稻田蜘蛛研究进展

稻田蜘蛛研究是稻虫生态管理的基础工作之一，从生态学的观点出发，介绍中国近年稻田蜘蛛研究的主要内容及进展，阐明蜘蛛的保护利用在可持续农业发展中的地位和作用，分析稻田蜘蛛生态研究的可行性，探讨蜘蛛群落研究方向，主要任务和应用前景。     

山东省稻田蜘蛛种类名录

1978～ 1992年 ,在山东省已查明的水稻害虫天敌蜘蛛种类为 15科 ,40属 ,70种。1.卷叶蛛科 Dictynidae1种( 1)黑斑卷叶蛛 Dictyna foliicola Boes.et Str.,190 62 .蜣蛛科 Ulobridae 1种( 2 )中华涡蛛 Octonoba sinensis( Simon,1880 )3.幽灵蛛科 Photchidae1种( 3)长崎幽灵蛛 Pholcus opilionoides( Schrank,1781)4.圆蛛科 Araneidae16种( 4)角圆蛛 Araneuscornutus Clerck,175 7( 5 )叶斑圆蛛 Araneus sia Strand,190 6( 6 )大腹圆蛛 Araneus ventricosus( L.Koch,1877)( 7)交迭圆蛛 Araneus alternidens Schenkel,1936( 8)黄斑圆…     

陷阱法调查棉田蜘蛛的分布动态

采用陷阱法系统调查棉田各发育期的蜘蛛群落分布型,运用5种聚集度指标、Taylor的幂法则以及m*--x的回归关系综合分析。结果显示:(1)陷阱法所采集的蜘蛛绝大多数为游猎型蜘蛛。(2)棉田游猎性蜘蛛群落在整个棉花发育期都呈随机分布。     

稻田节肢动物群落不同取样方法的比较

<正> 稻田节肢动物群落研究是水稻害虫综合治理的非常重要的基础性工作。国内过去主要是用肉眼观察或盆拍结合扫网对群落进行数量研究,其主要缺陷为取样单位大小不统一,扫网因人而异,误差可能较大,给不同群落结构与功能的比较研究带来一定的困难;国际水稻所(IRRI)应用Farmcop吸虫器进行稻田群落取样,经我们使用,该种吸虫器用直流电源,吸力较小,费时费力,使用不便。我们采用南京农业大学由弥雾机改装的吸捕器进行水稻生长季节     

稻田蜘蛛群落优势种群的重建

研究稻田蜘蛛群落优势种食虫沟瘤蛛Ｕｍｍｅｌｉａｔａ ｉｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｅｐｓ Ｂｏｅｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｔｒ．和拟水狼蛛Ｐｉｒａｔａ ｓｕｂｐｉｒａｔｉｃｕｓ（Ｂｏｅｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｔｒ．）种群的重建过程。食虫沟瘤蛛种群的重建过程基本上体现过程基本上体现了由近而远、由稀而密的规律;拟水狼蛛种群则只能观察琉由稀布密的现象。采取适当的措施保护种库,增加种库中食虫沟瘤蛛和拟水蛛的数量,将有助于稻田蜘蛛群落优势种群的重     

中国稻田蜘蛛优势种及其成因探讨

文中介绍了中国稻田蜘蛛26个优势种在全国117个样点中的发生现状；论述了稻田蜘蛛优势种在中国稻区的地理分布概况；分析了稻田生态系统主要生态因子对稻田优势种蜘蛛发生发展的影响；重点探讨了稻田蜘蛛优势种的成因，提出了稻田蜘蛛优势种形成的主要条件和关键因子，为有的放矢地保护利用蜘蛛优势种群控制稻早效能提供了科学依据。     

中国稻田蜘蛛群落结构研究初报

通过近３０ａ的调查研究，中国稻田蜘蛛群落的物种组成，经不断分类鉴定，有２２科、１０８属、３７５种，其中已定出种名的有３３７种，未定种名的３８种。２２科中有优势科８个，优势属１３个，及１７个优势种，但优势科中不一定都含有优势属或优势种。     

稻田蜘蛛与飞虱制约关系及其利用

1972—1991年间,我们对稻田蜘蛛及其相关害虫—褐稻虱进行了较为系统的调查研究。本文主要论述稻田蜘蛛种类多,发生量大,繁殖力强.与稻飞虱的季节消长、生态分布、变态类型相一致,彼此制约关系明显,有良好的保护利用价值。创造有利于蜘蛛发生发展的环境,合理施用化学农药,既是保护利用蜘蛛的有效途径,又可保护飞虱的其它天敌,发挥多种天敌联合控制飞虱的作用,在经济、生态与社会三方面都可收到显著效益。     

广东省稻田生态系统中蜘蛛群落多样性研究

采用吸虫器法对稻田生态系统中的稻田与非稻田生境中的蜘蛛群落多样性进行了系统调查，共采集到捕食性蜘蛛81种，隶属于15个科、44个属。其中稻田与非稻田生境有40个共有种。八斑鞘蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、类水狼蛛是稻田生境与非稻田生境所共有的3种优势种蜘蛛。     

The use of barrier-connected pitfall trapping for sampling predatory beetles and spiders

The efficiency of barrier-connected pitfall trapping was compared to conventional single traps or arrays. For ground-active beetles, the use of a pitfall system incorporating a wetting agent with five traps arranged in a cross formation connected by plastic barriers was more efficient than a single dry trap by at least an order of magnitude and at least twice as efficient as five traps without connecting barriers. It is argued that the efficiency of pitfall trapping may be improved markedly by using barrier-connected traps, particularly for some carabid and staphylinid beetles and lycosid spiders. Capture of linyphiids was not improved by the use of barriers and was dependent only on the use of wetting agent and number of traps used.     

Ant sampling: the importance of pitfall trap depth as a bias factor

When sampling with pitfall traps, possible bias factors should be considered. In this study we compare traps of two depths. The results show that, on average, deeper traps captured more ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and higher numbers of workers, and that the relative abundances of the species were different depending on the depth of the trap, regardless of the type of habitat.     

用ELISA方法研究稻田节肢动物的食物关系

应用酶联免疫吸附试验双抗体夹心法,研究了稻田节肢动物,包括19种捕食性天敌、4种主要水稻害虫及1种中性昆虫之间的食物关系。在检测的19种捕食者中,有15种捕食了白背飞虱,11种捕食了褐飞虱。其中食虫沟瘤蛛、拟水狼蛛、八斑鞘蛛、粽管巢蛛、四斑锯螯蛛和拟环纹豹蛛对两种稻飞虱的捕食阳性率较高。有7种捕食了稻纵卷叶螟幼虫,其中粽管巢蛛、褶管巢蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、青翅蚁形隐翅虫和印度细颈步甲的捕食阳性率较高。拟环纹豹蛛、浙江豹蛛和拟水狼蛛对稻蝗若虫有较高的阳性率。13种捕食者捕食了摇蚊,摇蚊作为替代或补充猎物,对稻田捕食性节肢动物亚群落的重建和发展具有重要意义。在实验检测的基础上,构建了被检测节肢动物猎物与捕食者间的食物关系图。     

A large improved rotary trap for sampling aerial invertebrates

A large rotary trap designed to measure aerial spider density is described. A comparison of the rotary trap catch and a suction trap catch of spiders and other invertebrate groups showed that the rotary trap was operating at a greater efficiency for most groups. For spiders and non-staphylinid beetles the two traps caught equal numbers. There were no differences in the species composition of spiders between the rotary and suction trap catch.     

A simple design for a rain-resistant pitfall trap

Summary. Heavy rain causes major problems with using pitfall traps to collect ants and other surface-active arthropods. A simple design for a rain-resistant pitfall trap is described. The trap is constructed by grinding a hole in the side of a plastic vial and then covering it with fine-gage wire screen. This hole allows excess water to drain out the side of the trap. A method for quickly setting small-diameter pitfalls into the ground with an auger and a battery-powered drill is also described.Received 23 December 2003; revised 23 July 2004; accepted 7 October 2004.     

冬水田典型生境类型节肢动物群落多样性及生物量特征

为了掌握休耕季节不同生境冬水田节肢动物群落多样性及生物量特征,于2017年2—4月在重庆市璧山区通过陷阱法对3类冬水田耕作区及期9个小区生境进行了定点调查,分别为水稻和蔬菜及荒地耕作区、水稻和蔬菜耕作区及水稻和林地耕作区。共捕获节肢动物108367只,隶属于3纲119科(种)。Berger-Parker优势度指数表明,冬水田节肢动物群落以罕见或稀少种(类群)数量最多以及优势类群数量稀少且突出为最基本特征,圆科和长角科是最主要的优势类群。节肢动物密度和生物量的百分比分析表明,腐食者和捕食者是节肢动物群落的主要功能团;弹尾虫以及不同种类蜘蛛和天敌昆虫类群分别构成了腐食者和捕食者中的主要类群(种)。3类冬水田及其小区节肢动物群落主要功能团密度和生物量以及群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Margalef丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和Simpson优势集中性指数(C)均有明显的规律变化,且出现了显著性差异(P0.05);节肢动物群落及其主要功能团腐食者和植食者分别在密度和生物量间,以及捕食者与其猎物腐食者和植食者在生物量上都具显著的相关性(P0.05)。群落相似性及相关性分析显示,3类冬水田及其小区节肢动物群落组成总体上差异明显,显然受到了稻田生境及耕作/管理等非生物因素的影响;其中生境类型(FH)作用最大,其次是蓄水量(EWQ)、稻桩生物(BR)、种植模式(PP)和收割方式(HM);它们与节肢动物群落密度及参数H′、D和C,以及腐食者密度和生物量、捕食者密度等显著正相关或负相关(P0.05)。主成分及聚类分析结果进一步指出,3类冬水田的生境异质性差异较大,这与它们小区在节肢动物群落密度(AI)、腐食者密度(DI)及FH等生物和非生物因素上的较大不同有关。总之,3类冬水田主要营养链“水稻秸秆-腐食者-捕食者”中存在不同程度的级联效应;弹尾虫作为该效应中腐食者的代表承担着冬水田“关键或中心”节肢动物类群具有的双重生态功能;不同冬水田及其小区节肢动物群落多样性及生物量特征差异明显,这与FH、EWQ、BR、PP和HM等非生物因素密切相关。     

An improved, simple nest-box trap

ABSTRACT.   The success of ornithological studies often hinges on a researcher's ability to capture individuals quickly and efficiently. Sometimes it is necessary to capture the same individual multiple times, as is the case in many metabolic, ecotoxicological, and immunocompetence studies. Several methods of capturing cavity-nesting birds at their nest boxes have been described. However, these methods proved inefficient when attempting to catch wary individuals that had already been captured previously. Here we describe a simple and inexpensive method for capturing cavity-nesting birds using a square plate of sheet metal (5.8 × 5.8 × 0.2 cm), a drinking straw, a piece of duct tape, and a monofilament line. This method has the advantages of allowing selective capture of one, but not both members of a pair and being nearly invisible to trap-shy birds.     

The effects of pitfall trap diameter on ant species richness (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and species composition of the catch in a semi-arid eucalypt woodland

Abstract Ants play an important role in Australian biodiversity and environmental impact assessments, with pitfall-trapping being the principal sampling method. However, the relationship between trap diameter and ant species catch has not been investigated in the context of survey design. Using four different trap diameters, each at a density of one trap per 100 m2, the present study asks three questions: (i) given an equal number of traps, do traps with larger diameters catch more species than smaller-diameter traps?; (ii) do traps with small diameters bias against large or rare species?; (iii) for equal area of the trap mouth, do small but more numerous traps catch more species than fewer but large traps? A total of 84 species were sampled within the 1600 m2 study site, with numbers of species for trap diameters of: 18mm (46 species), 42mm (56 species), 86mm (62 species) and 135mm (64 species). At equal trap density, 18 mm traps caught significantly fewer species than larger traps. Traps of 86 mm and 135mm were no more efficient than 42mm traps. Only 86mm and 135mm traps caught all species > 10mm in length (6 species). For equal area of the trap mouth, small traps were more efficient than large traps. Differences in the catch of the different-sized traps were due primarily to different capture rates of the rare species (40 species): 18mm traps caught 25% of rare species, 42 mm caught 41%, 86 mm caught 44% and 135 mm caught 52%. The role of rare ant species in environmental impact studies is discussed.