基于动态切削过程仿真的外圆车削稳定性判定

建立考虑工件轴向和径向两个方向刀具刃倾角和模态方向的车削颤振模型。利用试验得到的切削力系数和模态参数,获得给定机床、刀具和工件组合下的颤振稳定域曲线。建立外圆车削轴类零件的动力学模型,主要包括刀具相对工件的动态切削力和动态位移模型。提出一种借助动态切削力和刀具动态位移时域仿真,以及相邻两转的切削力和位移动态成分映射截面来综合判断切削过程稳定性的方法。通过切削试验验证颤振稳定域判据和动态切削过程判据的准确性。利用该方法了解稳定切削和颤振切削的信号特点和分布规律。对比颤振稳定域和动态切削仿真两种稳定性判据的有效性、优缺点和适用场合,尤其通过典型零件的切削过程仿真说明动态切削仿真方法的优点。此外,还通过对动态切削过程的变模态参数仿真,分析模态参数对切削过程稳定性的影响。     

基于切削力与振动特性钛合金铣削工艺参数研究

针对钛合金材料的难加工性,基于正交试验,研究了工艺参数对切削力、切削振动等影响规律,提出了综合考虑切削力、切削振动的工艺参数优化方法。研究结果表明,轴向切深、径向切深和进给速度对切削力影响显著,其中轴向切深、径向切深对X方向(垂直加工表面)切削力影响非常显著;切削速度对切削振动影响显著,频谱分析表明试验条件下未发生切削颤振。考虑各工艺参数对切削力、切削振动的显著程度,建立了以切削力、切削振动为约束条件,最大金属切除率为优化目标的工艺参数优化模型,进而获得了不同约束条件下的工艺参数优化组合。     

螺旋铣孔工艺参数对CFRP分层的影响研究

选取螺旋铣孔过程中切削速度、轴向进给以及偏心量为对分层产生主要影响的工艺参数。为得到建模所需数据,切削实验采用三因素三水平全因素实验设计,并使用螺旋铣孔工艺专用涂层刀具。基于实验数据,通过多元非线性回归-响应曲面法,建立分层缺陷和螺旋铣孔工艺参数之间的数学模型,并用MATLAB画出响应曲面图,最后通过曲面图直观地分析了三种参数对分层的影响,指出两个导致分层的主要因素。     

基于灰色系统理论的球头铣刀螺旋铣孔切削参数优化

螺旋铣孔工艺技术是适用于典型难加工材料的制孔工艺技术。本文基于球头铣刀钛合金螺旋铣孔试验,测量了三向切削力,分析了切削参数对径向力和轴向力的影响,以减小径向切削力、轴向力切削力和提高切削效率为优化目标。利用灰色系统理论计算了灰色关联系数、灰色关联度和平均灰色关联度,得出了试验范围内多目标优化的最优切削参数组合。     

钛合金大直径孔螺旋铣削工艺优化研究

本文基于螺旋铣孔技术,采用正交试验和极差值分析方法,在钛合金上进行了19.05mm直径孔的螺旋铣削试验。分析了不同切削参数对轴向切削力、钛合金孔径、粗糙度等的影响,以此为指标优化出最佳工艺参数。在此基础上研究了最佳参数下切削力、加工质量和刀具磨损随加工孔数的变化,发现在大直径孔加工中,螺旋铣孔技术可有效改善加工质量、提高加工效率。     

基于动力学不确定性的重型切削工艺参数优化

针对数控重型切削加工过程的切削稳定性具有不确定性的特点,提出了在切削稳定性和机床工作能力的约束下,获得最大材料去除率的工艺参数优化方法。根据重型切削加工的工艺特点建立三维动力学模型,以机床的固有频率、阻尼比、刚度和切削力系数作为不确定因素,结合排零定理和边理论对其进行不确定性分析,获得稳健的切削稳定性叶瓣图,结合切削深度、刀具直径和刀具齿数的关系,为加工过程选择能获得最大切削深度的刀具。在此基础上,建立工艺参数优化模型,选择最佳的轴向切削深度、径向切削深度和主轴转速的组合,最后以一台加工中心上某型号发动机缸体表面的粗加工过程为例进行了验证。     

基于运动学及力热分析的CFRP超声振动辅助螺旋铣孔质量影响机制

碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer/plastic,CFRP)因其较高的比强度、耐腐蚀性、耐疲劳性等优异性能,被广泛应用于航空航天领域,但作为各向异性的难加工材料,制孔过程易产生损伤.针对CFRP超声振动辅助螺旋铣孔质量为研究内容,首先建立了轴向超声辅助螺旋铣孔的运动学方程,对与孔壁接触的侧刃的切削轨迹、速度、超声辅助螺旋铣孔过程侧刃的有效前角进行了求解.分析了有无超声振动条件下CFRP孔表面的纤维断裂及材料去除机理,在切削角度为0～45°范围内,螺旋铣纤维主要承受拉伸应力,而超声辅助螺旋铣条件下纤维承受变向剪切作用,纤维易断裂且与基体脱粘现象显著降低.此外,研究了工艺参数(轴转速、螺距、切向每齿进给量)对CFRP超声振动辅助螺旋铣孔切削力和切削温度的影响规律.结合切削力、热、切削刃与刀具的相对位移、运动速度及有效前角的变化,分析了工艺参数对毛刺、分层损伤及出入口孔径的影响机制.研究表明由于超声振动的存在,工艺参数影响刀具与工件的接触及分离属性、刀具的有效前角,从而影响切削过程中的力、热的变化,进而影响制孔质量.     

基于热—力耦合理论的刀具结构设计

本文提出一种基于热—力耦合理论的刀具结构设计方法,基于DEFROM 2D/3D软件设计通过硬质合金平头倒角立铣刀,并进行高速铣削7075合金钢的仿真实验,在主轴转速为4000r/min、进给速度为2000mm/min、切削深度为0.1mm的参数下,对影响切削力和切削热的主要刀具结构参数(前角、后角、螺旋角及刀具刃数)进行了仿真研究。研究表明,在此工艺环境下,当结构参数为前角15°、后角10°、螺旋角35°及四刃的刀具齿数时,设计刀具相较于普通刀具的最大切削力下降4.1%,平均切削力下降5%,切削热下降7.4%。     

数控刀具对数控加工工艺的影响及优化

针对传统刀具加工存在加工成本高、刀具磨损严重的问题,在分析当前主要刀具类型基础上,以SiCf/SiC复合材料为研究实例,采用钻削制孔方式对数控刀具加工进行实验。其中验证刀具几何参数对切削力、刀具磨损及孔质量的影响;然后采用BP-GA优化模型进行刀具轴向力优化。结果表明,在钻削SiCf/SiC复合材料时,螺旋角对切削力大小的刀具角度影响最大,其次为顶角和后角。正交实验分析可知,切削力在最小值时,刀具角度最佳参数分别为顶角120°,螺旋角19°,后角18°,说明造成刀具磨损的主要原因为涂层脱落、切削刃崩刃。EDS分析发现,孔洞处含有大量W、Co元素,说明层间孔洞主要由刀具切削时的磨损造成。通过BP-GA优化模型可实现轴向力优化处理,具备可行性。     

圆角铣削颤振稳定域建模与仿真研究

为避免在圆角铣削加工中产生颤振,建立考虑再生作用的圆角铣削动力学模型,推导其平均方向力系数计算公式。鉴于圆角铣削时主轴转速通常远大于圆角处的进给角速度,两者的平均方向力系数近似相等。因此,经典直线铣削颤振稳定域解析模型适用于圆角铣削,前提是需要用最大径向啮合角代替名义径向啮合角进行仿真。根据铣刀与工件的啮合情况,将圆角铣削分为均匀切宽圆角铣削和非均匀圆角切宽铣削两类,并分别推导出其最大径向啮合角计算公式。在动力学建模基础上开发圆角铣削颤振稳定域仿真模块,仿真结果得到了切削试验的验证,为圆角铣削切削参数的选择提供了一条有效途径。     

Modelling, simulation and experimental investigation of cutting forces during helical milling operations

The kinematics of helical milling on a three-axis machine tool is first analysed. An analytical model dealing with time domain cutting forces is proposed in this paper. The cutting force model is established in order to accurately predict the cutting forces and torque during helical milling operations as a function of helical feed, spindle velocity, axial and radial cutting depth and milling tool geometry. The forces both on the side cutting edges and on the end cutting edges along the helical feed path are described by considering the tangential and the axial motion of the tool. The dual periodicity which is caused by the spindle rotation, as well as the period of the helical feed of the cutting tool, has been included. Both simulation and experiments have been performed in order to compare the results obtained from modelling with experiments.     

Three-dimensional stability prediction and chatter analysis in milling of thin-walled plate

Stability lobe diagram can be used for selecting proper milling parameters to perform chatter-free operations and improve productivity during milling of thin-walled plates. This paper studies the machining stability in milling of thin-walled plates and develops a three-dimensional stability lobe diagram of the spindle speed, tool position, and axial depth of cut. The workpiece-holder system is modeled as a 2-degree-of-freedom system considering that the tool system is much more rigid than the thin-walled plate, and dynamic equations of motion described for the workpiece-holder system are solved numerically in time domain to compute the dynamic displacements of the thin-walled plate. Statistical variances of the dynamic displacements are then employed as a chatter detection criterion to acquire the stability lobe diagram. The experimentally obtained stability limits correspond well with the predicted stability limits. In addition, influence of feed rate on stability limits is also investigated. By performing frequency analysis of the measured cutting forces to judge if chatter occurs, it is found that feed per tooth has little influence on the stability limits. However, feed per tooth impacts the machined surface quality. The results show that the surface quality drops by increasing feed per tooth.     

Three-dimensional stability lobe and maximum material removal rate in end milling of thin-walled plate

Chatter phenomenon often occurs during end milling of thin-walled plate and becomes a common limitation to achieve high productivity and part quality. For the purpose of chatter avoidance, the optimal selection of the axial and radial depth of cut, which are decisive primary parameters in the maximum material removal rate, is required. This paper studies the machining stability in milling of the thin-walled plate and develops a three-dimensional lobe diagram of the spindle speed, axial, and radial depth of cut. Through the three-dimensional lobe, it is possible to choose the appropriate cutting parameters according to the dynamic behavior of the chatter system. Moreover, this paper studies the maximum material removal rate at the condition of optimal pairs of the axial and radial depth of cutting.     

基于Pareto遗传算法的螺旋铣加工参数优化

螺旋铣是主要针对航空领域中难加工材料的先进制孔工艺技术。在螺旋铣孔过程中,主轴转速、每齿进给量和每转轴向切削深度是3个最主要的加工参数。以材料去除量和刀具耐用度为优化目标,基于Pareto多目标遗传算法,针对螺旋铣削钛合金材料在稳定性切削条件下的切削参数进行了优化,主要考虑铣削参数对孔表面质量的影响。最终通过切削实验进行了验证。     

Prediction of cutting forces in helical milling process

The prediction of cutting forces is important for the planning and optimization of machining process in order to reduce machining damage. Helical milling is a kind of hole-machining technique with a milling tool feeding on a helical path into the workpiece, and thus, both the periphery cutting edges and the bottom cutting edges all participated in the machining process. In order to investigate the characteristics of discontinuous milling resulting in the time varying undeformed chip thickness and cutting forces direction, this paper establishes a novel analytic cutting force model of the helical milling based on the helical milling principle. Dynamic cutting forces are measured and analyzed under different cutting parameters for the titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V). Cutting force coefficients are identified and discussed based on the experimental test. Analytical model prediction is compared with experiment testing. It is noted that the analytical results are in good agreement with the experimental data; thus, the established cutting force model can be utilized as an effective tool to predict the change of cutting forces in helical milling process under different cutting conditions.     

Time domain coupled simulation of machine tool dynamics and cutting forces considering the influences of nonlinear friction characteristics and process damping

A higher machining ability is always required for NC machine tools to achieve higher productivity. The self-oscillated vibration called “chatter” is a well-known and significant problem that increases the metal removal rate. The generation process of the chatter vibration can be described as a relationship between cutting force and machine tool dynamics. The characteristics of machine tool feed drives are influenced by the nonlinear friction characteristics of the linear guides. Hence, the nonlinear friction characteristics are expected to affect the machining ability of machines. The influence of the contact between the cutting edge and the workpiece (i.e., process damping) on to the machining ability has also been investigated. This study tries to clarify the influence of the nonlinear friction characteristics of linear guides and ball screws and process damping onto milling operations. A vertical-type machining center is modeled by a multi-body dynamics model with nonlinear friction models. The influence of process damping onto the machine tool dynamics is modeled as stiffness and damping between the tool and the workpiece based on the evaluated frequency response during the milling operation. A time domain-coupled simulation approach between the machine tool behavior and the cutting forces is performed by using the machine tool dynamics model. The simulation results confirm that the nonlinear frictions influence the cutting forces with an effect to suppress the chatter vibration. Furthermore, the influence of process damping can be evaluated by the proposed measurement method and estimated by a time domain simulation.     

A novel chatter stability criterion for the modelling and simulation of the dynamic milling process in the time domain

The modelling of the dynamic processes in milling and the determination of chatter-free cutting conditions are becoming increasingly important in order to facilitate the effective planning of machining operations. In this study, a new chatter stability criterion is proposed, which can be used for a time domain milling process simulation and a model-based milling process control. A predictive time domain model is presented for the simulation and analysis of the dynamic cutting process and chatter in milling. The instantaneous undeformed chip thickness is modelled to include the dynamic modulations caused by the tool vibrations so that the dynamic regeneration effect is taken into account. The cutting force is determined by using a predictive machining theory. A numerical method is employed to solve the differential equations governing the dynamics of the milling system. The work proposes that the ratio of the predicted maximum dynamic cutting force to the predicted maximum static cutting force can be used as a criterion for the chatter stability. Comparisons between the simulation and experimental results are given to verify the new model.     

Prediction of regenerative chatter in the high-speed vertical milling of thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy

With the wide application of high-speed cutting technology, high-speed machining approach of titanium alloy has become one of the most effective ways to improve processing efficiency and to reduce the processing cost, but the cutting chatter which often occurs in the cutting process not only affects the machining surface quality but also reduces the production efficiency. Regenerative chatter is a typical phenomenon during actual cutting, and it has the greatest impact on the cutting process. With the purpose of avoiding regenerative chatter and selecting appropriate cutting parameters to achieve a steady cutting process and a high surface quality, it is necessary to determine the critical boundary conditions where chatter occurs. Built on the work of previous theoretical researches of regenerative chatter, this paper utilized Visual C++ software to calculate the chatter stability domain during the finish machining of titanium alloy. It was shown that the border between a stable cut and an unstable cut can be visualized in terms of the axial depth of cut as a function of the spindle speed. Using the result, it can find the specific combination of machining parameters, which lead to the maximum chatter-free material removal rate. In order to verify the result, the high-speed milling experiment of an I-shaped thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy was conducted. It revealed that the actual machining result was consistent with the calculation prediction. This study will offer a useful guide for effective parameter selection in future CNC machining applications.