, more blood loss, and a longer hospital stay were found in patients with TME. The overall operative mortality and morbidity rates were 1.8% and 32.6%, respectively, and there were no significant differences between those of TME and PME. Anastomotic leak occurred in 8.1% and 1.3% of patients with TME and PME, respectively (P < 0.001). Independent factors for a higher anastomotic leakage rate were TME, the male gender, the absence of stoma, and the increased blood loss. The 5-year actuarial local recurrence rate was 9.7%. The advanced stage of the disease and the performance of coloanal anastomosis were independent factors for increased local recurrence. The 5-year cancer-specific survival was 74.5%. The independent factors for poor survival were the advanced stage of the disease and the presence of lymphovascular and perineural invasion. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior resection with mesorectal excision is a safe option and can be performed in the majority of patients with rectal cancer. The local recurrence rate was 9.7% and the cancer-specific survival was 74.5%. When the tumor requires a TME, this procedure is more complex and has a higher leakage rate than in those higher tumors where PME provides adequate mesorectal clearance. By performing TME in patients with mid and distal rectal cancer, the local control and survival of these patients are similar to those of patients with proximal cancers where adequate clearance can be achieved by PME.     

预防性造口在低位直肠癌前切除术中应用价值的Meta分析

目的:评估预防性造口在低位直肠癌全系膜切除术中的价值.方法:检索PubMed和Embase数据库中有关低位直肠癌术中实施预防性造口的相关研究和文献,将预防性造口组与未造口组患者术后吻合口瘘的发生率和与吻合口瘘相关的再手术率进行比较.结果:5项最近的研究符合纳入标准,累计病例878例.Meta分析表明预防性造口能明显降低吻合口瘘及再手术的发生率,合并风险率分别为0.34(95％ Cl:0.22 ～ 0.53,P＜0.00001)和0.27 (95％Cl:0.16～0.48,P＜0.00001),差异有统计学意义.结论:预防性造口可有效的降低吻合口瘘的发生率和与吻合口瘘相关的再手术率,且不影响术后直肠肠管功能;但是否影响患者远期生存率和术后生活质量,目前尚无定论.     

低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的临床特点分析

目的：回顾性分析低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生的影响因素、临床特点、治疗方法和相关愈后。方法：回顾性分析本院674例低位直肠癌前切除术病人，根据不同性别、肿瘤大小、位置、Dukes分期、手术时机和方法对术后吻合口漏的发生进行了分析，并总结主要临床症状和处理方法。结果：674例低位直肠癌前切除术中共发生吻合口漏39例（5．8％），95％可信限区间（CI）为4．02％-7．54％，其中肿瘤下缘距肛缘〈6cm者吻合口漏发生率为6．2％，≥6cm者吻合口漏发生率5．5％。肿瘤直径≥3cm者吻合口漏发生率5．9％，〈3cm者吻合口漏发生率5．5％。Dukes B、C和D期肿瘤术后吻合口漏的发生率分别为2.4％、7．9％和7_4％。择期和急症手术吻合口漏的发生率为5．3％和26．7％。吻合口漏发生于术后7d或7d内为71．1％，发生于术后7d后为28．9％。经引流管局部冲洗引流及全胃肠外营养（TPN）治愈率为63．2％，横结肠失功性造瘘治愈率为36．8％。结论：低位直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的发生与肿瘤大小（P=0．962）和距肛门距离（P=0．798）无关，急症手术与择期手术吻合口漏发生率有显著差异（p=0．003），不同Dukes分期吻合口漏的发生率有显著差异（P=0．018）。间歇性或持续性发热、麻痹性肠梗阻、引流管中有粪质样液体是吻合口漏的主要表现，经引流管局部冲洗引流辅以TPN和横结肠失功性造漏是治疗吻合口漏的主要方法。     

直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘的危险因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘的危险因素与临床对策.方法 回顾分析1997～2008年1123例女性直肠癌手术患者的临床资料,应用SPSS软件对数据进行统计处理,采用X2检验.结果 34例(3.03%,34/1123)术后出现直肠阴道瘘.直肠阴道瘘发生与患者有无绝经、肿瘤距肛缘的距离、肿瘤位于直肠壁的部位、吻合方式密切相关(P<0.05),而与患者年龄、肿瘤T分期、术前放疗、预防性造口等无明显相关.34例患者中12例经保守治疗后自愈,余22例患者均在瘘后3月局部炎症消退后行修补术,在修补直肠阴道瘘的同时行近端肠造口使粪便转流.结论 直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘与患者有无绝经、肿瘤距肛缘的距离、肿瘤位于直肠壁的部位、吻合方式密切相关.熟悉其病因,加强围手术前准备,选择正确的手术时机和手术方式可降低直肠阴道瘘的发生率.     

Anastomotic dehiscence in colorectal surgery. Analysis of 1290 patients

The most frightening complication following colorectal surgery is the anastomotic leakage which is associated with an high mortality rate, and the analysis of risk factors for the anastomotic leak is of great interest. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the risk factor for the anastomotic leakage in personal series of patients who underwent colorectal surgery. We have analyzed a consecutive series of 1290 patients who underwent colorectal open surgery from 1970 to 2004. The associations between anastomotic leak and several risk factors were studied by univariate analysis. The variables considered were the following: age; sex; type of disease; elective or emergency surgery; type of surgery; type, design and site (intra or extra peritoneal) of the anastomosis; stapled or manual anastomosis; distance from anal verge of the colorectal anastomosis; intraoperative complications; protective stoma. The rate of anastomotic leakage was 4.8% (62/1290 patients). Significant factors were: the type of surgery (higher risk after restorative proctocolectomy or rectal resection), the site extra peritoneal of the anastomosis, the type of the anastomosis (higher risk after coloanal or ileal-pouch anal or colorectal), the stapled anastomosis, the intraoperative complications. After colorectal anastomosis the risk of leakage has progressively higher for low, ultra-low and coloanal anastomosis. In these conditions a protective stoma seems to be suitable.     

Anastomotic‐vaginal fistula (AVF) after anterior resection of the rectum for cancer – occurrence and risk factors

Objective The aim of the study was to assess recto‐vaginal fistula (RVF) after anterior resection of the rectum for cancer with regard to occurrence and risk factors. Method All female patients [median age 69.5 years, Union Internationale centre le Cancer (UICC) cancer stage IV in 10%] who developed a symptomatic RVF (n = 20) after anterior resection of the rectum for cancer from three separate cohorts of patients were identified and compared with those who developed conventional symptomatic leakage (n = 32), and those who did not leak (n = 338). Patient demography and perioperative data were compared between these three groups. Fourteen patient‐related and surgery‐related variables thought to be possible risk factors for RVF (anastomotic‐vaginal fistula) were analysed. Results Symptomatic anastomotic leakage occurred in 52 (13.3%) of 390 patients. Twenty (5.1%) had an anastomotic‐vaginal fistula (AVF) and 32 (8.2%) conventional leakage (CL). Patients with AVF required unscheduled re‐operation and defunctioning stoma as often as those with CL. AVF was diagnosed later and more often after discharge from hospital compared with CL. Patients with AVF had lower anastomoses and decreased BMI compared with those with CL. Risk factors for AVF in multivariate analysis were anastomosis < 5 cm above the anal verge (P = 0.001), preoperative radiotherapy (P = 0.004), and UICC cancer stage IV (P = 0.005). Previous hysterectomy was a risk factor neither for AVF nor for CL. Conclusion Anastomotic‐vaginal fistula forms a significant part of all symptomatic leakages after low anterior resection for cancer in women. Although diagnosed later, the need for abdominal re‐operation and defunctioning stoma was not different from patients with CL. Risk factors for AVF included low anastomosis, preoperative radiotherapy and UICC cancer stage IV.