酵母细胞不对称还原4-氯苯乙酮合成相应手性醇

以4-氯苯乙酮(C l-ACP)为苯环上含卤素的芳香酮的模型底物,研究了活性酵母细胞在水相体系中催化该类芳香酮不对称还原合成相应手性醇的反应特性。结果表明,酵母细胞可催化C l-ACP的不对称还原反应,产物为S-型的4-氯-α-苯乙醇(C l-PEA),反应的立体选择性很高,S-C l-PEA的e.e.值可达到99%左右。较合适的反应条件为:反应60 h,底物浓度低于20 mmol/L,体系的pH为6~8,温度为30℃左右,酵母细胞用量为20 g/L左右,以质量浓度为20 g/L的葡萄糖为辅助底物。产物得率可达到33%。同时发现酵母细胞可以选择性地氧化外消旋C l-PEA中的S-型醇为C l-ACP。     

酵母细胞催化(S)-6-氯-5-羟基-3-羰基己酸叔丁酯的不对称还原

通过实验筛选出了对(S)-6-氯-5-羟基-3-羰基己酸叔丁酯具有较强还原能力的菌株。利用热预处理的方法提高了反应的立体选择性,并以稳定期的菌株为催化剂,考察菌龄、底物的加入量、菌体浓度、转化时间、转化温度和pH值对该反应的影响,得到较佳的反应条件是30℃,pH值6.0,底物浓度1 g/L,湿菌体浓度100 g/L,转化48 h。在此条件下进行反应,产物的收率和d.e.值可分别达到68.3%和95.1%。     

L-2-氯丙酸的合成工艺研究

以L-2-氨基丙酸为起始原料,经过重氮化、氯化、萃取、减压精馏步骤制得手性2-氯丙酸,并考察了原料配比、反应温度、酸浓度对反应的影响。最佳工艺条件为:n(L-丙氨酸)∶n(亚硝酸钠)为1∶1.6,n(碳酸钠)∶n(L-丙氨酸)为1.2∶1,盐酸浓度为25%,反应温度为5℃,反应时间为8 h,在该条件下产品收率达72.0%,e.e.%值为97.6%~98.3%,比旋光度-14.6°。     

烯丙基化合物对面包酵母立体选择性的影响机理

添加烯丙基化合物可以控制酵母催化不对称还原反应的立体选择性,以4-氯-3-羰基丁酸乙酯(COBE)为模型底物,用丙烯酰胺和烯丙基醇对酵母进行预处理,产物(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯(S-CHBE)的对映体过量值(e.e.)可以增加至94%;而用烯丙基溴预处理,则可以得到R型产物. 通过DNS法和API ZYM试验条证明烯丙基类化合物对细胞及胞内酶系存在毒害作用,且作用大小取决于烯丙基所带基团. 预处理后的酵母细胞经PBS缓冲液多次洗涤后,其活性可以逐渐得到恢复. 随着底物浓度的增加,经烯丙基醇预处理的酵母细胞,其S型产物的e.e.值维持在90%左右,而经烯丙基溴处理后,反应得到的R型产物的e.e.值则从90%下降到45%左右. 说明烯丙基类化合物竞争性地吸附于酶的活性区域,且其所带基团决定了被吸附酶的类型. 以抑制剂类似物处理酵母细胞,其反应结果说明酵母体内催化不对称还原反应的两类酶存在着空间位阻效应.     

两相体系中固定化黏红酵母CCZU-G5催化合成 (R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯

通过筛选得到一株高立体选择性还原2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯（OPBE）合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯[(R)-HPBE]的菌株并鉴定为黏红酵母。研究了在异辛烷/水两相体系中固定化黏红酵母CCZU-G5不对称还原OPBE合成(R)-HPBE的反应条件。结果表明最适的反应条件为：在异辛烷比例为10%条件下,底物浓度为100 mmol/L,催化剂用量为0.45 g/mL,辅底物为40 g/L的葡萄糖。在建立的反应体系中反应16 h,(R)-HPBE产率最高,达83.5%,e.e.值99%以上。固定化酵母经7次重复使用后,产率和e.e.值分别维持在70%和99%以上。     

不对称合成(S)-(-)-3-氯-1-苯基-1-丙醇和(S)-盐酸氟西汀的工艺研究

采用自制高活性面包酵母细胞不对称生物还原3-氯代苯丙酮合成高纯度(S)-(-)-3-氯-1-苯基-1-丙醇,考查了pH值、温度、反应时间、有氧无氧对反应产率和对映体过量值的影响。然后与甲胺和1-氯-4-三氟甲基苯反应制备(S)-盐酸氟西汀。结果表明,合成(S)-(-)-3-氯-1-苯基-1-丙醇的最佳工艺条件为:在无氧环境下,在pH值为7的500mL缓冲溶液中,加入3-氯代苯丙酮1.5g,D-葡萄糖30g,活化酵母30g和6mL乙醇,在23℃反应63h,最终产率为61.3%,对映体过量值大于99%。(S)-盐酸氟西汀的总收率约为61.7%(以(S)-(-)-3-氯-1-苯基-1-丙醇计)。     

腈水解酶重组菌发酵产酶条件的优化及应用

优化了重组菌E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET28b(+)-NIT发酵产腈水解酶的条件,确定最适发酵培养基为:玉米浆粉25g.L-1,酵母浸出汁5g.L-1,NaCl 10g.L-1,Fe3+0.5mmol.L-1,初始pH值7.5;最适诱导产酶条件为:诱导剂乳糖0.5g.L-1,诱导剂加入时间为接种6h后,诱导温度30℃,诱导时间28h,在此条件下产酶量达到6161.46U.L-1。所得菌体用于不对称转化R,S-扁桃腈生成R-(-)-扁桃酸,转化率达92.02%,产物e.e.值达99%。     

全细胞生物催化合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基 丁酸乙酯

利用全细胞生物催化合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯[(R)-HPBE],并利用氢核磁共振（1HNMR）、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、液相色谱(LC)对产物结构进行表征。以2-羰基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯（OPBE）为唯一碳源,从葡萄园土壤中筛选分离得到一株高选择性不对称还原OPBE为(R)-HPBE的菌株酵母G5,通过形态和18S rDNA分析鉴定为粘质红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCZU- G5)。构建Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCZU- G5全细胞催化还原OPBE合成(R)-HPBE的反应体系并进行了优化。结果表明最适催化反应条件为：在20 mL PBS反应体系中,反应温度为35 ℃,pH 7.5,菌体质量浓度0.2 g/mL,葡萄糖质量浓度3.0%,金属离子Ca2+ 浓度3 mmol/L,底物OPBE浓度为20 mmol/L,反应时间12 h,(R)-HPBE产率达82%,对映体过量值(e.e.)值为99.9%。     

水/有机溶剂两相体系微生物催化不对称还原制备(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯

研究了水/有机溶剂两相体系中,出芽短梗霉SW0202细胞催化4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)不对称还原制备(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯(CHBE)的过程.有机溶剂的选择表明邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为该反应最适有机溶剂,与单一水相体系相比,水/邻苯二甲酸二丁酯两相体系能明显改善反应效率.通过系统考察一些因素如相体积比、振摇速度、反应温度和pH等对反应速度、摩尔转化率和产物光学纯度的影响发现,这些因素对还原反应的初速度和摩尔转化率有较明显的影响,而对产物的光学纯度影响不明显.优化后的条件为:水与有机溶剂的相体积比1∶1,振摇速度180 r·min-1,温度30℃,pH 7.0.在该优化反应条件下,水/有机溶剂两相体系中出芽短梗霉SW0202细胞催化COBE生成(S)-CHBE不对称还原反应的最大摩尔转化率和产物的光学纯度分别达到了94.8%和97.9%e.e.,在用Na2CO3溶液控制水相pH 7.0条件下,有机相中的产物浓度积累达58.2 g·L-1.     

全细胞生物催化合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基 丁酸乙酯

以2-羰基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯(OPBE)为碳源,从葡萄园土壤中筛选分离得到一株高选择性不对称还原OPBE为(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯[(R)-HPBE]的粘质红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCZU-G5),利用1HNMR、GC-MS、液相色谱(LC)对产物结构进行了表征。构建了Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCZU-G5全细胞催化还原OPBE合成(R)-HPBE的反应体系并对反应条件进行了优化。结果表明,最适催化反应条件为:在20 mL磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)反应体系中,反应温度为35℃,pH=7.5,菌体质量浓度200 g/L,葡萄糖质量浓度30.0 g/L,金属离子Ca~(2+)浓度3 mmol/L,底物OPBE浓度为20 mmol/L,反应时间12h,在此条件下,(R)-HPBE产率达82%,对映体过量值(e.e.)为99.9%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.