Hydrogel assisted nickel nanoparticle synthesis and their use in hydrogen production from sodium boron hydride

In this study, hydrogels were synthesized from 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propansulfonic acid (AMPS) via a photo polymerization technique. Approximately 100 nm Ni metal nanoparticles were generated in situ inside these p(AMPS) hydrogel networks and used as a catalyst in hydrogen production by hydrolysis of sodium boron hydride in a basic medium. The effects of several parameters on the hydrolysis reaction such as the amount of catalyst, the initial concentration of NaBH₄, and the temperature were investigated. The activation energy, activation enthalpy and activation of entropy for the reaction were calculated as 42.28 kJ mol⁻¹, 39.59 kJ mol⁻¹ and −171.67 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively.     

Simple and fast fabrication of polymer template-Ru composite as a catalyst for hydrogen generation from alkaline NaBH4 solution

Polymer template-Ru composite (Ru/IR-120) catalyst was prepared using a simple and fast method for generating hydrogen from an aqueous alkaline NaBH₄ solution. The hydrogen generation rate was determined as a function of solution temperature, NaBH₄ concentration, and NaOH (a base-stabilizer) concentration. The maximum hydrogen generation rate reached 132 ml min⁻¹ g⁻¹ catalyst at 298 K, using a Ru/IR-120 catalyst that contained only 1 wt.% Ru. The catalyst exhibits a quick response and good durability during the hydrolysis of alkaline NaBH₄ solution. The activation energy for the hydrogen generation reaction was determined to be 49.72 kJ mol⁻¹.     

A direct measurement of the heat evolved during the sodium and potassium borohydride catalytic hydrolysis

NaBH₄ and KBH₄ hydrolysis reactions (BH₄⁻ + 4H₂O → B(OH)₄⁻ + 4H₂), which can be utilized as a source of high purity hydrogen and be easily controlled catalytically, are exothermic processes. Precise determination of the evolved heat is of outmost importance for the design of the reactor for hydrogen generation. In this work we present an efficient calorimetric method for the direct measurement of the heats evolved during the catalyzed hydrolysis reaction. A modified Setaram Titrys microcalorimeter was used to determine the heat of hydrolysis in a system where water is added to pure solid NaBH₄ or KBH₄ as well as to solid NaBH₄ or KBH₄ mixed with a Co-based solid catalyst. The measured heats of NaBH₄ hydrolysis reaction were: −236 kJ mol⁻¹, −243 kJ mol⁻¹, −235 kJ mol⁻¹, and −236 kJ mol⁻¹, without catalyst and in the presence of Co nanoparticles, CoO and Co₃O₄, respectively. In the case of the KBH₄ hydrolysis reaction, the measured heats were: −220 kJ mol⁻¹, −219 kJ mol⁻¹, −230 kJ mol⁻¹, and −228 kJ mol⁻¹, without catalyst and with Co nanoparticles, CoO and Co₃O₄, respectively. Also, a comparison was made with an aqueous solution of CoCl₂·6H₂O used as catalyst in which case the measured heats were −222 kJ mol⁻¹ and −196 kJ mol⁻¹ for NaBH₄ and KBH₄ hydrolysis, respectively. The influence of solid NaOH or KOH additions on the heat of borohydride hydrolysis has been investigated as well.     

The on demand generation of hydrogen from Co-Ni bimetallic nano catalyst prepared by dual use of hydrogel: As template and as reactor

We report the preparation of metal nanoparticles in various formulations inside p(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propansulfonic acid; p(AMPS)) hydrogels and their utilization as a catalyst in hydrolysis of NaBH₄. The swollen, flexible p(AMPS) network was used for metal ion loading and reduction in situ for the preparation of Co:Ni nanoparticles as bimetallic clusters in various formulation, and Co and Ni bimetallic catalysts as Co + Co, Co + Ni, Ni + Co and Ni + Ni. In addition to utilization of hydrogels as support materials, the p(AMPS)-metal nanoparticle system was used as catalyst to generate hydrogen in the hydrolysis of NaBH₄ with very high yield. Various parameters for the hydrolysis reaction were determined and the activation parameters were calculated. For the first time, inclusion of ferrite magnetic particles to control hydrogen generation on demand by using an externally applied magnetic field to remove the hydrogel-catalyst system from the hydrolysis medium is reported.     

Electroless-deposited Co–P catalysts for hydrogen generation from alkaline NaBH4 solution

Cobalt–phosphorus (Co–P) catalysts, which were electroless deposited on Cu sheet, have been investigated for hydrogen generation from alkaline NaBH₄ solution. The microstructures of the as-prepared Co–P catalysts and their catalytic activities for hydrolysis of NaBH₄ are analyzed in relation to pH value, NaH₂PO₂ concentration, and the deposition time. Experimental results show that the Co–P catalyst formed in the bath solution with pH value of 12.5, NaH₂PO₂ concentration of 0.8 M, and the deposition time no more than 6 min presents the highest hydrogen generation rate of 1846 mL min⁻¹ g⁻¹. Furthermore, the as-prepared catalyst also shows good cycling capability and the corresponding activation energy is calculated to be 48.1 kJ mol⁻¹. The favorable catalytic performance of the electroless-deposited Co–P catalysts indicates their potential application for quick hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of NaBH₄ solution.     

Hydrogen production from ammonia borane via hydrogel template synthesized Cu, Ni, Co composites

In situ Co, Cu and Ni nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction of the absorbed Co (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II) ions inside hydrogel networks prepared from 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propansulfonic acid (AMPS) and were used as a catalyst system in the generation of hydrogen in hydrolysis of ammonia borane (AB). Several parameters affecting the hydrolysis reaction such as the type of the metal, the amount of catalyst, the initial concentration of AB, and temperature, were investigated. The activation energy values in the hydrolysis reaction of AB solution in the presence p(AMPS)-Co, p(AMPS)-Cu and p(AMPS)-Ni catalyst systems were calculated as E_a = 47.7 kJ mol⁻¹, 48.8 kJ mol⁻¹ and 52.8 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Thus, the catalytic activity of the metal nanoparticles prepared inside the same hydrogel matrix was found to be Ni < Cu < Co.     

A multifactor study of catalyzed hydrolysis of solid NaBH4 on cobalt nanoparticles: Thermodynamics and kinetics

In the present work, hydrogen generation through hydrolysis of a NaBH_4(s)/catalyst_(s) solid mixture was realized for the first time as a solid/liquid compact hydrogen storage system using Co nanoparticles as a model catalyst. The performance of the system was analysed from both the thermodynamic and kinetic points of view and compared with the classical catalyzed hydrolysis of a NaBH₄ solution. The kinetic analysis of the NaBH_4(s)/catalyst_(s)/H₂O_(l) system shows that the reaction is first order with respect to the catalyst concentration, and the activation energy equal to 35 kJ mol_NaBH4⁻¹. Additionally, calorimetric measurements of the heat evolved during the hydrolysis of NaBH₄ solutions evidence the global process energy (−217 kJ mol_NaBH4⁻¹). Characterization of the cobalt nanoparticles before and after the hydrolysis associated with the calorimetric measurements suggests the “in situ” formation of a catalytically active Co_xB phase through “reduction” of an outer protective oxide layer that is regenerated at the end of reaction.     

Hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride solution using a ruthenium supported on graphite catalyst

The catalyst with high activity and durability plays a crucial role in the hydrogen generation systems for the portable fuel cell generators. In the present study, a ruthenium supported on graphite catalyst (Ru/G) for hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) solution is prepared by a modified impregnation method. This is done by surface pretreatment with NH₂ functionalization via silanization, followed by adsorption of Ru (III) ion onto the surface, and then reduced by a reducing agent. The obtained catalyst is characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Very uniform Ru nanoparticles with sizes of about 10 nm are chemically bonded on the graphite surface. The hydrolysis kinetics measurements show that the concentrations of NaBH₄ and NaOH all exert considerable influence on the catalytic activity of Ru/G catalyst towards the hydrolysis reaction of NaBH₄. A hydrogen generation rate of 32.3 L min⁻¹ g⁻¹ (Ru) in a 10 wt.% NaBH₄ + 5 wt.% NaOH solution has been achieved, which is comparable to other noble catalysts that have been reported.     

Ruthenium nanoparticles supported in the network of HES-p(AMPS) IPN hydrogel as efficient catalyst for hydrogen production from the hydrolysis of ethylenediamine bisborane

In this study, Ru(0) nanoparticles supported in 2-hydroxyethyl starch-p-(2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) interpenetrating polymeric network (HES-p(AMPS) IPN) were synthesized as hydrogel networks containing hydroxyethyl starch, which is a natural polymer with oxygen donor atoms. The structure and morphology of the prepared HES-p(AMPS) IPN hydrogel and Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN catalyst were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN was used as catalyst for hydrogen production from the hydrolysis of ethylenediamine bisborane (EDAB). The activation parameters for the hydrolysis reaction of EDAB catalyzed by Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN were calculated as E_a = 38.92 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔH^# = 36.28 kJ mol⁻¹, and ΔS^# = −111.85 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively. The TOF for the Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN catalyst was 2.253 mol H₂ (mol Ru(0) min)⁻¹. It was determined that Ru@HES-p(AMPS) IPN, a reusable catalyst, still had 81.5% catalytic activity after the 5th use.     

Accurately measuring the hydrogen generation rate for hydrolysis of sodium borohydride on multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Co–B catalysts

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes supported cobalt–boron catalysts (Co–B/MWCNT) were developed via the chemical reduction of aqueous sodium borohydride with cobalt chloride for catalytic hydrolysis of alkaline NaBH₄ solution. The hydrogen generation (HG) rates were measured on an improved high-accuracy, low-cost and automatic HG rate measurement system based on the use of an electronic balance with high accuracy. The HG of Co–B/MWCNT catalyst was investigated as a function of heat treatment, solution temperature, Co–B loading and supporting materials. The catalyst was mesoporous structured and showed lower activation energy of 40.40 kJ mol⁻¹ for the hydrolysis of NaBH₄. The Co–B/MWCNT catalyst was not only highly active to achieve the average HG rate of 5.1 l min⁻¹ g⁻¹ compared to 3.1 l min⁻¹ g⁻¹ on Co–B/C catalyst under the same conditions but also reasonably stable for the continuous hydrolysis of NaBH₄ solution.     

Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of NaBH4 with efficient Co–P–B catalyst: A kinetic study

Amorphous catalyst alloy powders in form of Co–P, Co–B, and Co–P–B have been synthesized by chemical reduction of cobalt salt at room temperature for catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH₄. Co–P–B amorphous powder showed higher efficiency as a catalyst for hydrogen production as compared to Co–B and Co–P. The enhanced activity obtained with Co–P–B (B/P molar ratio = 2.5) powder catalyst can be attributed to: large active surface area, amorphous short range structure, and synergic effects caused by B and P atoms in the catalyst. The roles of metalloids (B and P) in Co–P–B catalyst have been investigated by regulating the B/P molar ratio in the starting material. Heat-treatment at 773 K in Ar atmosphere causes the decrease in hydrogen generation rate due to partial Co crystallization in Co–P–B powder. Kinetic studies on the hydrolysis reaction of NaBH₄ with Co–P–B catalyst reveal that the concentrations of both NaOH and catalyst have positive effects on hydrogen generation rate. Zero order reaction kinetics is observed with respect to NaBH₄ concentration with high hydride/catalyst molar ratio while first order reaction kinetics is observed at low hydride/catalyst molar ratio. Synergetic effects of B and P atoms in Co–P–B catalyst lowers the activation energy (32 kJ mol⁻¹) for hydrolysis of NaBH₄. The stability, reusability, and durability of Co–P–B catalyst have also been investigated and reported in this work. It has been found that by using B/P molar ratio of 2.5 in Co–P–B catalyst, highest H₂ generation rate of about ∼4000 ml min⁻¹ g⁻¹ can be achieved. This can generate 720 W for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (0.7 V): which is necessary for portable devices.     

Poly(acrylamide-co-vinyl sulfonic acid) p(AAm-co-VSA) hydrogel templates for Co and Ni metal nanoparticle preparation and their use in hydrogen production

P(AAM-co-VSA) hydrogel was prepared at different mole ratios form the corresponding monomers and used in absorption of metal ions such as Co and Ni from aqueous environments. Then, these bound metal ions within the hydrogel matrices were reduced to their metal nanoparticles by aqueous NaBH₄ treatment. Finally, p(AAm-co-VSA)–M (M: Co or Ni) composites were used as reactor in the hydrolysis of NaBH₄ for hydrogen generation. The amounts of metal ions before and after metal nanoparticle formation were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). P(AAm-VSA) hydrogel showed greater absorption tendency for Ni(II) ions than Co(II) ions, and the metal ion binding capacity of these hydrogels was increased with an increase in the amount of VSA in the copolymeric hydrogel. It was also found that although the amount of Ni ions loaded into the hydrogel matrices were more than Co ions, Co metal nanoparticle-containing hydrogel produced hydrogen faster than Ni metal nanoparticle-containing hydrogel composites. The activation energy for the Co nanoparticle-embedded p(AAm-co-VSA) was found as 34.505 kJ mol⁻¹k⁻¹, and other thermodynamic parameters were also calculated. The p(AAm-co-VSA)–Co hydrogel can be used up to 5 times repetitively without any loss of yield but with 55% of catalytic activity.     

Catalytic hydrolysis of sodium borohydride by a novel nickel–cobalt–boride catalyst

With the aim of designing an efficient hydrogen generator for portable fuel cell applications nickel–cobalt–boride (Ni–Co–B) catalysts were prepared by a chemical reduction method and their catalytic hydrolysis reaction with alkaline NaBH₄ solution was studied. The performance of the catalysts prepared from NaBH₄ solution with NaOH, and without NaOH show different hydrogen generation kinetics. The rate of hydrogen generation was measured using Ni–Co–B catalyst as a function of the concentrations of NaOH and NaBH₄, as well as the reaction temperature, in the hydrolysis of alkaline NaBH₄ solution. The hydrogen generation rate increases for lower NaOH concentrations in the alkaline NaBH₄ solution and decreases after reaching a maximum at 15 wt.% of NaOH. The hydrogen generation rate is found to be constant with respect to the concentration of NaBH₄ in the alkaline NaBH₄ solution. The activation energy for hydrogen generation is found to be 62 kJ mol⁻¹, which is comparable with that of hydrogen generation by a ruthenium catalyst.     

Hydrogen generation from catalytic hydrolysis of alkaline sodium borohydride solution using attapulgite clay-supported Co-B catalyst

An attapulgite clay-supported cobalt-boride (Co-B) catalyst used in portable fuel cell fields is prepared in this paper by impregnation-chemical reduction method. The cost of attapulgite clay is much lower compared with some other inert carriers, such as activated carbon and carbon nanotube. Its microstructure and catalytic activity are analyzed in this paper. The effects of NaOH concentration, NaBH₄ concentration, reacting temperature, catalyst loadings and recycle times on the performance of the catalysts in hydrogen production from alkaline NaBH₄ solutions are investigated. Furthermore, characteristics of these catalysts are carried out in SEM, XRD and TEM analysis. The high catalytic activity of the catalyst indicates that it is a promising and practical catalyst. Activation energy of hydrogen generation using such catalysts is estimated to be 56.32 kJ mol⁻¹. In the cycle test, from the 1st cycle to the 9th cycle, the average hydrogen generation rate decreases gradually from 1.27 l min⁻¹ g⁻¹ Co-B to 0.87 l min⁻¹ g⁻¹ Co-B.     

Efficient catalytic properties of Co–Ni–P–B catalyst powders for hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of alkaline solution of NaBH4

The aim of the present work is to study the catalytic efficiency of amorphous Co–Ni–P–B catalyst powders in hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of alkaline sodium borohydride (NaBH₄). These catalyst powders have been synthesized by chemical reduction of cobalt and nickel salt at room temperature. The Co–Ni–P–B amorphous powder showed the highest hydrogen generation rate as compared to Co–B, Co–Ni–B, and Co–P–B catalyst powders. To understand the enhanced efficiency, the role of each chemical element in Co–Ni–P–B catalyst has been investigated by varying the B/P and Co/Ni molar ratio in the analyzed powders. The highest activity of the Co–Ni–P–B powder catalyst is mostly attributed to synergic effects caused by each chemical element in the catalyst when mixed in well defined proportion (molar ratio of B/P = 2.5 and of Co/(Co + Ni) = 0.85). Heat-treatment at 573 K in Ar atmosphere causes a decrease in hydrogen generation rate that we attributed to partial Co crystallization in the Co–Ni–P–B powder. The synergic effects previously observed with Co–Ni–B and Co–P–B, now act in a combined form in Co–Ni–P–B catalyst powder to lower the activation energy (29 kJ mol⁻¹) for hydrolysis of NaBH₄.     

Monodispersed p(2-VP) and p(2-VP-co-4-VP) particle preparation and their use as template for metal nanoparticle and as catalyst for H2 production from NaBH4 and NH3BH3 hydrolysis

The monodispersed poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (p(2-VP)) and poly(2-vinyl pyridine-co-4-vinyl pyridine) (p(2-VP-co-4-VP)) particles of different compositions were synthesized by a surfactant-free emulsion polymerization system using divinyl benzene (DVB) as cross-linker. The diameter of p(2-VP) and p(2-VP-co-4-VP) particles were measured between 370 and 530 nm. Co, Ni and Cu metal nanoparticles were prepared inside these microgels after quaternization with HCl and loading of metal salts, such as CoCl₂, NiCl₂, and CuCl₂, in ethyl alcohol followed by reduction with NaBH₄. The prepared metal nanoparticles within these particles were used as catalyst for H₂ production via hydrolysis of NaBH₄ and NH₃BH₃. Various parameters of the polymeric microgels such as template, metal types, reuse, the amount of NaOH, and temperature were investigated. From hydrolysis reactions the activation energy (E_a), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) were calculated for Co metal nanoparticles as catalyst for the NaBH₄ hydrolysis reaction in the temperature range of 0–50 °C. The activation parameters of NaBH₄ hydrolysis catalyzed by Co nanoparticle composite systems were calculated as 46.44 ± 1.1 kJ mol⁻¹ for E_a, 36.39 ± 6.5 kJ mol⁻¹ for ΔH and −170.56 ± 20.1 kJ mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ for ΔS.     

Hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of sodium borohydride using Ni–Ru nanocomposite as catalysts

Magnetic nickel–ruthenium based catalysts on resin beads for hydrogen generation from alkaline NaBH₄ solutions were synthesized with combined methods of chemical reduction and electroless deposition. Factors, such as solution temperature, NaBH₄ loadings, and NaOH concentration, on performance of these catalysts on hydrogen production from alkaline NaBH₄ solutions were investigated. Furthermore, characteristics of these nickel–ruthenium based catalysts were carried out by using various instruments, such as SEM/EDS, XPS, SQUID VSM and BET. These catalysts can be easily recycled from spent NaBH₄ solution with permanent magnets owing to their intrinsic soft ferromagnetism and, therefore, reducing the operation cost of the hydrogen generation process. A rate of hydrogen evolution as high as ca. 400 mL min⁻¹ g⁻¹ could be reached at 35 °C in 10 wt% NaBH₄ solution containing 5 wt% NaOH using Ni–Ru/50WX8 catalysts. Activation energy of hydrogen generation using such catalysts is estimated at 52.73 kJ mol⁻¹.     

Fabrication of porous Co–Ni–P catalysts by electrodeposition and their catalytic characteristics for the generation of hydrogen from an alkaline NaBH4 solution

Porous Co–Ni–P catalysts were made on Cu substrates by electrodeposition in order to generate hydrogen from an alkaline sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) solution. We investigated the effects of the cathodic current density and the electrodeposition time on the surface morphology and chemical composition of the Co–Ni–P catalysts. The hydrogen generation characteristics from an alkaline NaBH₄ solution using these catalysts in an alkaline NaBH₄ solution were then investigated. The cathodic current density significantly affected the growth behavior and catalytic properties of the Co–Ni–P electrodeposits. Co–Ni–P catalysts grew two-dimensionally at a low cathodic current density of 0.01 A cm⁻². By contrast, at a cathodic current density of more than 0.05 A cm⁻², three-dimensional growth of the catalysts occurred due to the large cathodic overpotential. In addition, the rates of hydrogen generation were found to be higher for the three-dimensional catalysts than the two-dimensional catalysts. Three-dimensional growth of the Co–Ni–P catalysts continued as the electrodeposition time increased from 1 to 10 min at a cathodic current density of 0.1 A cm⁻². The surface areas of the three-dimensional Co–Ni–P catalysts increased gradually with electrodeposition time, resulting in their catalytic efficiency for the hydrolysis of NaBH₄ being improved. The hydrogen generation rate was also influenced by the concentrations of the NaOH and NaBH₄ in the alkaline NaBH₄ solution. The hydrogen generation rate increased gradually with increasing NaOH concentration. By contrast, there was an optimum concentration of NaBH₄, above which the hydrogen generation rate decreased. Finally, the hydrogen generation rate from Co–Ni–P catalysts was found to decrease due to the precipitation of by-products.     

Chemical kinetics of Ru-catalyzed ammonia borane hydrolysis

Ammonia borane (AB) is a candidate material for on-board hydrogen storage, and hydrolysis is one of the potential processes by which the hydrogen may be released. This paper presents hydrogen generation measurements from the hydrolysis of dilute AB aqueous solutions catalyzed by ruthenium supported on carbon. Reaction kinetics necessary for the design of hydrolysis reactors were derived from the measurements. The hydrolysis had reaction orders greater than zero but less than unity in the temperature range from 16 °C to 55 °C. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model was adopted to interpret the data with parameters determined by a non-linear conjugate-gradient minimization algorithm. The ruthenium-catalyzed AB hydrolysis was found to have activation energy of 76 ± 0.1 kJ mol⁻¹ and adsorption energy of −42.3 ± 0.33 kJ mol⁻¹. The observed hydrogen release rates were 843 ml H₂ min⁻¹ (g catalyst)⁻¹ and 8327 ml H₂ min⁻¹ (g catalyst)⁻¹ at 25 °C and 55 °C, respectively. The hydrogen release from AB catalyzed by ruthenium supported on carbon is significantly faster than that catalyzed by cobalt supported on alumina. Finally, the kinetic rate of hydrogen release by AB hydrolysis is much faster than that of hydrogen release by base-stabilized sodium borohydride hydrolysis.     

Magnetic dendritic KCC-1 nanosphere-supported cobalt composite as a separable catalyst for hydrogen generation from NaBH4 hydrolysis

The introduction of magnetism into a catalyst can greatly optimize its separation performance. In the present work, a kind of magnetically separable catalysts for promoting NaBH₄ hydrolysis have been fabricated by anchoring cobalt nanoparticles on magnetic dendritic KCC-1 nanospheres composed of magnetic Fe₃O₄ core and fibrous shell. The fabricated catalysts were characterized with various characterization methods, including absorption spectroscopy (AAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electronic microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), etc. This kind of catalysts exhibit high catalytic activity for promoting the hydrolysis of NaBH₄ under alkaline conditions, giving a hydrogen generation rate and activation energy of 3.83 L min⁻¹ g_Co⁻¹ (30 °C) and 53.63 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. After used for 5 cycles, the catalyst showed 36.5% catalytic activity reserved. Most importantly, the magnetism of the catalyst made it easily separated and recycled from the solution after the reaction completed. The development of this kind of catalysts could provide a promising option for catalyzing NaBH₄ hydrolysis for portable hydrogen production from.