高压均质对胡萝卜汁物化特性及类胡萝卜素含量的影响

为研究高压均质(HPH)对胡萝卜汁物化特性和类胡萝卜素含量的影响,在不同均质压力(20,60,100,150 MPa和180 MPa),均质次数(1,2次和3次)和进料温度(25,50℃和70℃)的条件下处理胡萝卜汁并用激光粒度分析仪、Zeta电位仪、浊度仪和流变仪分别测定和计算胡萝卜汁粒径分布、Zeta电位、悬浮稳定性和流变特性(流体类型、黏度曲线和黏弹性),以此评估HPH处理参数对胡萝卜汁物化特性的影响。应用高效液相色谱法测定胡萝卜汁中类胡萝卜素的含量。结果表明:随着均质压力的升高(20～180 MPa)和均质次数的增加(1～3次),粒径分布峰向左移动,20 MPa均质处理与未均质相比,D_(50)减小52.41%,D[4,3]减小41.46%,D[3,2]减小49.48%。180 MPa均质处理与20 MPa相比,D50减小87.21%,D[4,3]减小82.9%,D[3,2]减小84.49%,HPH处理可减小胡萝卜汁中颗粒粒径并提高胡萝卜汁的悬浮稳定性。经流变学数据分析,胡萝卜汁属于假塑性流体(0n1),流变曲线符合Herschel-Bulkley模型,且胡萝卜汁具有凝胶特性(G′G″)。随着均质压力的升高(20～180 MPa)和均质次数的增加(1～3次),胡萝卜汁表观黏度降低,G′和G″均减小。HPH不降低胡萝卜汁中类胡萝卜素含量,甚至促进类胡萝卜素从植物组织释放至胡萝卜汁中。在进料温度25℃,均质次数3次,均质压力60MPa时β-胡萝卜素和α-胡萝卜素含量最高,分别为44.86μg/mL和22.39μg/mL。     

大豆分离蛋白与大豆磷脂比例对超声乳化亚麻籽油乳液特性的影响

适宜的乳化剂组成对于乳液的特性及稳定性有重要的影响。为超声乳化制备稳定的亚麻籽油乳液,以大豆分离蛋白（SPI）和大豆磷脂（SLT）为乳化剂,亚麻籽油为油相制备O/W乳液,研究SPI与SLT比例对亚麻籽油乳液特性的影响,从乳液的微观结构、水合平均粒径、多分散指数、ζ-电位、分层稳定性、表观黏度及低场核磁共振弛豫特性等方面进行了比较。结果表明,随着SPI与SLT比例从3∶ 1减小至1∶ 3,乳液的水合平均粒径增大,多分散指数先减小后增大,ζ-电位绝对值、乳层析指数及表观黏度总体增大,且T2弛豫图谱右移,体系中氢质子所受的束缚力减小。当SPI与SLT比例为1∶ 1时,乳液的多分散指数最低（0.07±0.07）且粒径呈单峰分布,ζ-电位绝对值较高,乳层析指数较低,同时体系中氢质子所受的束缚力较大,表观黏度较大,说明所形成的亚麻籽油乳液体系更为均匀、稳定。     

果胶酶对甘薯浆流变学行为的影响

采用中心组合设计和响应面分析法研究不同处理时间(16～134min)、处理温度(20～70℃)和加酶量(0.005%～0.105%,m/m)下果胶酶对甘薯浆流变学行为(屈服应力、流动性特征指数、黏稠系数)和表观黏度的影响。结果表明：未经果胶酶处理和经过果胶酶处理的甘薯浆均为非牛顿性流体、呈现假塑性同时具有屈服应力。Herschel-Bulkley 模型可以较好的拟合剪切应力和剪切速率的相关性;研究发现,果胶酶处理使甘薯浆的非牛顿性流体流变行为减弱,同时其表观黏度随着果胶酶浓度的增加而逐渐降低。经过果胶酶处理后的甘薯浆的表观黏度最小值为71.56mPa·s,对应的酶浓度为0.1%,酶处理时间为70.56min,酶处理温度42.34℃。     

改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系流变行为及其流变参数拟合(Ⅰ)——铝锆偶联剂用量对分散体系流变行为的影响

采用铝锆偶联剂对纳米CaCO,进行表面改性,对改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系的流变数据进行测定,并借助非牛顿流体模型实现流变参数的拟合.结果表明,在低剪切速率下,改性纳米CaCO3水相分散体系的表观黏度随着剪切速率的增大而下降,即剪切变稀,呈现假塑性流体特性;在高剪切速率下,随着剪切速率的增大,分散体系的表观黏度变化很小.呈现近牛顿型流体特性.采用铝锆偶联剂对纳米CaCO3,进行表面改性,可明显改善纳米CaCO3在水相体系中的流动性,使屈服应力、零剪切黏度及极限黏度都明显减小.根据Herschel-Bulkley模型拟合结果,未经表面改性的纳米CaCO3水相分散体系的流动特性指数和屈服应力分别为1.489和2.767 Pa,呈现剪切变稠流动趋势,表明分散体系的不稳定性,部分粒子发牛团聚;而经2.0%铝锆偶联剂改性的纳米CaCO3水相分散体系的流动特性指数和屈服应力分别为0.880和1.250 Pa,呈现明显的假塑性流体特性,分散体系流动性较好.     

不同处理方式对柑橘纤维形态结构的影响研究

本研究探讨了三种柑橘纤维[AQ-Plus (1号),Fiber-Star (2号)和在我们的实验室中提取的纤维(3号)]之间基本成分、物理性质(持水性、持油性以及膨胀性)的差异;通过测定柑橘纤维悬浮液的粒径、Zeta电位、表观黏度以及微观结构来探讨高压均质、超声波处理对三种柑橘纤维悬浮液的形态表征的影响。实验结果表明:1号纤维素(38.02±1.61 g/100 g)、半纤维(29.56±0.63 g/100 g)含量较高,持水性(21.58 g/g)、持油性(14.29 g/g)以及膨胀性(27.46 mL/g)较好,2号次之,3号最差;经过30 MPa,60℃高压均质处理,三种柑橘纤维粒径降低,Zeta电位、表观黏度较未处理前显著提升;随着超声波处理时间的增加,三种柑橘纤维的粒径逐渐下降,表观黏度呈现递增的趋势;在0～5min处理过程中,三种柑橘纤维悬浮液Zeta电位绝对值随着超声波处理时间的增加而显著提高,随着超声时间的进一步延长,三种柑橘纤维Zeta电位无显著变化。     

超声对魔芋葡甘聚糖与大豆蛋白复配体系粒度与流变性的影响

为了寻找调控多糖和蛋白质稳定体系的手段,研究不同强度的超声(0、120、200、280 W)处理下对魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)-大豆分离蛋白(SPI)粒径大小、ζ-电位、和流变性的影响,结果表明：适度超声处理使KGM-SPI体系颗粒变小,且大部分颗粒主要分布在50~60Sμm之间,ζ-电位为-11.78mV,而过度的超声处理反而使其颗粒粒径变大,ζ-电位的绝对值变小。流变学分析表明KGM-SPI体系为假塑性流体,适度超声处理会使KGM-SPI体系的k值增大、n值减小,储能模量(G′)及损耗模量(G″)增加,促使KGM-SPI凝胶的强度增强,形成弹性体系,而过度超声处理会使其体系K值减小、n值增大,降低其黏弹性。从温度扫描看,超声改变了体系的耐温性,且200SW超声处理优于120SW处理,而280SW处理最差。这表明适宜强度的超声处理有利于复合体系凝胶性能和耐温性得到的提升。     

高压均质处理次数对肌原纤维蛋白水溶液结构及理化特性的影响

以鸡肉中的肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar proteins,MP）为对象,研究在103 MPa压力条件下不同高压均质（high pressure homogenization,HPH）处理次数（1～6 次）对MP水溶液结构以及理化特性的影响。结果表明：HPH可以显著提高MP在水中的溶解性（P＜0.05）。随着HPH处理次数的增加,MP在水溶液中的粒径先减小后变大;表观黏度减小,流动能力增强;表面疏水性和活性巯基含量先增加后减少;圆二色光谱结果显示不同HPH处理次数对MP水溶液的二级结构构象的影响不同;过多的HPH处理次数会导致MP水溶液中蛋白质聚集,从而影响其溶解性和稳定性;经过4 次HPH处理的MP水溶液具有较好的溶解性和稳定性。说明通过选择适当次数的HPH处理可以实现对MP在水中溶解性的调控,为其在食品加工中的应用提供新思路。     

几种关键工艺条件对芒果水牛酸乳稳定性及其结构特性影响的研究

为了探索工艺条件对芒果水牛酸乳稳定性及其结构的影响作用,从其持水力(WHC)、黏度、zeta电位3个方面对样品的作用特性进行了研究.结果表明:当3种稳定剂总量浓度达到0.15％时,水牛酸乳样品的WHC值达到最大,稳定性最好.酪蛋白胶粒表面稳定剂吸附量随着稳定剂添加量的增加而增多,zeta电位减小,电负性进一步增加,所形成复合大分子间斥力加大,从而抑制了酪蛋白的聚集沉淀,增强了体系的稳定性.添加3种不同稳定剂的酸乳样品的WHC、黏度随着pH的下降而下降,表明酸度增加导致体系的稳定性降低.均质压力增加,酸乳WHC值呈增大趋势,体系黏度并未随之增大,体系ζ-电位呈增加的趋势.     

环糊精稳定紫苏籽油Pickering乳液的制备及其稳定性

紫苏籽油具有很好的食用及保健功能,将其制成稳定的可涂抹乳液可增加其应用的多样性。本文利用β-环糊精的乳化特性,通过高速均质法将紫苏籽油制成Pickering乳液,观察乳液的微观结构、测定其粒度和Zeta电位,研究体系添加糖、盐、黄原胶以及pH值对乳液稳定性的影响,并对其黏度特性进行了初步测定。结果表明,紫苏籽油经β-环糊精乳化后可形成稳定的水包油型pickering乳液,油滴呈标准球形,粒径在数十纳米范围;外水相添加5%蔗糖或0.5%黄原胶可增加、添加食盐则降低乳液的黏度及稳定性,酸性条件不利于乳液的稳定;流变特性结果显示,环糊精稳定的紫苏籽油乳液为剪切变稀的假塑性流体,在25～80℃条件下乳液呈现类似奶油状特性。     

果肉性质对酸橙汁流变学特性影响研究

研究了果肉含量和果肉粒径对酸橙汁流变学特性的影响.以羧甲基纤维素钠作稳定剂的酸橙果肉果汁属于假塑性流体;随着果肉加入量的增加,流体的非牛顿性越强,表观黏度越大;小粒径的果肉使果汁的表观黏度增大.流变曲线符合幂定律公式τ=η(du/dy)n;表观黏度符合η'=η0(1+2.5F×c/γ+0((c/γ)2)).     

Effect of high pressure homogenization (HPH) on the rheological properties of tomato juice: Time-dependent and steady-state shear

High pressure homogenization (HPH) is a non-thermal technology that has been widely studied as a partial or total substitute for the thermal processing of food. Although microbial inactivation has been widely studied, there are only a few works in the literature reporting the physicochemical changes caused in fruit products due to HPH, especially those regarding the rheological properties. The present work evaluated the effect of HPH (up to 150 MPa) on the time-dependent and steady-state shear rheological properties of tomato juice. HPH reduced the mean particle diameter and particle size distribution (PSD), and increased its consistency and thixotropy. The rheological results were in accordance with the PSD observed. The rheological properties of the juice were evaluated by the Herschel–Bulkley and Falguera–Ibarz models (steady-state shear) and Figoni–Shoemaker and Weltman models (time-dependent). The parameters of these equations were modelled as a function of the homogenization pressure. The models obtained described the experimental values well, and contributed to future studies on product and process development.     

高压均质处理对不同浓度肌原纤维蛋白水悬液理化特性及蛋白结构的影响

以鸡肉中的肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar proteins,MP)为对象,研究103 MPa压力条件下高压均质(High pressure homogenization,HPH)对不同浓度(5、10、15 mg/mL)MP水悬液理化性质和蛋白结构的影响。结果表明:HPH可以显著提高不同浓度MP在水中的溶解性(P<0.05),改善MP水悬液的分散性、流变性等理化特性,破坏蛋白结构。随着MP浓度增加,MP水悬液溶解度下降、稳定性变差(P<0.05);高浓度的MP在HPH处理过程中可能会发生蛋白聚集,导致水悬液中蛋白粒径增大,表观粘度变大,流动性降低;MP水悬液二、三级结构改变,表面疏水性降低,巯基含量上升,α-螺旋增加,β-折叠下降,从而影响其溶解性;其中5 mg/mL的MP水悬液经过HPH处理后溶解性较好,溶解度达到88.39%,在4 ℃条件下放置9 d后仍然能保持79.08%的溶解度。本研究为食品行业中肉蛋白的深加工提供了参考依据。     

Effect of ultrasound on physicochemical properties of emulsion stabilized by fish myofibrillar protein and xanthan gum

To investigate the effects ultrasound (20 kHz, 150–600 W) on physicochemical properties of emulsion stabilized by myofibrillar protein (MP) and xanthan gum (XG), the emulsions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ζ-potential, particle size, rheology, surface tension, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). FT-IR spectra confirmed the complexation of MP and XG, and ultrasound did not change the functional groups in the complexes. The emulsion treated at 300 W showed the best stability, with the lowest particle size, the lowest surface tension (26.7 mNm⁻¹) and the largest ζ-potential absolute value (25.4 mV), that were confirmed in the CLSM photos. Ultrasound reduced the apparent viscosity of the MP-XG emulsions, and the changes of particle size were manifested in flow properties. Generally, ultrasound was successfully applied to improve the physical stability of MP-XG emulsion, which could be used as a novel delivery system for functional material.     

Physicochemical properties of chitosan-essential oils filmforming dispersions. Effect of homogenization treatments

Chitosan films enriched with basil (B) or thyme (T) essential oils (EO) were prepared by means of two homogenization treatments, without (H1) and with (H2) microfluidization. H2 treatment led to a significant decrease in the average particle size and the type of EO significantly affected d43 values (p<0.05). ς-potential significantly increased with the use of H2 treatment. Treatment H2 changed the rheological behaviour of the FFD. In all cases, the viscosity of the FFD was reduced by this treatment. The type of EO had a different effect on rheological behaviour depending on the homogenization treatment. CH:T were more viscous at H2 and CH:A showed higher apparent viscosity values than CH:T at H1.     

Using high-pressure homogenization as a potential method to pretreat soybean protein isolate: Effect on conformation changes and rheological properties of its acid-induced gel

This study evaluated the conformational changes and rheological properties of acid-induced gels of insoluble soybean protein isolate (SPI) pretreated with high-pressure homogenization (HPH) under different pressure and cycles. Results showed that HPH pretreatment destroyed the spatial structure of the insoluble SPI, significantly decreased the particle size of the SPI dispersion, and increased the SH content. Through the characterization of its acid-induced gelation product, the best ability to withstand small strains (< 3%) of gel was found in a single HPH cycle under 100 MPa. The SPI gels with a relatively compact structure transformed from strain stiffening to strain softening with the strain increased, and it provided satisfactory stability to withstand large-amplitude oscillatory shear in three-time HPH cycles under 100 MPa. Meanwhile, SPI gels exhibited a more chaos spatial topology network after HPH pretreatment through fractal analysis, and the gels eventually exhibited “soft gel” and shear-thinning behavior with HPH pretreatment. This provides an evidence for the beneficial effect of HPH on the structural homogenization and subsequent gel formation stability of protein gels, and explores its potential applications in the food industry.     

高压均质处理对豌豆淀粉流变特性及多尺度结构的影响

以豌豆淀粉(pea starch,PS)为原料,分别在0、20、40、60、80、100 MPa条件下高压均质(high-pressure homogenization,HPH)处理3次,每次约30 min,探究HPH处理对PS凝胶流变特性及淀粉多尺度结构的影响。结果表明,随着均质压力的增加,PS黏度、触变性先增加后减小;频率扫描结果显示,HPH处理后PS凝胶的储能模量G’、损耗模量G”明显升高,40 MPa处理后PS凝胶黏性和弹性最好;PS凝胶的G’、G”曲线在70～75℃区间内出现拐点。HPH处理使PS的颗粒形貌、晶体结构及短程有序结构等多尺度结构均发生变化。其中,HPH处理后PS颗粒表面出现裂缝、塌陷及坑洞,其粒径分布发生变化;通过X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析发现,与原PS相比,100 MPa处理后PS非结晶区比例增加,且HPH处理使PS的在1 047、1 022 cm^-1处吸收峰峰面积的比值升高,短程有序结构数量增多;¹H核磁共振图谱表明PS中α-1,4糖苷键、α-1,6糖苷键均受到破坏,PS的分支度降低。本研究为HPH在淀粉流...     

高压均质对大豆蛋白乳液性质影响的研究进展

大豆蛋白作为一种高分子蛋白质,具有良好双亲性和表面活性,可通过在油水界面形成粘弹性蛋白层的方式在乳液中起到乳化作用,从而提高乳液体系的稳定性。高压均质技术是一种通过静高压和均质阀产生的综合效应从而改变蛋白质的结构和加工特性的新型非热加工技术,可以制备纳米级的大豆蛋白乳液。本文聚焦大豆蛋白乳液,阐述了高压均质制备大豆蛋白乳液的过程以及均质条件的影响,分析总结了高压均质处理对大豆蛋白乳液结构（粒径、ζ-电位、空间结构）和功能特性（流变特性、乳化性能和凝胶性能）影响的国内外研究进展及作用机理。最后,针对目前研究进展对高压均质在大豆蛋白乳液的加工应用做出展望,以期为大豆蛋白乳液的研究提供一定的帮助。     

Effect of high pressure processing on gastrointestinal fate of carotenoids in mango juice: Insights obtained from macroscopic to microscopic scales

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH) were applied to mango juice to explore their effects on gastric retention rate (G-CRR), bioaccessibility (BAC) of total and individual carotenoids, and the corresponding mechanisms from macroscopic to microscopic scales. Compared to the control, both HHP and HPH at 50 MPa had no significant effect on BAC and G-CRR, whereas HPH at 100 MPa significantly increased BAC by 44.33% and G-CRR by 11.84%. Further HHP treatments (particularly at 400 MPa) on the 100 MPa-HPH-pretreated samples significantly increased BAC by 71.37% and G-CRR by 24.24%. Violaxanthins/esters were less stable than carotenes in the stomach, resulting in lower bioaccessibility of violaxanthins/esters. G-CRR and BAC were negatively correlated with the viscosity and particle size of juice, whereas they were positively correlated with the solubility/dispersibility of carotenoids. In addition, pectin-carotenoid interactions may also be an important factor affecting the digestive fate of carotenoids in juice.Industrial relevanceHigh pressure processing (High hydrostatic pressure, HHP, and high pressure homogenization, HPH) is a non-thermal technique and its effect on the bioaccessibility of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables have attracted attention from researchers. Our research found that HPH and HHP combined treatment could decrease the particle size of mango juice, and increase the viscosity and turbidity as well as the bioaccessibility of carotenoids therein. This technology can be used to preserve the physical stability of mango juice and improve the nutritional value.     

高压均质影响葵花籽油体乳液理化性质的研究

研究pH 3.5～8.0条件提取的葵花籽油体基本性质,探究利用高压均质压力(40、60、80、100 MPa)对不同葵花籽油体乳液(10%)的蛋白质组成及粒径、流变学特性、储藏稳定性的影响。结果表明：随着提取pH的升高,葵花籽油体的蛋白质质量分数由14.19%降为2.97%,油体结合的外源性蛋白减少;脂肪质量分数由47.98%增加到68.01%;油体等电点由4.0增加至4.9。随着均质压力的升高,所有油体蛋白质结构无明显改变;油体乳液粒径呈现先降低后升高的趋势,油体乳液黏度有所降低,并提高了储藏稳定性,其中,pH 5.0提取的油体经60 MPa均质后乳液粒径最小(229 nm),稠度指数(k值)较低,储藏稳定性最佳。