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1.
生态补偿作为一种重要的环境保护工具,已经被国内外学者广泛认可。依据现有文献中对生态补偿的各种定义,我们概括了生态补偿的四条原则,包括对等性、可测性、额外性和条件性,然后又构建了生态补偿标准的计算公式。与此同时,京津冀地区如何实现增长与保护之间的均衡,是我国面临的一项重要课题,因为京津冀协同发展,如同"一带一路"倡议一样,已经成为国家战略之一。本文计算了京津冀地区中三个省级政府各自应该支付或得到的横向生态补偿净额。结果表明,2016年,依国际通用的生态系统服务经济价值估算标准,北京和天津应分别向河北支付104.4亿元(占北京地区生产总值的0.4%)和165.6亿元(占天津地区生产总值的0.93%)。  相似文献   

2.
生态补偿作为缓解当前生态环境问题、协调经济、社会与环境可持续发展的有效手段,已成为国内外学者及政府关注的焦点。目前,国内外已开展了大量有关生态补偿的理论研究和实践,并取得了重大进展。本文在系统梳理国内外相关研究和实践的基础上,首先尝试从生态补偿的内涵、要素(利益相关者、补偿标准、补偿模式、补偿方式、补偿资金、补偿效果)、实践案例等方面对国内外生态补偿的研究与实践进行了对比分析;其次,结合上述成果,归纳分析国内外生态补偿存在的差异;最后,总结提炼我国生态补偿研究及实践中存在的问题,并给出相应的建议。  相似文献   

3.
Desertification control is a crucial way to enhancing the ecological conditions of arid and semi-arid regions, and maintaining sustainable development globally. Designing and improving an ecological compensation mechanism for desertification control has great significance related to achieving balance amongst the needs of different economic subjects and the assurance of a sustained and stable supply of desert ecosystem services. In this paper,(1) the theoretical bases of ecological compensation for desertification control were re-analyzed;(2) the research status and challenges of three important topics related to ecological compensation for desertification control were systemically discussed, including compensation standards, ecosystem service supply-consumption process and multi-scale effects, and resource-environment basis and policy orientation;(3) a research framework of ecological compensation for desertification control based on the process of desert ecosystem service supply–flow–consumption was proposed;(4) and finally, seven priority research issues were discussed, which aimed to support ecological compensation policy-making and ecological engineering implementation for desertification control.  相似文献   

4.
宽城传统板栗栽培系统位于京津冀水源涵养功能区。传统板栗栽培系统以农林复合为特征,有研究表明相比于单一板栗种植模式,复合种植具有更好的生态效益。但当前当地农户大多以单一板栗种植为主。通过生态补偿,可以激励农户转变板栗经营方式,达到传承中国重要农业文化遗产、并提高生态效益的目的。本文引入偏好系数修正机会成本,通过访谈及发放问卷等调查方法,获取宽城地区农户单一板栗种植、板栗–栗蘑复合种植、板栗–小米复合种植以及板栗–养鸡复合经营投入产出状况与劳动力外出务工收入,通过分析和测算,得到结果如下:(1)尽管三种复合模式的净收入较高,但其经济投入比单一板栗种植模式多,单位投资的回报率低;(2)宽城地区青壮年劳动力外出务工的平均收入高于当地种植业,因此当地板栗复合种植生产模式具有较高的机会成本;(3)研究结果表明板栗–养鸡复合经营模式无需补偿,板栗–栗蘑复合种植模式至少需要补偿1608.5USD ha~(–1) yr~(–1),对板栗–小米复合种植模式最低需要补偿198.3 USD ha~(–1) yr~(–1),才可以保障农户获得其创造的全部价值,从而激励农户恢复传统的农林复合生产模式,实现经济和生态效益的双赢并传承农业文化遗产。  相似文献   

5.
南水北调中线工程环境影响与河南生态经济发展   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
李昊 《地域研究与开发》2006,25(6):54-57,70
南水北调工程是解决我国北方地区资源性缺水问题的战略措施,是关系国家经济布局的重点工程。文章概述了南水北调中线工程建设情况及其意义,并对中线工程实施后对主要水源区和受水区河南省生态环境与社会经济发展的影响进行了综合评估分析。在此基础上,应用生态经济学理论,提出基于可持续发展的生态农业、生态林业、生态工业、生态旅游业、生态产业及循环经济的河南生态经济发展对策。  相似文献   

6.
阐述了南水北调的必要性,比较了东、西、中三条线路的利弊,论证了中线工程选线科学、水源可靠、水质优良、自流入京等无以伦比的优势。指出此项工程的实施必将带来巨大的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。  相似文献   

7.
把荒漠变资源,把资源变资产,把资产变现钱?科学系统评估荒漠生态资产,把荒漠生态资产核算与国民经济核算体系对接、纳入现行经济社会发展评价体系,为建立体现生态文明要求的目标体系与奖惩机制提供科学依据和数据支撑,并最终制定政策实现对荒漠生态系统的有效、合理的补偿。首先,本文将界定荒漠生态资产概念,阐述荒漠生态资产的内涵;其次,基于荒漠生态系统服务评估,构建一套荒漠生态资产评估体系,为定量评估荒漠生态资产与编制荒漠生态资产负债表奠定基础;最后,本文将梳理现行的荒漠生态补偿政策,探讨如何基于荒漠生态资产评估来设计荒漠生态补偿政策,提供完善荒漠生态补偿政策的对策建议。  相似文献   

8.
生态补偿的内涵在国际上指的是生态系统服务付费,在国内一般被认为是以保护生态服务功能、促进人与自然和谐相处为目的,根据生态系统服务价值、生态保护成本、发展机会成本等,运用财政、税费、市场等手段,调节生态保护者、受益者和破坏者经济利益关系的一种制度安排。建立生态补偿机制,是建设生态文明的重要制度保障。在综合考虑生态保护成本、发展机会成本和生态服务价值的基础上,采取财政转移支付或市场交易等方式,对生态保护者给予合理补偿,对于实施主体功能区战略、确保生态服务的有效供给具有重要意义。我国现行生态补偿的财税机制主要包括纵向财政转移支付、横向财政转移支付和市场化模式三大类。通过总结我国生态补偿现状可以看出,我国已经初步形成了由中央森林生态效益补偿基金制度、草原生态补偿制度、重点生态功能区转移支付制度等构成的生态补偿制度框架。在该制度框架下,各地区、各部门积极探索生态补偿机制建设,在森林、草原、湿地、流域和水资源、矿产资源开发、海洋以及重点生态功能区等领域取得了重要进展。但总体来看,我国的生态补偿机制还没有根本确立,谁开发谁保护、谁受益谁补偿的利益调节格局还没有真正形成,对生态环境保护还没有充分发挥作用。今后生态补偿的发展趋势有:(1)生态补偿投入力度的增强;(2)政府责任的强化;(3)补偿方式的多元化发展;(4)制度体系建立。  相似文献   

9.
生态补偿标准研究   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
在阐述生态补偿标准分类的基础上,总结当前我国生态补偿标准在流域开发、矿产资源开发、森林生态效益保护、自然保护区建设、退耕(牧)还林(草)等领域的补偿依据;对国内学者的生态补偿标准核算方法与结果进行了归类;探讨现阶段补偿标准过低的主要原因:生态补偿模式单一、补偿资金不足,对补偿依据认识不全面、计算不完整,忽视补偿的空间差异,生态系统服务价值核算方法有待突破等;指出今后生态补偿标准研究的重点及方向。  相似文献   

10.
本文在界定生态技术概念和生态技术识别需求的基础上,梳理了现有的技术识别的方法。目前应用于技术辨识的方法主要有德尔菲法、技术路线图、层次分析法、专利计量法和文本挖掘法。其中"德尔菲法+层次分析法"把生态技术纳入到社会经济系统中进行系统化的识别,主要是构建生态技术识别的指标体系模型,分别从技术特性、技术水平和性能、经济、社会和生态效益视角进行识别;专利计量法从客观角度出发,依据生态技术自身的特点和发展规律,对其进行识别。本文认为"德尔菲法+层次分析法"和专利计量法这两种方法结合了定性和定量技术识别的优点,应该成为开展生态技术识别的首选。  相似文献   

11.
我国城市扩张、粮食保障和能源转型形势严峻,如何挖掘城市建成环境的绿色生产潜力、探索一条通过粮食生产和太阳能利用节约土地空间并缓解生态压力的新途径?本文不同于以往生态补偿研究大多以重点生态功能区为对象或以财税补偿机制为手段,而是创新性地建立了一种城市空间内部的生态补偿机制。本文提出城市“绿色生产性面积”作为一种从城市生态学角度来衡量城市生态承载力提升潜力的方法,它基于将城市绿色资源收入换算成相同条件下它们所能节约的生态足迹面积。首先,通过类型学方法建立绿色生产补偿策略;其次,进行城市建成环境的全要素空间清查及其绿色生产潜力分析;最后,建立不同绿色生产的生态节地效益统一核算标准,并转换为绿色生产性土地面积指标。以天津市南开区学府街道为例,通过可利用的屋顶及闲置用地进行绿色生产,补充了该区12%的建筑所占用的自然土地所能提供的生态承载力。  相似文献   

12.
南水北调中线工程水源地水环境保护   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
本文分析工程水源地水环境保护的难点,认为经济落后,水质和生态的逐渐恶化是其水环境保护的主要制约因素,对此提出了工程水源保护的主要对策。  相似文献   

13.
丹江口水库作为南水北调中线工程水源地,水质达二级以上。但目前已出现局部区域入库支流和水库本身的水环境恶化趋势,随着南水北调工程的实施,入库支流的水环境与工程对水质的高标准要求之间的差距将会拉大。因此水源地水环境保护成为工程实施需要考虑的关键问题之一。本文分析工程水源地水环境保护的难点,认为经济落后、水质和生态的逐渐恶化是其水环境保护的主要制约因素。对此提出了工程水源地水环境保护的主要对策  相似文献   

14.
选取了坡度、土地利用类型、土壤类型、海拔高度、坡向等5个主导评价因子.采用等差指数多因子综合分析与最低限制性因子分析相结合的方法,利用ARCGIS 9.0软件提取相关信息,对南水北调中线工程水源区农耕地进行了分等定级.结果表明,最适宜和中度适宜的土地面积分别占3.4%和36.5%,以中低产田为主;临界适宜和不适宜的土地面积占16.8%和43.4%,具有潜在的宜林宜牧利用价值.研究结果对于水源区制定农业发展政策,科学合理、高效利用土地尤其是耕地资源,实现生态环境保护与经济的协调发展具有重要意义.  相似文献   

15.
The land fallow policy was adopted by central and local governments to encourage the abandonment of water-intensive crops, such as winter wheat, in groundwater over-exploited areas. At the same time, since the 1990 s, many households in the North China Plain(NCP) have chosen to replace the winter wheat and summer maize double-cropping system with the spring maize single-cropping system. Therefore, it is crucial to identify target land parcels for winter wheat abandonment and to design reasonable and proper standards for ecological compensation prior to the implementation of the land fallow policy in the NCP. In this study, multi-level logit models were used with household survey data in order to detect determinants across land parcel, household and village levels on household cropping system decisions; the opportunity costs for winter wheat abandonment were also calculated using cost–benefit analysis. The results show that:(1) land quality and irrigation condition at parcel level are two essential elements influencing household cropping system decisions. Nearly 70% of the total area of poor land and more than 90% of the total area of unirrigated land has suffered winter wheat abandonment. Target land parcels for the land fallow policy should be those that are irrigated and of high quality.(2) There were no significant differences between net profits from spring maize and summer maize under similar farming conditions, and the opportunity cost for winter wheat abandonment should be equal to the net profit of winter wheat.(3) The primary purpose of the land fallow policy is to induce groundwater recovery and restoration as a preliminary stage. A higher level of 350 yuan/mu is recommended as subsidy for ecological compensation at this stage. Later, the primary purpose of the policy should be a transition to a balance between exploitation and supplementation of water resources, and a lower level of 280 yuan/mu is recommended as a subsidy at this stage.  相似文献   

16.
在中央支农惠农政策的持续支持下,我国粮食实现了多年连续增长,农民收入显著提高。但农业生产方式整体而言较为传统粗放,导致农业资源消耗过度、生态环境问题日趋严重,农产品生产成本增高、质量不能满足日益增长的社会需要。党中央、国务院强调要大力推进农业供给侧改革,调整农业产业结构,转变农业生产方式。而将目前的以保护产量为主的保护价收购等补贴政策,转化为以农业生态补偿为主的绿色补贴是实现农业绿色发展的重要途径。本文介绍了构建农业生态补偿机制对推进农业绿色发展的意义,分析了我国当前农业补贴政策的效能,借鉴发达国家农业生态补偿的经验,阐述了构建农业生态补偿机制的路径选择,提出加快构建农业生态补偿机制的政策建议。  相似文献   

17.
中国生态交错带(英文)   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
生态交错带(Ecotone)是指两个群落或两类生态系统之间的过度带,具有脆弱、敏感和易变等特性。20世纪70年代以来,在典型生态系统研究的基础上,生态交错带逐步成为生态学研究的重点。中国地域广阔,地质、气候、植被等生态类型复杂多变,蕴育了不同类型、不同尺度和不同规模的多种生态交错带,不仅为科学研究奠定了广阔空间,而且对我国经济、社会发展,以及文化多样性保护具有重要支撑作用。本文根据我国大尺度下生态交错带的地理分布及其生态环境特点,构建了以土地利用类型、自然气候特征和农业经济发展"三位一体"指标体系,并以此为依据对中国典型生态交错带进行了划分和空间分布范围的界定;在此基础上,分别对北方森林草原交错带、北方农牧交错带、西北荒漠绿洲交错带、西南川滇农林牧交错带和东部海陆交错带的动态变化、基本特征和存在问题进行了研究,对全面认识我国生态交错带自然演变规律,促进区域生态环境保护和优化经济发展具有重要意义。  相似文献   

18.
社会生态补偿标准测算方法(英文)   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Ecological compensation is a hot subject in academic studies, and the determina-tion of the spatial allocation of compensation payments is a key point in the research of eco-logical compensation. There are two kinds of thoughts in the determination of regional spatial allocation at present: "evaluation of ecological construction cost" and "evaluation of ecosystem services value". This paper analyzes the relationships between social ecological compensation and regional socio-economic development, and establishes two econometric models with the data of 2007 from various provinces in China. Through these models, the impacts of geographical endowments on the regional socio-economic development in various provinces are analyzed from the social justice viewpoint and the concept of "equivalent value of geographical endowments" (EGE for short) is proposed. This paper analyzes the application prospect of EGE in the policy making of regional ecological compensation. The results showed that: (1) the implementation of social ecological compensation is not only an effective guarantee for each region to obtain the equal rights of survival, development and decent environment, but also an essential assurance to the coordinated, balanced and sustainable development among various regions; (2) the regional difference in geographical endowments is an important factor affecting the regional spatial variation of socio-economic development. Therefore, geographical endowments are important bases for the determination of the spatial allocation of compensation payments in social ecological compensation; (3) based on the EGE, the government can determine the spatial allocation of social ecological compensation scientifically, and avoid the "sweeping approach" phenomenon in the policy making process of ecological compensation.  相似文献   

19.
我国于20世纪90年代末期启动了国家重点生态功能区的生态补偿制度建设,经过十余年的探索,目前形成了以"国家重点生态功能区转移支付"为主体的补偿制度。从实施效果看,现行的生态补偿制度的确为改善重点生态功能区的生态环境发挥了一定的积极作用,但其效果呈现减弱趋势,这主要是由于现行的补偿制度本身存在许多问题,突出地体现在补偿标准的计算方法不合理、利益相关者权益没有得到充分体现、补偿资金来源渠道和补偿方式单一等方面。从未来看,应从如下几个方面完善生态补偿制度:(1)坚持纵向补偿为主、横向补偿为辅、纵横结合的总体思路,考虑设立国家生态补偿转移支付;(2)以生态保护成本、发展机会成本、生态服务价值作为补偿标准的确定基础,在补偿效果评估方面增加反映经济绿化程度的指标;(3)逐步建立多利益相关者参与的补偿资金使用机制,建立以绿色发展为导向的地方政府政绩考核机制;(4)积极培育以生态服务为产品的新兴业态,促进生态服务产业的繁荣。  相似文献   

20.
The first-stage of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region(TRSR), China, has been in progress for eight years. However, because the ecological effects of this project remain unknown, decision making for future project implementation is hindered. Thus, in this study, we developed an index system to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration project, by integrating field observations, remote sensing, and process-based models. Effects were assessed using trend analyses of ecosystem structures and services. Results showed positive trends in the TRSR since the beginning of the project, but not yet a return to the optima of the 1970 s. Specifically, while continued degradation in grassland has been initially contained, results are still far from the desired objective, ‘grassland coverage increasing by an average of 20%–40%'. In contrast, wetlands and water bodies have generally been restored, while the water conservation and water supply capacity of watersheds have increased. Indeed, the volume of water conservation achieved in the project meets the objective of a 1.32 billion m~3 increase. The effects of ecological restoration inside project regions was more significant than outside, and, in addition to climate change projects, we concluded that the implementation of ecological conservation and restoration projects has substantially contributed to vegetation restoration. Nevertheless, the degradation of grasslands has not been fundamentally reversed, and to date the project has not prevented increasing soil erosion. In sum, the effects and challenges of this first-stage project highlight the necessity of continuous and long-term ecosystem conservation efforts in this region.  相似文献   

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