电流比较仪磁屏蔽效能的计算

大电流比较仪具有高准确度,线性特性好,低漂移等特点,因此被广泛应用于实验室和工业现场。在大电流比较仪的设计中磁屏蔽是非常重要的。长期以来,磁屏蔽效能的计算是依靠解析的方法,误差较大。文章利用目前流行的数值计算方法,对电流比较仪磁屏蔽效能进行了分析。文中提出了电流比较仪磁屏蔽效能问题的数学模型的建立方法,讨论了有限元法在电流比较仪磁屏蔽效能计算中的应用,给出了磁屏蔽体二维和三维模型的计算结果。     

磁屏蔽效能的有限元分析

提出了磁屏蔽效能问题的三维有限元模型的建立方法,应用ANSYS软件得到磁屏蔽效能为28.78,并将结果绘制成曲线,使结果更加一目了然。为了检验计算结果是否符合实际情况,通过一种间接的方法对磁屏蔽效能进行测试。对比分析以上的计算结果和测试结果,可以得出结论:利用有限元法进行磁屏蔽效能计算,对直流传感器的磁屏蔽效能估算具有一定的指导意义。     

基于超导磁场环境真空测量电离规磁屏蔽结构仿真研究

聚变装置超导磁场环境下真空测量电离规因灯丝变形、带电粒子轨迹变化等物理机制导致真空测量精度不高,不能满足工程精确测量的需求。基于磁屏蔽的理论,构建了半封闭式和开放式的两种多层磁屏蔽结构模型,利用Maxwell有限元软件,仿真研究了结构材料层不同厚度和不同磁场方向等条件下磁屏蔽效能的变化规律。结果表明,屏蔽效能随铁层材料径向厚度的增加而增大,铁层材料端部厚度对其影响较小;超导材料层厚度对屏蔽效能影响较小;磁场方向角在0°~90°范围内,屏蔽效能先减后增,并在90°(屏蔽结构轴向与磁场方向平行)时达到最大值。为电离规在复杂磁场应用条件下的屏蔽结构工程设计提供了依据。     

核主泵转子屏蔽套真空热胀形原理及技术

目的 为保证真空热胀形工艺对屏蔽套的成形精度,进而保证后续的套装质量,研究真空热胀形工艺的矫形能力及成形原理.方法 利用有限元软件MSC.Marc,建立了核主泵转子屏蔽套热胀形过程的二维轴对称热力耦合有限元模型,通过对焊接后屏蔽套测量得到模型中屏蔽套尺寸,通过此模型计算了屏蔽套在热胀形过程中的温度场、应力场、应变场及径向位移场,预测了屏蔽套胀形后的形状,分析了热胀形对屏蔽套的矫形原理,并对屏蔽套进行了真空热胀形实验,从而对有限元模型的可靠性进行验证.结果 计算结果表明,热胀形过程中,屏蔽套上发生了较大的塑性应变和蠕变应变,热胀形后,屏蔽套的内径在276.879～276.883 mm之间.实验结果表明,热胀形实验后屏蔽套的半径分布与有限元模型计算结果符合良好.结论 热胀形工艺通过使屏蔽套发生塑性变形和蠕变变形,实现了对屏蔽套尺寸及形状的精确控制,其中,塑性变形是热胀形工艺可以对屏蔽套上的形状缺陷进行治理的原因.     

泡沫铝/环氧树脂复合材料电磁屏蔽及力学性能实验

以环氧树脂填充泡沫铝.制备了具有一定结构性能及电磁屏蔽功能的结构和功能一体化复合材料试件,泡沫铝的孔径设计为1.0 mm和2.0 mm,厚度为5.0mm、10.0 mm和15.0 mm.通过法兰同轴测试法,分别测试了这6组试件的电磁屏蔽效能,研究发现:泡沫铝厚度一定,频率为10～300 MHz时,随着孔径的增大屏蔽效能增强;频率为300 MHz～1.5 GHz时,孔径对屏蔽效能的影响不明显.泡沫铝孔径一定,频率为10～300 MHz时,随着厚度的增大屏蔽效能增强;频率为300 MHz～1.5 GHz时,厚度对屏蔽效能影响不大.同时,通过拉伸和弯曲实验测试了复合材料中泡沫铝孔径不同的试件的强度和弹性模量等力学性能.结果表明,泡沫铝孔径小的复合材料的抗拉和抗弯性能比孔径大的更好.     

一种三维磁场电能表关键元器件磁屏蔽测量方法

电能表关键元器件磁屏蔽效果测量是电能表形式试验中的一个重要项目,传统二维磁场测量测量磁泄露的方法存在测量的盲区。对此该文提出一种利用三维磁场测量磁屏蔽的理论方法。首先从理论上证明只有在球面三维磁场下才能找到磁屏蔽泄露的薄弱点,通过电磁场理论给出三维条件下感应电流与电磁强度的公式。其次在此基础上搭建自动检测装置,针对该装置设计一套评估磁屏蔽效能的试验方法。最后利用该方法对多种屏蔽材料构成的屏蔽壳进行磁泄露测试,试验结果验证该方法的有效性,表明该方法可以用于对电能表关键元器件屏蔽材料的选取及其内部结构设计。     

电磁热水器磁屏蔽有限元分析

为降低电磁热水器工作时产生的磁场干扰,需要进行磁屏蔽的设计。针对某电磁热水器,采用有限元软件仿真对高频和低频屏蔽方式的屏蔽效能及其对系统效率的影响展开研究。研究屏蔽壳厚度、两线圈距离及其电流相位差等因素对热水器产生的磁场强度的影响。结果表明:该电磁热水器更宜采用高频屏蔽方式,两线圈电流反相、缩小两线圈间距等措施可降低热水器周围磁场强度,更有利于磁屏蔽的设计。     

基于数值模拟的管材平面弯曲成形几何加工精度规律

目的 建立高精度的有限元仿真模型可以有效地指导实际加工生产,在减少实验成本及结构件制造开发周期的同时提高成形效率。提高数值模拟中金属管材平面弯曲成形的几何加工精度,同时探究关键工艺参数对几何精度的影响规律,确定最佳工艺参数组合。方法 以管材平面弯曲成形构件为研究对象,建立了基于自由弯曲技术的管材弯曲成形有限元仿真模型,并通过实际加工实验验证了仿真精度,随后针对仿真模型的几何误差进行了参数补偿。将使用较高精度的仿真模型模拟得到的数据作为数据来源,研究关键工艺参数对仿真成形几何精度的影响机制,采用熵值法确定最佳工艺参数组合。结果 通过实际成形实验对比分析,在不同成形条件下,有限元仿真结果与实际加工结果高度吻合,两者之间的加工误差不超过2%,针对规格为32 mm×2 mm的20号碳钢管材,当轴向推进速度为5 mm/s,管材与弯曲模间隙值为0.25 mm时加工精度最高。结论 优化改进后的有限元仿真模型具有较高的几何成形精度,可有效指导实际成形工艺参数的优化工作。     

复合材料地雷壳体X波段HPM辐照效应实验研究

采用不锈钢纤维填充工程塑料制备复合材料地雷壳体,内部放置磁引信并连接电引火头,在微波暗室中进行X波段HPM辐射下毁伤效应实验。数值计算屏蔽效能>20dB,实验结果验证计算。当壳体存在半径5mm以下圆孔时,实验结果与数值计算均表明其对屏蔽效能影响较小;当壳体存在矩形孔缝时,其长度l、孔缝与极化方向之间角度为最大影响因素。复合材料壳体有助于提高磁引信地雷在战场高功率电磁环境下的生存能力。     

复合材料地雷壳体超宽带脉冲屏蔽效能计算与实验

采用不锈钢纤维作为聚酰胺的导电填料,通过注塑工艺制备复合材料地雷壳体。在壳体内部放置电子引信并连接电点火头,于微波暗室中进行峰值功率为1GW的超宽带电磁脉冲辐射下的毁伤效应实验。超宽带脉冲能量主要分布在10MHz～2GHz范围内,当壳体放置天线前的距离>0.5m时,内部的电子引信能正常工作;数值计算表明完整壳体的屏蔽效能>25dB,与实验结果相一致。当壳体存在单个直径<4.5mm圆孔时,实验结果与数值计算均表明其对屏蔽效能影响微小。复合材料壳体有助于提高电子引信地雷在战场高功率电磁环境下的生存能力。     

Thermal analysis of magnetic shields for induction heating

For the design of magnetic shields for induction heating, it is useful to analyse not only the magnetic field reduction but also the temperature behaviour of the shield. The latter is heated by its electromagnetic losses and by thermal radiation from the workpiece. A coupled thermal-electromagnetic axisymmetric finite element model is used to study the temperature of a shield for an axisymmetric induction heater, highlighting the effect of the radius, length, thickness and material of the shield on its temperature and magnetic shielding factor. Also the effect of frequency and workpiece dimensions is investigated. The model is validated by measuring magnetic induction, induced currents in the shield and temperature of the shield on the experimental setup. The temperature is unacceptably high for shields close to the excitation coil, especially if the shield length is lower than the workpiece length. Although the study is carried out for one specific induction heater geometry, the paper indicates the effect of parameters such as geometry, material and frequency on shield temperature so that the results are also useful for other induction heating configurations.     

Numerical Simulation on the Shielding Efficiency of Magnetic Shielding Enclosures in the ITER Applications

Magnetic shielding needs to be employed to ensure proper operation of some electronic equipment which are sensitive to external magnetic interference, such as cryogenic valves located inside the ITER feeder cubicles. This paper is concerned with the shielding efficiency of the magnetic shielding enclosures. A 3-D theoretical model for Fe-Ni alloy magnetic shielding enclosures based on finite element method (FEM) is obtained with the nonlinear law of magnetization. The influence of shielding materials, enclosure configurations, single or multi- layer designs, and apertures on the shielding efficiency is investigated. It is shown that the proposed model can predict the shielding efficiency of shielding devices well with nonlinear magnetize relation, and some recommendations for an optimized magnetic shield design in the ITER feeder cubicles are given.     

Magnetic field shielding concepts for power transmission lines

High current carrying cables used in power transmission lines create strong magnetic fields in their vicinity. For ac lines at 50-60 Hz, the magnetic field is quasi-static and hence uncoupled from the electric field. Shielding of such low frequency magnetic fields is a challenge. In this paper, finite element modeling is used to study the effect of various shield geometries and shield materials around a current carrying wire. Two-dimensional analysis is sufficient for this problem because the cables are very long compared to the wire diameters. Shielding effectiveness, defined as the difference in the magnetic field intensity with and without the shield, is presented. It is concluded that a partial shield is the optimal design for shielding the region below the cable. To achieve this, the shield gap must be oriented above the high current wire     

应用于铯喷泉钟的磁屏蔽系统的设计

高质量磁屏蔽系统是铯喷泉钟的重要部件之一。首先给出评定磁屏蔽效果的3个指标,即磁场均匀区长度、磁场均匀区起点位置和磁屏蔽效率。在此基础上,讨论了利用有限元计算3层磁屏蔽系统的层间径向间距、轴向间距、端盖孔套管长度和端盖连接方式对磁屏蔽的影响,给出了相应的优化参数,并对比了按优化参数设计的3层磁屏蔽与原有4层磁屏蔽系统用有限元计算的磁屏蔽效果。有限元计算结果为中国计量科学研究院新铯喷泉钟磁屏蔽系统的技术设计提供了理论指导。     

Analysis of perforated magnetic shields for electric power applications

The shielding performance of perforated magnetic shields for electric power applications is described. The shielding of an axisymmetric induction heating device is studied as a function of frequency, number of perforations and dimensions of the perforations. From the numerical point of view, the perforations cause the numerical model to be 3D. A numerical optimisation is carried out to find the optimal geometry with respect to the shielding factor and the volume of the shield. For the optimisation, two approaches are presented. The first approach is fast and easy-to-implement, but has limited accuracy. It uses a classical 2D axisymmetric model where the perforations are approximated by 'axisymmetric air gaps' resulting in a segmented shield. It is shown how to modify the 2D model to obtain results that are similar to the ones of a 3D model. The second approach is more accurate although quite fast, but more difficult to implement. It combines a 3D thinshell finite element model with the unmodified 2D model in a space mapping optimisation algorithm. The validation of both models is based on experimental work for an unperforated shield and for the optimised perforated shield.     

Analytical Modeling of a Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine in a Flywheel

We develop an analytical model for a radial-flux external-rotor permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) without slots in the stator iron and with a shielding cylinder. The machine is part of an energy storage flywheel, to be used as the peak-power unit in a hybrid electric passenger bus. To reduce the induced no-load losses due to the high rotational speed of the flywheel, the slots in the stator are made not of iron but of a nonmagnetic plastic material. This results in an air gap winding with a stator yoke consisting of stacked circular laminations. The analytical model includes the effect of the winding distribution on the field, the fact that it is in the air gap, and the effect of the eddy-current reaction field of the shielding cylinder. The two-dimensional magnetic field is solved in six defined machine layers and useful machine quantities are derived directly from it, leading to the machine voltage equation. We built a prototype flywheel machine. The locked-rotor machine resistance and inductance predicted by the analytical model was compared with the experimentally determined values. The values showed good agreement, thereby validating the analytical model of the machine.      

An accurate method of calculating multilayer, multimaterial cylindrical magnetic shields

The basic concepts of shielding theory have existed since the last century [1,2]. There have been many publications on the subject of magnetic shielding, treating the case of shielding apparatus from static fields by means of multiple concentric shields and deriving several principles of fundamental importance. Unfortunately, however, theory has been applied to only the most ideal shield configurations, for the case of constant permeability [3-5]. This paper covers the analysis of shielding effectiveness of variable Permeability cylindrical shielded enclosures for the DC magnetic field case. When the permeability is a function of magnetic induction, the simple boundary solution for spherical or cylindrical shields can no longer be applied since the induction, through the permeability, is caused to vary as much as two orders of magnitude, causing nonuniformity in the field in the cavity and inside the shield. Thus, the permeability of the shielding material is considered as a function of the induction, and a significantly improved method of estimating the induction and permeability of the shield is presented. The effects of a multiple-shell geometry are treated in the equations of this analysis. This method gives fast, accurate results and can be run on a small computer for shielding optimization. Results of these magnetic field calculations allowed the selection of optimization criteria and showed how system requirements could be met by choosing a suitable shell structure arrangement. Experimental measurements on real materials for various shell structures confirmed the accuracy of this method.     

Inductance of magnetically shielded air-core coils of circular cross section

An expression for the inductance of shielded cylindrical air-core solenoids of arbitrary diameter to length ratio is developed. Three shielding configurations are investigated: 1) the use of a coaxial-concentric magnetic shield, 2) the coaxial magnetic shield with conducting end plates, 3) the coaxial magnetic shield with conducting end rings. Case 2) is solved in closed form by separation of variables, and from this result a method is given for predicting the length of the coaxial magnetic shield required to contain the field for the three cases.     

Application of reproducing kernel particle method and element-free Galerkin method on the simulation of the membrane of capacitive micromachined microphone in viscothermal air

Simulation of the microphone membrane determines whether highest yield and sensitivity is attainable when it comes to the field of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) capacitive microphone design. Consequently, it is significantly critical to predict and understand the behavior of the membrane in the air. The reproducing kernel particle method and element-free Galerkin, RKPM and EFG respectively, are introduced to differentiate from the traditional finite element method (FEM) since RKPM and EFG models are meshless to greatly improve the problems of FEM with large size aspect ratio. The result from a numerical axisymmetry model of 1 mm radius and 10 μm thickness membrane with fixed boundary condition upon 1 mm thickness viscothermal air is identical to that from the theoretical model. Finally, a MEMS axisymmetry model of a 180 μm radius and 10 μm thickness membrane upon 10 μm thickness viscothermal air is simulated in this paper.