发酵型饮料酒中生物胺含量的调查与分析

利用反相高效液相色谱技术,以丹磺酰氯柱前衍生,分析了我国市场中32个啤酒样品、32个葡萄酒样品和12个黄酒样品中生物胺的含量。结果表明,我国啤酒、葡萄酒样品中含有较低的生物胺物质,平均含量分别为4.787 mg/L和11.240 mg/L,黄酒中生物胺含量较高,达到了78.304 mg/L。3种饮料酒含量较多的单体生物胺均为腐胺和酪胺,我国葡萄酒中的组胺含量低于国际现有组胺标准的最低限量要求。不同企业生产的啤酒样品和不同原产地的葡萄酒样品中组胺含量存在显著差异,黄酒样品中生物胺含量为18.603～140.010 mg/L,样品间差异很大。     

黄酒中生物胺的检测方法改进

本研究在国标GB/T 5009.208-2008基础上简化了样品前处理条件和步骤,改进了检测黄酒中生物胺的方法。经方法学验证,8种生物胺得到了较好分离,标准品线性关系良好,相对标准偏差(RSD)值均＜2%,回收率均在92.0%～106.0%,方法具有良好的重复性和回收率。与国标生物胺的检测方法相比,本检测方法操作简单、快速,并且检测结果可靠。     

论葡萄酒中生物胺生成的影响因素及其检测方法

该文论述了生物胺的种类,葡萄酒中生物胺的生成的影响因素及生物胺的危害和限量,及其对生物胺的主要检测技术和方法。为研究和生产优质葡萄酒提供参考。     

葡萄酒中8种生物胺的RP-HPLC检测方法的研究

使用丹黄酰氯对目标生物胺进行柱前衍生,采用WATERS Atlantis dC18色谱柱(4.6×150mm ID,5μm),以乙腈和水作为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.6mL/min,采用UV紫外检测器,柱温为30℃,检测波长254nm,对8种生物胺进行分离分析。结果显示,回收率超过88%,最低检测限为0.01mg/L～0.1mg/L,保留时间和峰面积相对标准差低于2%。     

水产品中生物胺的检测方法研究进展

生物胺是一类低分子量含氮有机化合物,主要是由氨基酸进行脱羧反应而产生,广泛存在于各类食品中,尤其是蛋白质含量较高的水产品中。适量的生物胺对于维持人体正常的生理功能是必要的,但是过量的生物胺摄入体内会导致食物中毒、过敏等一系列毒副作用,对人体健康造成极大危害。目前,食品中生物胺含量也是食品品质是否优良的重要指标。因此,对水产品中生物胺含量的测定受到越来越多的重视。近些年来对于生物胺的化学、毒理学以及分析检测技术的研究日趋增加。本文将介绍目前水产品中常见生物胺含量测定的色谱、光谱检测方法以及生物化学检测方法的研究进展,以期为水产品的质量安全提供理论保证。同时对水产品中生物胺检测技术的发展和趋势进行展望。     

国产葡萄酒中生物胺组成与含量分析

通过对国产葡萄酒产品中生物胺组成和含量的检测分析,了解国产葡萄酒中生物胺含量现状。采用GB/T 5009.208—2008方法,对国内市售的250个国产葡萄酒样品中8种生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、精胺和亚精胺)含量进行检测。结果显示,国产葡萄酒样品中8种生物胺含量范围分别为色胺0~32.78 mg/L,苯乙胺0~48.20 mg/L,腐胺0~46.60 mg/L,尸胺0~9.38 mg/L,组胺0~14.37 mg/L,酪胺0~14.60 mg/L,精胺0~12.73 mg/L,亚精胺0~0.50mg/L;葡萄酒样品中检出率最高和最低的生物胺分别为腐胺和精胺,检出率分别为88.4%和50.0%,组胺检出率为52.8%;98.8%的葡萄酒样品中组胺含量低于10 mg/L,98.0%的葡萄酒样品中酪胺含量低于10 mg/L。同其他种类葡萄酒相比,干红葡萄酒样品中生物胺含量相对较高,但与欧洲葡萄酒传统酿造国家的同类产品含量水平一致。国产葡萄酒中生物胺含量水平符合食品安全要求,具有较好的饮用安全性。     

葡萄酒中生物胺的研究进展

生物胺是一类低分子量的含氮化合物,普遍存在于葡萄酒和其他发酵食品中。葡萄酒中的生物胺主要是由相关微生物对氨基酸脱羧而产生,并且与诸多因素相关。利用多重PCR和实时定量PCR技术可以实现对葡萄酒中生物胺产生菌的快速定量检测。高效液相色谱法（HPLC）、薄层色谱法（TLC）、离子色谱法（IC）、毛细管电泳法（CE）、气相色谱法（GC）可以定量测定葡萄酒中的多种生物胺,其中,以高效液相色谱法最为常用。通过接种优良的酵母菌和无氨基酸脱酶活性的乳酸菌,及时终止苹-乳发酵（MLF）,并避免产生污染菌,可实现对葡萄酒中生物胺的控制。     

酿造工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺的影响

生物胺在葡萄酒等发酵食品中普遍存在,含量过高时对葡萄酒品质及安全性有不良作用。酒中生物胺的种类及含量取决于酿酒葡萄和酿酒工艺,综述了抽汁处理、浸渍处理、酒帽管理、酵母及乳酸菌等酿酒工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺的影响,对实际生产中葡萄酒的优质安全酿造提供一定的理论依据。     

葡萄酒中生物胺的产生与工艺控制

生物胺存在于多种发酵食品中，人体吸收过量的生物胺后会引起不良的生理反应。在葡萄酒苹果酸—乳酸发酵(MLF)过程中，有些乳酸菌能够对氨基波脱投产生生物胺。利用PCR与DNA探针技术能够快速检测葡萄酒中的组胺产生菌。工艺上采用接种法进行MLF，并在MLF完成后对乳酸菌进行有效清除、可以显著降低葡萄酒中生物胺的含量。     

啤酒酿造过程中生物胺的产生与控制研究

发酵食品中普遍存在着生物胺，适量的生物胺有助于人体正常的生理功能．但过量吸收会引起人体不良的生理反应。本文全面分析了啤酒酿造过程中生物胺的产生途径，并提出了相应的控制办法。     

Simultaneous determination of selected biogenic amines in alcoholic beverage samples by isotachophoretic and chromatographic methods

A simple and useful method for the determination of biogenic amines in beverage samples based on isotachophoretic separation is described. The proposed procedure permitted simultaneous analysis of histamine, tyramine, cadaverine, putrescine, tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine, spermine and spermidine. The data presented demonstrate the utility, simplicity, flexibility, sensitivity and environmentally friendly character of the proposed method. The precision of the method expressed as coefficient of variations varied from 0.1% to 5.9% for beverage samples, whereas recoveries varied from 91% to 101%. The results for the determination of biogenic amines were compared with an HPLC procedure based on a pre-column derivatisation reaction of biogenic amines with dansyl chloride. Furthermore, the derivatisation procedure was optimised by verification of concentration and pH of the buffer, the addition of organic solvents, reaction time and temperature.     

Content of biogenic amines and polyamines in beers from the Czech Republic

Altogether 114 samples of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic bottled beer produced in 28 breweries in the Czech Republic were monitored for levels of biogenic amines (BA) and polyamines (PA). The beers were analysed immediately after purchase and then at the end of the best‐before period (storage temperature 8 ± 1 °C). The concentrations of histamine, phenylethylamine and tryptamine in the studied samples were very low (mostly under 30 mg L^?1). The studied PA spermine and spermidine also occurred in small amounts. Nevertheless, the levels of tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine reached significant values, especially in alcoholic beers. In almost 25% of the tested samples of alcoholic beers (at the end of the best‐before period), the total amount of all the monitored BA and PA exceeded the ‘healthy’ level of 100 mg L^?1, which is considered toxicologically significant, especially in alcoholic beverages. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Occurrence of ochratoxin A and biogenic amines in Asian beers sold in French markets

Fifty‐one samples of 17 Asian beer brands commercially available in France were analysed for the occurrence of ochratoxin A and biogenic amines, including ethanolamine, histamine, methylamine, ethylamine, tyramine, tryptamine, 2‐phenylethylamine, putrescine, isopenthylamine and cadaverine. The types and levels of biogenic amines varied from one brand to another. None of the ochratoxin A or biogenic amine contaminants in the Asian beer samples exceeded the recommended levels for safe consumption. Ochratoxin A was found to range from n.d. to 0.175 µg L^?1. Biogenic amines were detected in all samples at a level ranging from 6.15 to 47.30 mg L^?1. Isoamylamine was not detected in any of the beers. Ethanolamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine were the most abundant of the nine biogenic amines found in this study. The concentrations were 2.75–12.88 mg L^?1 for ethanolamine, 0.58–17.37 mg L^?1 for tyramine, 1.54‐9.78 mg L^?1 for putrescine and 0.31–11.39 mg L^?1 for cadaverine. The work revealed significant, strong correlations (p < 0.01) between concentrations of ochratoxin A and biogenic amines, especially tyramine, tryptamine and cadaverine. Copyright © 2013 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Influence of wine turbidity on the accumulation of biogenic amines during aging

In this work the concentration of biogenic amines in filtered and unfiltered wine during aging in oak barrels was studied. Red wine from Merlot grapes was used. The wine remained for 243 days in barrels of American oak (Quercus alba) and French oak (Quercus sessilis) from the Allier and Nevers regions. Results showed that the different degree of wine turbidity did not have any influence on the accumulation of biogenic amines during the aging period. Histamine and tyramine were degraded at the end of aging; however, the concentration of histamine in both matured wines was higher than 8 mg l^?1, which could be a toxic danger to consumers. Putrescine and cadaverine were formed during aging and were not degraded. Phenylethylamine + spermidine were formed, above all, towards the end of the aging period, and the concentration of spermine did not show any appreciable variation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

新疆不同地区生产的葡萄酒中八种生物胺含量的测定

利用反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）技术,以丹磺酰氯作为柱前衍生试剂,测定了新疆不同地区21个市售葡萄酒中的8种生物胺含量。结果表明,不同地区葡萄酒中的生物胺总含量存在明显差异,和田地区葡萄酒中总生物胺含量最少,为37.16 mg/L,吐鲁番地区葡萄酒中生物胺总含量最高,为335.18 mg/L,且不同地区生产的葡萄酒中各项生物胺种类也存在差异,生物胺中含量最高的是精胺,平均测定含量为87.37 mg/L。通过对葡萄酒中生物胺含量的测定分析,可以为新疆地区葡萄酒中的生物胺的安全品质控制提供依据。     

Occurrence of biogenic amines in beers produced with malted organic Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum)

Because several groups of microorganisms are able to decarboxylate amino acids, the presence of biogenic amines (BA) can be seen as an index of the microbiological quality of the brewing process. BAs were quantified for the first time in the intermediate products and craft beers produced with malted organic Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) in a small size brewery in order to assess the possible presence of critical control points related to biological hazard in the brewing process. BA levels in beers produced exclusively from malted organic Emmer wheat were between 15.4 and 25.2 mg l^–1 in the samples of light beer (Lt) and between 8.9 and 15.3 mg l^–1 in double malt beers (DM) ready for consumption (the beers stored for 90 days at 1–2°C). Cadaverine and tyramine were the main BAs in the Lt and DM beers, respectively. Increased concentrations of BAs seemed to be more related to the heat treatment of the processing product during mashing and wort boiling, rather than to the fermentation process. Much lower concentrations were found in finished beers obtained from 50% malted organic Emmer wheat and 50% malted barley (up to 3.2 mg l^–1) or from 30% malted Emmer wheat (up to 8.3 mg l^–1). Thus, Emmer wheat malt can be a useful alternative to wheat and spelt for the production of beer with a limited content of BA, if the processing technology is kept under control.     

新疆赤霞珠葡萄酒发酵过程中生物胺含量的变化

利用高效液相色谱技术分析葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺含量的变化。结果表明,葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺总含量整体呈上升趋势。色胺含量最高,最高可达到98.03 mg/L;腐胺和组胺含量较低,含量均不超过2.48 mg/L;精胺和亚精胺含量变化相对平稳,波动范围在1.81～3.07 mg/L之间,除色胺外,其他生物胺含量均不超过4.50 mg/L。苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺等在酒精发酵后期和苹果酸-乳酸发酵初期大幅上升,在苹-乳发酵后期,酪胺和亚精胺含量有所下降,其他生物胺含量均有一定程度上升。     

新疆四大优势产区葡萄酒中生物胺含量的测定

该研究利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对新疆天山北麓、焉耆盆地、吐哈盆地及伊犁河谷四大优势产区中60个葡萄酒样品中的总生物胺含量及8种生物胺组分的含量进行检测分析。结果表明,不同产区葡萄酒中生物胺总含量有所差异,生物胺总含量最高可达到226.13 mg/L,而最低仅有9.15 mg/L,伊犁河谷产区葡萄酒中生物胺总含量低于其他产区葡萄酒中生物胺总含量;同一产区中,各葡萄酒样品中生物胺总含量也有所差异,其中吐哈盆地产区中生物胺总含量（9.66～226.13 mg/L）差异较大;不同品种葡萄酒间生物胺总含量也不同。在四大产区的葡萄酒中,精胺含量（0.90～154.60 mg/L）较高;苯乙胺含量（0.33～4.50 mg/L）较低;组胺含量均＜15.34 mg/L;各产区葡萄酒中腐胺和尸胺含量相对平稳;部分样品中亚精胺未检出。