Parents' labour market participation as predictor of children's well-being: changes from 1984 to 1996 in the Nordic countries

BACKGROUND: This study analysed the influence of parents' labour market participation on their children's well-being in the five Nordic countries, and the changes from 1984 to 1996, during which unemployment rates generally rose in the Nordic countries. METHODS: Parent-reported questionnaire data from two cross-sectional studies, 12 years apart, with 15,354 (in 1984) and 15,255 (in 1996) randomly selected children aged 2-17 years. The response rates were 67.0% (n=10290) and 67.6% (n=10317), respectively. The parents' assessment of their children's well-being was measured by six items, with three items focusing on psychological functioning and three items on social functioning. RESULTS: The association between parents' labour market participation and children's well-being changed from 1984 to 1996. In 1984, more children in families with paid work had low well-being than did children in families without paid work. In 1996, however, the share of children with low well-being was higher among children in families without paid work. This change was most notable in Finland but did not occur in Denmark. The overall level of well-being among children in the Nordic countries remained stable over this period. CONCLUSION: The relationship between parents' labour market participation and well-being among children changed from 1984 to 1996. In 1984 low well-being was most common among children in families with paid work, while in 1996 low well-being was more common in families without participation in the labour market. Social inequality in children's well-being thus increased if parents' labour market participation was used as an indicator of socioeconomic status.     

家庭社会经济状况与3岁以内儿童生长发育及营养状况的关系

目的 探究家庭社会经济状况(SES)与3岁以内儿童生长发育及营养状况的关系,为我国儿童预防保健提供科学依据。方法 数据源于2015年中国九市7岁以下儿童体格发育调查的西安地区数据。研究共纳入父/母亲文化程度、父/母亲职业和家庭年收入5项指标因子,构建了SES综合指标作为自变量。结局变量为身长、体重和评估的营养状况结局。调整儿童性别和月龄后,分别建立线性回归和Logistic回归模型,分析SES与身长体重和营养结局的关系。结果 研究共纳入3岁以内儿童12 017人,经评估营养不良者281人(2.3%),营养过剩者531人(4.4%)。调整儿童性别和月龄后,与低水平SES儿童相比,中等水平SES儿童身长增加0.32 cm(95%CI:0.16~0.47),发生营养过剩的风险降低20%(OR =0.80, 95%CI:0.65~0.98);高水平儿童身长增加0.77 cm(95%CI:0.61~0.92),体重增加0.06 kg(95%CI:0.006~0.12),发生营养过剩的风险降低33%(OR=0.67, 95%CI:0.53~0.83)。结论 较好的社会经济状况可能降低营养过剩的风险,有助于儿童的发育与营养健康。应改善家庭育儿环境,加强对低SES家庭的儿保宣教,提高儿童的健康水平。     

Disentangling ethnicity,socioeconomic status and parenting: Interactions,influences and meaning

Abstract

Internationally and domestically there has been increased attention given to the influence of ethnic, cultural, economic and contextual factors as they influence parenting, family dynamics and children's developmental and mental health outcomes. Increased globalization and migration has heightened concerns about assuring that developmental theories and evidence-based programs and practices are sensitive to variations in parental beliefs, practices and their impact on child outcomes. This article integrates theories and worldviews that undergird research-focused understanding the role of ethnicity, culture and context on family dynamics and children's developmental outcomes. In addition, limitations in research designs for highlighting the interactive influences of ethnicity, socioeconomic status and community context on families are discussed in light of research designs that are heuristic in disentangling these factors for the purposes of developing culturally sensitive and appropriate theories, programs, policies and practices to benefit children and families.     

家庭社会经济地位和主观社会经济地位对精准扶贫家庭学生抑郁症状的影响

目的 探讨家庭社会经济地位和主观社会经济地位对精准扶贫家庭学生抑郁症状的影响。方法 采用家庭社会经济地位问卷、青少年主观社会地位量表和流调用抑郁自评量表对450名精准扶贫家庭学生进行调查。结果 （1）可能有抑郁症状的占17.4%,有抑郁症状的占57.3%;（2）家庭社会经济地位对主观社会经济地位有正向预测作用（B = 0.19,P＜0.001）,对抑郁症状的预测作用无统计学意义（B = 0.04,P＞0.05）,主观社会经济地位对抑郁症状有负向预测作用（B = - 0.28,P＜0.001）;（3）主观社会经济地位在家庭社会经济地位和抑郁症状之间起完全中介作用,中介效应值为0. 05(95%CI:- 0.09～- 0.02)。结论 精准扶贫家庭学生抑郁症状的检出率较高,家庭社会经济地位主要通过主观社会经济地位影响抑郁症状。     

Mortality inequalities in times of economic growth: time trends in socioeconomic and regional inequalities in under 5 mortality in Indonesia, 1982-1997

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine time trends in socioeconomic and regional inequalities in under 5 mortality in Indonesia during almost two decades of economic growth. DESIGN: Under 5 mortality was calculated for the total population and for subgroups by maternal education, household wealth, rural/urban residence, and island group, using the 1987, 1991, 1994, and 1997 Indonesian Demographic and Health Surveys. Inequalities were calculated using Cox proportional hazards analysis. SETTING: Indonesia, 1982-1997.Main PARTICIPANTS: 18,205, 33,907, 39,433, and 37,533 children respectively, aged under 5 years, born to women included in the above mentioned surveys. MAIN RESULTS: Under 5 mortality declined substantially during the 1980s and 1990s. Educational inequalities in under 5 mortality decreased, although not statistically significantly, from a hazard ratio of 2.00 (95%CI 1.60, 2.50) to 1.52 (95%CI 1.27, 1.82). Inequalities between urban and not electrified rural areas increased, from 1.84 (95%CI 1.48, 2.28) to 2.18 (95%CI 1.70, 2.80). Inequalities between the Outer Islands and the central islands of Java/Bali increased from 1.16 (95%CI 0.92, 1.46) to 1.43 (95%CI 1.17, 1.74). Irregular time trends were seen for inequalities by household wealth. Trends in health care use were fairly similar for the low and high educated. CONCLUSIONS: These results for education show that socioeconomic inequalities in under 5 mortality do not inevitably rise in times of rapid economic growth. Widening or narrowing of health inequalities in times of economic growth might depend on how equally this growth is distributed.     

Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation characteristics in child (0–18 years) health studies: A review

BackgroundGrowing up in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods has been shown to have negative health effects on children. However, the most recent review on which measures are used to investigate the association between neighborhood characteristics and child (0–18 year) health included studies only until 2004. Insight into more recent research is needed for the further development of these measures.ObjectivesTo review neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation characteristics used in recent studies investigating the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and child health.MethodsSensitive search in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts databases (2004–2013).ResultsUltimately, 19 studies were included. We found ten neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation constructs, of which income/wealth, employment, and education were most frequently used. The choice for neighborhood characteristics seemed independent of the health outcome and in most cases was not based on a specific theoretical background or earlier work.ConclusionStudies vary regarding study designs, measures and outcomes. Researchers should clearly specify their choice of neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation characteristics; preferably, these should be theory-based and used consistently.     

北京市朝阳区5岁以下流动儿童营养与健康状况调查

【目的】 了解5岁以下流动儿童营养与健康状况,为制定相关政策提供科学依据。 【方法】 采用问卷调查和体格检查的方法对通过整群抽样方法获得的朝阳区490名5岁以下流动儿童进行营养与健康状况调查。 【结果】 低出生体重儿和巨大儿占2.45%和10.61%,均高于北京市城区平均水平。4个月和6个月内纯母乳喂养率分别为67.11%和49.78%,前者高于北京市4月龄儿童纯母乳喂养率。2岁以下儿童的辅食添加率为85.12%。 【结论】 流动儿童喂养存在不合适之处,同时流动儿童存在营养不均衡问题。     

德阳地区学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的流行病学调查及影响因素分析

目的分析德阳地区学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的患病现状及其影响因素,为儿童缺铁性贫血的防治提供科学依据。方法选取2016年1-12月在德阳市人民医院门诊体检的健康学龄前儿童1452例为研究对象,对其进行儿童缺铁性贫血的筛查,并设置统一的问卷调查,分析学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的影响因素。结果1452例受检儿童共检出儿童缺铁性贫血患儿120例,患病率为8.26%,其中6~12个月的患病率为13.76%,1~3岁的患病率为7.90%,4~6岁的患病率为4.38%,不同年龄儿童患病率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),6~12个月的幼儿是儿童缺铁性贫血的主要人群。单因素分析结果显示,年龄、出生体质量、喂养的方式、消化功能、辅食添加时间、妊娠期贫血情况、父母亲的文化程度、家庭饮食习惯、铁制剂服用情况、家庭收入为学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的影响因素(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,出生低体质量、消化功能、添加辅食时间、妊娠期贫血、家庭饮食习惯为学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论德阳地区学龄前儿童缺铁性贫血的主要影响因素为出生低体质量、消化功能、添加辅食时间、妊娠期贫血、家庭饮食习惯,在早期关注孕妇及胎儿的营养状况,适时添加辅食及合理搭配儿童的饮食结构,可起到预防儿童缺铁性贫血的作用。     

Growth of children and socioeconomic status of Mexican‐American farmworker families in Tulare County,California: 1969 vs 1989

Comparison of the size of Mexican‐American children from two samples of farmworker families living in Tulare County, one drawn in 1969 (24 families with 52 children 0–7 years old), the other in 1989 (95 families with 226 children 0–9 years old) reveals a parallel improvement in total family income and physical growth. However, children in families with incomes below 70% of the poverty line in 1989 showed generally lower Z‐scores in weight for age, height for age and weight for height compared to families with higher income. These differences in weight for age and height for age reached statistical significance (p < .01) for children 2–4 years old. This age‐group differential emphasizes the need for close monitoring of children's physical growth in order to appropriately target compensatory interventions.     

Influences on women's smoking status: The contribution of socioeconomic status in adolescence and adulthood

Background: Declining smoking prevalence is associated withwidening socioeconomic differentials in tobacco use. The studyinvestigates the influence of the adolescent and adult socioeconomicenvironment on the smoking status of adult women. Methods: Asecondary data analysis of a nationally representative surveyof households in Britain, the British Household Panel Survey,was undertaken of 2,678 non-Asian women aged 18–49 yearsin 1991. Multivariate analysis confirmed the significant andindependent effect of adolescent and adult SES on the odds ofbeing a current smoker. Results: With respect to adolescentSES, school-leaving age and school qualifications exerted anindependent effect. With respect to current SES, housing tenurewas the strongest predictor of smoking status. Along with livingin rented housing, other markers of current disadvantage alsoincreased the odds of being a current smoker, including livingin a household without access to a car and being dependent onmeans-tested benefits. Not living with a partner also increasedthe odds of smoking. Compared to Black women, White women wereover twice as likely to be a current smoker. Conclusions: Publichealth policies to reduce the socioeconomic gradient in smokingamong women should target both adolescence and adulthood. Investmentin the education of children heading towards early school leavingand minimum school qualifications could yield positive healthdividends in later life, in terms of higher SES and lower smokingprevalence. Interventions to raise the living standards of womenin lower socioeconomic groups may be required if they are tomatch the rates of decline achieved among women in more advantagedcircumstances.     

Patient satisfaction with health care providers in South Africa: the influences of race and socioeconomic status.

OBJECTIVE: The first democratic government elected in South Africa in 1994 inherited huge inequalities in health status and health provision across all sections of the population. This study set out to assess, 4 years later, the influence of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on perceived quality of care from health care providers. DESIGN: A 1998 countrywide survey of 3820 households assessed many aspects of health care delivery, including levels of satisfaction with health care providers among different segments of South African society. RESULTS: Fifty-one percent (n = 1953) of the respondents had attended a primary care facility in the year preceding the interview and were retained in the analysis. Both race and SES were significant predictors of levels of satisfaction with the services of the health care provider, after adjusting for gender, age, and type of facility visited. White and high SES respondents were about 1.5 times more likely to report excellent service compared with Black and low SES respondents, respectively. CONCLUSION: In South Africa, race and SES are not synonymous and can no longer be considered reliable proxy indicators of one another. Each has distinct and significant but different degrees of association with client satisfaction. Any assessment of equity-driven health policy in South Africa should consider the impacts of both race and SES on client satisfaction as one of the indicators of success.     

Effects of socioeconomic status on television viewing conditions of preschoolers in northern Greece

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of television (TV) on preschoolers, their TV viewing patterns and the conditions under which they watch TV, taking into consideration their different socioeconomic and regional backgrounds. The survey instrument was a questionnaire with 23 closed‐ended questions, given to parents whose children attended 10 randomly selected preschools in northern Greece. The overall survey completion rate (returned surveys 355 out of 400) was 87.7%. Most of the preschoolers watched two hours of TV daily, which was exceeded during the weekend and the holidays. Most parents intervene in the choice of programs their kids watch and they discuss them together. The frequency of this parental mediation is related positively to the family’s socioeconomic status, with those of the upper echelons intervening and initiating discussions more often than the lower ones. Preschoolers were greatly influenced by TV, which was expressed through persistent requests for their parents to buy them the advertised products they saw. Ours findings suggest that it is important for parents to manage their preschoolers’ TV viewing by making a weekly plan as to what programs are appropriate for their age and how much time overall may be spent on TV viewing.     

Individual-, family- and community-level determinants of full vaccination coverage among children aged 12–23 months in western Kenya

To identify individual-, family-, and community-level determinants of full vaccination status at most challenging areas in Kenya, we conducted a cross-sectional study among children aged 12–23 months and their mothers. 1965 children were involved in this research and their mothers completed a questionnaire. Middle or high knowledge of vaccination schedule (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.69, 95%CI: 2.01–3.60 or AOR = 8.12, 95%CI:5.50–11.97), medium/long birth interval or first birth (AOR = 2.46, 95%CI: 1.29–4.69 or AOR = 1.84, 95%CI:1.10–3.09 or AOR = 2.14, 95%CI: 1.20–3.84), less than 5 children under five years old (AOR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.04–1.88) and highest community health worker's (CHWs) performance (AOR = 2.20, 95%CI: 1.39–3.47) were significantly associated with complete vaccination status in the final multiple regression model. In addition, a interaction between literacy and wealth was significantly related in full vaccination status (AOR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.08–1.75). Increased frequency and quality of CHW visits could be effective intervention to enhance vaccination coverage. Future interventions focusing on vaccination coverage should be given more attention especially to high risk group identified in this study.     

托幼机构儿童健康体检状况分析及对策研究

目的 了解重庆北碚区托幼机构儿童健康体检状况并提出改善措施,以保障在园儿童的身体健康。方法 对北碚区5个街道所有托幼机构儿童2012-2014年健康体检结果进行体检分析。结果 北碚区托幼机构儿童身高、体重达标率达98.93%以上;消瘦、低体重和生长迟缓率分别为0.83%、0.68、0.95%,且呈逐年下降的趋势;肥胖、龋齿及视力不良发生率分别由2012年的5.15%、31.67%、24.03%上升到2014年的6.04%、57.72%、29.33%;私立托幼机构儿童的低体重率、发育迟缓发生率、龋齿患病率、贫血患病率均高于公立托幼机构的儿童,差异有统计学意义。公立托幼机构儿童的肥胖率和超重率明显高于私立托幼机构的儿童,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);男童的肥胖率及超重率高于女童,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);女童的龋齿患病率、视力不良发生率及营养性贫血发生率高于男童,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 北碚区托幼机构儿童健康体检状况良好,但超重及肥胖、龋齿、视力不良情况不容乐观。故今后北碚区托幼机构健康管理的重点为五官保健,妇幼保健机构应加强对私立托幼机构卫生保健工作的督导力度。     

Impact of socioeconomic status on coronary mortality in people with symptoms, electrocardiographic abnormalities, both or neither: the original Whitehall study 25 year follow up

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in people with and without prevalent CHD at baseline. DESIGN: Cohort study with 25 year follow up; prevalent CHD was defined by Q, ST or T wave electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities or symptoms (defined by the Rose chest pain questionnaire and self reported doctor diagnosis) or both. SES was defined by four civil service employment grades. SETTING: London. PARTICIPANTS: 17 907 male civil servants aged 40-69 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: CHD mortality (n=2695 deaths). RESULTS: The lowest versus highest employment grade was associated with increased CHD mortality (age adjusted hazard ratio 1.56 (95% CI 1.2, 2.1)), prevalence of symptoms and, among symptomatic participants only, the prevalence of Q, ST or T abnormalities. Thirty one per cent of CHD deaths occurred in participants with prevalent CHD at baseline. Among participants without Q, ST or T abnormality employment grade was associated with CHD mortality; the hazard ratios (lowest v highest grade) adjusted for age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 1.72 (95% CI 1.4, 2.1) for asymptomatic and 1.52 (95% CI 1.1, 2.1) for symptomatic participants; among participants with Q, ST or T abnormality the corresponding hazard ratios were 1.46 (95% CI 0.7, 2.9) and 1.14 (95% CI 0.6, 2.0) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SES was inversely associated with CHD mortality in civil servants with and without prevalent CHD at baseline. Further distinguishing the relative contribution of SES to the initiation and progression of CHD requires repeated measures studies of pre-clinical and clinical measures of CHD.     

Exploring the connections between HIV serostatus and individual, household, and community socioeconomic resources: evidence from two population-based surveys in Kenya

The positive association between health and socioeconomic status (SES) is well documented. However, available empirical evidence on the SES gradients of HIV serostatus is mixed, and few studies have explored the effects of community SES indicators on individual's HIV risk. Using nationally representative data of women and men from the 2003 Demographic and Health Survey and the 2007 AIDS Indicator Survey from Kenya, we assessed the associations between HIV serostatus and SES as measured by educational attainment and household wealth at the individual/household and community levels. Additionally, we explored changes in these associations between 2003 and 2007. Results from bivariate and cohort analyses showed that during this period, HIV burden shifted from higher to lower SES subgroups at both the individual/household and community levels, particularly among women aged 15-24 years. Results from multi-level logistic regression models showed that this shift was generally significant among women. In addition, communities' collective educational attainment, measured as the percentage of residents with some secondary schooling or higher, was a more significant predictor and protective factor for HIV risk than individual/household-level SES indicators for women in 2007 and men in both years. Our findings highlight the relevance of community-level SES to HIV dynamics in Kenya between 2003 and 2007.     

北京顺义某幼儿园123名学龄前儿童营养状况

【目的】　了解北京顺义区建新幼儿园儿童营养状况 ,提出膳食建议。　【方法】　 1999年 9月对北京顺义区建新幼儿园内 12 3名 3～ 6岁儿童进行了体格检查和实验室生化检测 ,同时采用计帐法对幼儿园膳食进行了统计。　【结果】　被检儿童年龄别身高Z评分女 ( 0 .13 )和年龄别体重Z评分 ( 0 .0 6)显著高于 1992年全国全国营养调查的结果。儿童身高别体重均值为 0 .0 2 ,与 1992年全国营养调查结果 ( 0 .1)相比差异无显著性。该园儿童生长迟缓率和低体重率均低于 1992年全国营养调查结果 (P <0 .0 1) ,儿童膳食中摄入不足推荐膳食供给量 (recommendeddietaryallowances ,RDA) 70 %的营养素有硒、视黄醇当量、锌和钙。铁和视黄醇摄入来源于动物性食品的比例较低。被检儿童贫血率为 4.88%,红细胞生成缺铁比例为 40 .65 %,维生素A、维生素B1 、维生素B2 、维生素C缺乏的比例依次为 2 9.2 7%、3 8.2 1%,3 0 .89%、、9.76%。　【结论】　该园儿童总体发育水平优于 1992年全国营养调查儿童平均水平 ,但仍有营养素缺乏现象 ,应注意提供均衡营养膳食