应用底栖动物完整性指数评价济南市水生态健康状况

基于2014年5—6月对济南市4个生态区中48个采样点的底栖动物和水环境调查结果,采用多元统计分析以及干扰程度最小原则构建底栖动物生物完整性指数B-IBI的参照系统,按河流型和水库型样点分别构建IBI指数。通过对28个候选生物参数进行判别能力和相关性分析,确定了河流型B-IBI的4个构成指数:水生昆虫分类单元数、甲壳动物和软体动物个体百分比、BI指数、BWMP指数,以及水库型B-IBI的3个构成指数(水生昆虫分类单元数、优势分类单元数百分比和多样性指数)。采用比值法统一量纲,分别构建了河流型和水库型B-IBI指数,利用其B-IBI值对济南市水生态健康状况进行评价。结果表明:河流型36个样点中各有7个处于极差和较差状态,11个为一般,8个为亚健康,3个为健康。12个水库样点中有1个为健康,6个为亚健康,4个为一般,1个为极差;黄河区健康状态最好,城区最差。影响底栖动物群落的重要环境变量是水体中氮含量和城建用地百分比。     

涂坊河小水电退出河段底栖动物群落特征及水生态环境质量评价研究

该文通过采样调查汀江干流上游涂坊河流域丰、枯水文季节不同流域段底栖动物,综合分析流域内底栖动物的群落结构、优势类群、BI指数、需氧类型及生境指标等,客观反映小水电退出河段与小水电未退出河段水生态状况差异。研究结果表明:涂坊河流域已退出的石门水电站河段与仍在运行的长桥水电站河段相比,底栖动物物种数明显增加,物种多样性明显提高,高需氧种类及比例明显上升,低需氧种类及比例明显减少。经综合评价,涂坊河流域上游天然河段水环境质量为最清洁,已退出的石门水电站河段水环境质量为清洁,仍在运行的长桥水电站河段水环境质量为中度污染。     

底栖动物监测在洋河水库水质评价的应用

为了掌握秦皇岛洋河水库底栖动物分布状况,并据此进行水质评价,设置了6个采样点,分别于2006年5月、8月、9月和11月四个时间段共采集了24个样品。分析结果表明:在洋河水库底泥中共发现底栖动物11种,其中10种能够指示污染程度,耐污种类占绝对优势;所有样点的底栖动物个体密度介于680～5 920个/m2,全库平均为1 924个/m2,水库整体处于中-富营养水平;底栖动物生物量介于1.68～38.76g/m2,全库平均为8.53g/m2;底栖动物生物多样性指数介于0.64～1.89,水库整体水质介于中度污染-重度污染。鉴于底栖动物在水质评价方面不可替代的作用,建议该水库每隔5～10年做一次系统的底栖动物调查。     

应用底栖无脊椎动物完整性指数评价漓江水系健康状况

为了通过漓江底栖无脊椎动物状况建立适合漓江的生物完整性指数,进而评价漓江流域内水质健康状况,于2008年3月调查了漓江水系17个参照点和14个监测点的水化学与底栖无脊椎动物指标,水质化学指标检测结果显示,参照点的TP、TN、NH3-N和COD浓度一般低于监测点。通过对46个候选生物参数的计算和逐步分析,确定了构成底栖动物完整性B-IBI指数的4个生物参数:总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、扁蜉占蜉蝣总数的百分比和优势单元数量百分比,初步确立了B-IBI健康评价标准,即B-IBI≥21为健康;B-IBI21为不健康。评价结果表明:漓江上游及各支流健康状况较好,大部分为健康;中下游干流健康状况较差,大多为不健康。     

辽河流域水环境时空差异性评价

采用聚类分析和主成分分析等多元统计方法对辽河流域的水环境时空差异性进行分析评价.依据流域内4条主要河流(辽河、浑河、太子河和大辽河)的25个监测点2000-2009年资料,监测点分为重度污染区、中度污染区和水质清洁区,反映不同采样点的水质水平和污染程度.通过重度污染区和中度污染区的各个站点主成分综合得分的计算,得到辽河...     

白河、潮河底栖动物分布与特征研究

在对潮河和白河北京境内段底栖动物调查基础上,采用群落分析法并运用BI指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数进行水质评价.结果表明:本次共采集底栖动物44种,水生昆虫及幼虫占比最大.底栖动物种类丰富度白河优于潮河.河流评价结果显示,潮河和白河水质整体为优.BI指数法评价中,潮河和白河以清洁为主.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价结果中,白河以轻污染为主,潮河以中污染为主.BI指数法适用性较好,而且评价结果较为准确,评价结果对潮河、白河水质判别具有借鉴作用.     

固城湖底栖动物群落结构及水质生态评价

2015年3月～2016年2月对南京市高淳区饮用水源地固城湖开展了全年的底栖动物监测与分析,并通过Wright指数、Goodnight指数、BPI生物学指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数对固城湖进行水质生态评价。结果表明:全年12个月共鉴定出底栖动物21种(属),其中摇蚊科幼虫种类最多,共计11种,寡毛类8种,软体动物2种;主要优势种为苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)、内摇蚊属(Endochironomus sp.)和环棱螺(Bellamya sp.)。四种指数评价结果显示固城湖水质现状处于轻度-中度污染时期,属于富营养化过程的初中期。     

大纵湖大型底栖生物群落结构及水质生物学评价

大纵湖位于长江、淮河两大水系交融的里下河地区洼地中心地带,是江苏省级规划保护的重点湖泊之一。近20 a来,在人类活动影响下,大纵湖生态环境受到了严重挑战。底栖动物是水生态系统中的重要组成部分,在能量流动和物质循环中起着承上启下的作用。于2015～2016年对大纵湖底栖动物群落分布特征进行了监测分析。结果表明:在调查期间,大纵湖共采集出底栖动物10种(属),其中寡毛类、摇蚊幼虫、软体动物及其它底栖动物平均密度分别为132.27,100.52,82.02,5.29 ind./m~2,平均生物量分别为1.52,0.61,168.74,0.02 g/m~2。底栖动物密度与生物量均呈现出时空分布不均匀的特征。大纵湖底栖动物优势种主要为苏氏尾鳃蚓、霍甫水丝蚓、中国长足摇蚊和环棱螺。基于调查结果,选用4种不同的生物指数(BPI生物学指数、Shannon-wiener指数、Goodnight生物学、Wright指数)对大纵湖进行水质生物评价,结果表明大纵湖目前处于轻度-中度污染阶段。     

北江大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及水质的生物评价

对北江25个采样点的大型底栖无脊椎动物进行采样调查,并根据大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构特征对水质进行生物评价。研究中共采集到大型底栖无脊椎动物46属,分别隶属于15目31科,其中水生昆虫30属,占65.22%;软体动物8属,占17.39%;环节动物6属,占13.04%;甲壳动物2属,占4.35%。出现频率最高的3个种属分别为多足摇蚊属(Polypedilum)、巴蛭属(Barbronia)以及苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiurasowerbyi)。应用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、生物学污染指数BPI(biotic pollution index)、BI(biotic index)、FBI(family biotic index)、Goodnight-Whitley修正指数(GBI)7种生物指数对北江水质进行综合评价。结果表明:与20世纪80年代的评价结果相比,北江的大型底栖无脊椎动物在种类和数量等多方面均发生了较大的变化,生物多样性减少,耐污种所占比例增加,水质理化参数恶化;7种生物指数的评价结果存在一定的差异,部分指数之间存在较高的相关性,FBI指数和BPI指数的准确性和科学性更强,适用于北江水质的生物评价。在25个采样点中,6个采样点水质综合评价等级为较差或极差,16个采样点水质评价等级为一般,3个采样点水质等级为良好,整体水质属于一般的水平。人类活动对河流的水质状况造成了一定的影响。从水质生物学的角度衡量,北江水质整体呈现下降趋势。     

基于底栖动物生物完整性指数的赣江干流健康评价

构建河流底栖动物生物完整性指数指标体系是评价河流生态系统健康的重要基础。根据2018-2019年期间在赣江干流12个采样点的底栖动物数据,鉴定出赣江干流底栖动物分为3门6纲13科共24种属,其中优势种有3种,分别为铜锈环棱螺、苏氏尾鳃蚓和大沼螺。通过对18个候选生物指标进行分布范围判别、能力分析以及相关性分析,筛选出总分类单元数、总生物量、甲壳动物和软体动物的个体相对丰度、耐污类群的生物量百分组成完整性指数评价体系,然后采用比值法统一生物参数的量纲,累加各生物参数分值得到B-IBI指数值。赣江干流的健康评价标准由B-IBI值的25%分位数值确定。结果表明：赣江干流12个采样点中的4个为健康,1个为亚健康,1个为一般,其余6个断面的健康状况均处于差或者极差状态,赣江干流生态系统整体上处于一般健康状态。     

基于5种大型底栖动物评价指数的河流生态健康评价

基于24个采样点的大型底栖动物监测数据,Goodnight-Whitley修正指数(GBI指数)、average score per taxon(ASPT)指数、family biotic index(FBI)指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和benthic index of biotic integrity(B-IBI)指数5种不同的生物评价指数,对东江流域的主要干支流进行河流生态健康评价,并研究不同生物评价指数在东江的适用性。结果表明,东江流域的整体健康状态处于中等水平,河流上游水质多达到"良好",中游水质多为"一般",下游水质则为"较差"或"极差"。分析了不同指数对不同类型人类干扰活动的响应,结果表明,除ASPT指数外,其余4种指数在不同程度上均能较显著地反映人类干扰的影响。其中,GBI指数对磷污染指示作用最佳;FBI指数对NO-2-N的污染指示最好;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数对有机污染有较好的指示作用,并与电导率呈显著的负相关关系;B-IBI指数与DO呈现显著的正相关,并能很好地指示NH+4-N污染。利用不同的生物评价指数对东江进行综合评价,不仅能较为可靠地反映东江流域水质的整体状况,而且能指示不同人类干扰活动对东江河流生态系统的影响。     

伊通河城区段底栖动物完整性对水质的响应时滞

基于2015年和2019—2021年伊通河长春市城区段底栖动物调查及水质监测数据,建立底栖动物完整性指数（benthic-index of biotic integrity, B-IBI）评价体系,对伊通河城区段水生态健康状况进行评价,并在此基础上确定影响B-IBI的关键水质指标及两者间的响应时滞。结果表明：伊通河城区段底栖动物种类数在月际间无显著差异性（P>0.05）,但在年际间差异显著（P<0.05）,种类数先减少后增加,主要类群由耐污种向清洁种转变;2015—2021年,伊通河城区段B-IBI年均值波动上升,河流健康整体呈逐渐好转趋势,且上游河段健康状况优于下游;各项水质指标中,总磷对伊通河城区段B-IBI值及其核心指标有显著性影响,且底栖动物对总磷质量浓度变化的响应在时间上存在滞后性,滞后时间为9个月左右（r=-0.88）。研究可为城市河流健康评价和治理管理提供科学依据。     

渭河流域河流健康调查与评价

在渭河流域开展野外采样调查,并采用水文改变指标法、综合水质标识指数法、生物完整性指数法等分析和评价渭河流域的水文、水质和水生态现状。结果表明:(1)林家村、魏家堡和咸阳3个站点的水文情势改变程度为高度改变,而临潼、华县的水文情势改变程度为中度改变;(2)渭河流域丰水期水环境质量状况优于枯水期,影响渭河水系的主要环境因子为总氮(TN)和总磷(TP),影响泾河和北洛河水系的主要环境因子为电导率;(3)渭河流域鱼类和底栖动物在丰、枯水期的生物完整性差异较小,着生藻类在丰、枯水期的生物完整性差异则较大。提出以下建议:(1)控制水利工程的过量开发利用,合理调控闸坝的蓄放水过程;(2)在河道沿岸建设污水处理厂,对排河污水进行拦截和处理,并定期监测水体理化性质,重点关注TN、TP和电导率;(3)控制渭河流域内的石油开发强度,恢复河岸带及边坡生境,以保证水生生物的正常栖息和繁衍。     

珠江流域片水资源利用和保护

珠江流域片包括珠江水系、韩江、海南诸河流域、西南境内国际河流，蕴含丰富的水利、不能资源，近期水质受到在右城市点源污染严重。目前，全片已建立蓄水、引水、供水工程体系，基本满足农业、工业、生活用水，但部分地区水资源短缺，供水工程老化、不够完善，水质污染问题严重，要保证珠江流域不资源的持续发展，就要重视水资源长远规划及大中小水源工程管理建设，对水资源进行优化配置，开辟新水源，节约农业、工业、生活用水，依     

Ecological assessment of the Selenga River basin,the main tributary of Lake Baikal,using aquatic macroinvertebrate communities as bioindicators

The Selenga River is the main tributary of Lake Baikal (Siberian, Russia). In 2015/2016, the water quality at previously identified contaminated hotspot regions in the lower Selenga River basin was evaluated using resident aquatic macroinvertebrate communities as bioindicators. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities within the Selenga River were found to be relatively sensitive to water pollution as was highlighted by three evaluated biotic indices:Average Score per Taxon (ASPT); Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera density index (EPT); and Trent Biological Index (TBI). The human impact on the Selenga River basin water quality was evident due to the significant decrease of the biotic indices at several sample locations including downstream of the wastewater discharge point of Ulan-Ude city, in the Dzhida River downstream of the confluence of the Modonkul River, and especially in the Modonkul River near to the mining operations at Zakamensk. At the same time, our study revealed a high self-regeneration ability of the aquatic ecosystem throughout the basin; with resident benthic macroinvertebrate communities appearing to recover in both the Selenga River and the Dzhida River within two to five km downstream of the contamination source. The changes in the benthic communities at the Selenga delta sampling sites were shown to occur under the influence of natural factors such as hydrological conditions and benthic sediment type, which significantly changed from the upper to the lower regions of the delta. For the Selenga delta, a typology of benthic macroinvertebrate communities including a map of their spatial distribution is presented.     

Response of macroinvertebrate and diatom communities to human‐induced physical alteration in mountain streams

It is generally argued that epilithic diatoms and macroinvertebrates are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, while only a few studies have been conducted on their response to physical disturbance. The main purpose of this research is to investigate whether these two communities respond to physical river disturbance like banks, substrate and flux alteration induced by human action. We sampled 12 high‐altitude streams in the Gran Paradiso National Park, a protected area where the main human activities are limited to hiking and high‐altitude pasture. The sampled stretches of the rivers were characterized with respect to their geomorphological features and possible human modifications. Water uptake for power supply, riverbed and bank modifications represented the main human activities which could determinate alterations in community structure and composition. Habitat structure was evaluated using the Southern European River Habitat (RHS–SE), while the biological status of the river has been estimated by means of the following biotic and diatomic indices: IBE, BMWP, ASPT, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera families (EPT) for macroinvertebrates, EPI‐D, IBD and IPS for diatoms. A general concordance between chemical parameters and structure of biological communities was observed. On the other hand, the RHS–SE highlighted the main geomorphological features and detected some slight physical alterations, as quantified by the indices Habitat Modification Score (HMS) and Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA). In short, our findings demonstrate that morphological alterations, even if slight, affect biological diversity and the presence of some specific taxa, while biological indices are independent of the level of physical modifications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论淮河流域水污染及其防治

以淮河流域水污染的主要污染指标高锰酸盐指数和氨氮评价淮河流域的水污染状况,分析淮河干流、省界监测断面和全流域历年水质变化情况,结合入河排污口的实测资料,评价主要河流以及流域内河南、安徽、江苏和山东四省入河污水量和主要污染物的变化情况。基于流域内已发生的水污染事故、现状水质和入河污染物的状况,简要分析淮河流域水污染防治面临的困难,结合流域经济发展水平和水资源开发利用现状,对水污染防治与水资源保护需研究的主要问题进行了讨论。     

First steps in developing a multimetric macroinvertebrate index for the Ohio River

The causes of degradation of aquatic systems are often complex and stem from a variety of human influences. Comprehensive, multimetric biological indices have been developed to quantify this degradation and its effect on aquatic communities, and measure subsequent recovery from anthropogenic stressors. Traditionally, such indices have concentrated on small‐to medium‐sized streams. Recently, however, the Ohio River Fish Index (ORFIn) was created to assess biotic integrity in the Ohio River. The goal of the present project was to begin developing a companion Ohio River multimetric index using benthic macroinvertebrates. Hester–Dendy multiplate samplers were used to evaluate benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in relation to a gradient of water quality disturbance, represented by varying distances downstream of industrial and municipal wastewater outfalls in the Ohio River. In August 1999 and 2000, samplers were set every 100 m downstream of outfalls (12 outfalls in 1999, 22 in 2000) for 300–1000 m, as well as at upstream reference sites. Candidate metrics (n = 55) were examined to determine which have potential to detect changes in water quality downstream of outfalls. These individual measures of community structure were plotted against distance downstream of each outfall to determine their response to water quality disturbance. Values at reference and outfall sites were also compared. Metrics that are ecologically relevant and showed a response to outfall disturbance were identified as potentially valuable in a multimetric index. Multiple box plots of index scores indicated greater response to outfall disturbance during periods of low‐flow, and longitudinal river‐wide trends. Evaluation of other types of anthropogenic disturbance, as well as continued analysis of the effects of chemical water quality on macroinvertebrate communities in future years will facilitate further development of a multimetric benthic macroinvertebrate index to evaluate biotic integrity in the Ohio River. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.