几种地方猪猪肉及其腊肉制品的感官特性和理化品质分析

随着消费者对高品质猪肉需求的增加,我国地方猪养殖和肉制品加工产业迎来了一个快速发展的时机,为了开展对地方猪肉质量属性的比较分析,本研究以外三元猪肉为对照样品,对市场份额较大的壹号土猪、北京黑猪、湘村黑猪和东北民猪的背最长肌营养属性、理化和感官特性进行比较分析,对五花中层脂肪的诱导氧化稳定性进行分析,并就其腊肉制品的氧化状态、色泽特征、风味特征和滋味特性进行分析。结果显示：外三元猪肉具有最高的蛋白质量分数、最低的粗脂肪质量分数和较高的水分质量分数;壹号土猪肉和湘村黑猪肉pH值较高,东北民猪肉pH值较低;地方猪肉红度（a*）值和黄度（b*）值均高于外三元猪肉,除东北民猪肉外,其他地方猪肉的亮度（L*）值均高于外三元猪肉;除湘村黑猪肉外,本研究考察的其他地方猪肉总抗氧化能力（total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC）均高于外三元猪肉,其中壹号土猪肉的T-AOC最高;壹号土猪液化脂肪的诱导氧化时间最长（P＜0.05）,其他猪液化脂肪的诱导氧化时间均较短（P＞0.05）;东北民猪腊肉、湘村黑猪腊肉L*值低于外三元猪肉（P＞0.05）;壹号土猪腊肉的L*值最高（P＜0.05）,但a*值和b*值最低（P＞0.05）;壹号土猪腊肉的硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS）值最低,北京黑猪腊肉的TBARS值最高（P＜0.05）;5 种腊肉产品主体风味特征明显,运用主成分分析可以实现对不同产品的区分,其中东北民猪腊肉与外三元猪腊肉风味有相似之处;外三元猪腊肉的涩味值较低,但酸味、涩味回味、鲜味、鲜味回味和咸味值均处于较高的水平。结论：外三元猪肉蛋白质量分数较高,其腊肉制品的味觉值也较高;北京黑猪鲜肉的色泽特征较好;壹号土猪脂肪具有较高的氧化稳定性,其腊肉制品也具有较好的氧化状态。综上,不同品种猪肉的理化性质和感官特征存在差异,且加工肉制品的感官特征会发生变化。     

仙草提取物对猪肉糜脯感官品质和抗氧化特性的影响

该文研究添加1％～4％仙草提取物对猪肉肉糜脯质构、感官和抗氧化能力的影响.结果表明:当仙草提取物的添加量由0％提高至4％,猪肉脯的拉伸强度从8.04 N增加至12.92 N(P<0.05),亮度值L*、红度值a*和黄度值b*显著降低(P<0.05);当其添加量为3％时,肉糜凝胶强度最大,肉脯的延展性由1.82 mm增加...     

水分和温度对猪肉质构及感官品质的影响

本文以猪里脊肉为原料,在感官评定、仪器分析的基础上,结合低场核磁共振测定结果,考察了水分条件及加热温度对猪肉制品品质的影响。实验数据表明:猪肉的感官硬度、紧密性及咀嚼感随含水量降低而升高,感官弹性略有改善,但100℃热处理的不同干燥样之间没有显著差异(p0.05);质构指标硬度、咀嚼性和剪切力值等与肉品的水分含量呈极显著负相关关系(p0.01);通过降低肉的含水量(36%)可改善121℃热处理导致的肉质软烂和硬度降低。通过LF-NMR分析发现:随干燥程度增大,各状态水分的T2弛豫时间均向快弛豫方向移动,加热温度越高,T21状态的水分弛豫时间移动越明显;干燥脱水造成的水分分布变化不及高温加热造成的影响显著;不易流动水与肉的质构特性关系相当密切,控制其含量可影响脱水肉制品的食用品质。     

鲜榨苹果汁的理化特性和感官品质相关性

以9种苹果鲜榨汁为材料,通过理化指标测定和感官评价,研究鲜榨苹果汁理化特性和感官品质之间的相关性。结果表明:1)部分理化指标之间具有显著的相关性;2)理化指标与感官特性之间存在显著的相关性:苹果香与pH值、可滴定酸含量有显著的相关性;清香与色值、总糖含量呈正相关;涩味与可滴定酸含量、多酚含量、缓冲容量成正相关,与pH值、糖酸比、固酸比呈现显著的负相关;酸味与pH值、总糖含量、可滴定酸含量、缓冲容量、糖酸比、固酸比有相关性;甜味与可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、可滴定酸含量、缓冲容量、固酸比有相关性;3)通过回归分析建立的苹果汁滋味评价模型,回归方程显著,说明鲜榨苹果汁理化特性和感官品质具有很好的相关性,可以实现理化指标对感官品质的预测分析。     

基于PLSR分析氨基酸对市售卷烟感官品质的影响

对10种市售成品卷烟进行游离氨基酸、总氨基酸含量检测以及感官评吸,采用PLSR方法进行相关性分析发现:游离氨基酸与大部分品质特征指标呈负相关,其中天冬氨酸、组氨酸和苏氨酸对舒适感特性各指标的影响最大,谷氨酸和苯丙氨酸次之;苏氨酸对烟气特性各指标的影响最大,谷氨酸和组氨酸次之。说明适量降低烟草中游离氨基酸的含量可以提高卷烟感官品质。总氨基酸对成品卷烟感官品质的影响不如游离氨基酸明显。     

不同品种籼米生产的鲜湿米粉理化特性与感官品质

采用湖南省各地区广泛种植的50种籼米原料来生产鲜湿米粉,对鲜湿米粉的理化特性及其感官品质进行研究.通过二者相关性和回归分析,为生产鲜湿米粉的品质评价和专用稻种的选择提供理论依据.研究结果发现,理化性质中的透射比、熟断条率、碘蓝值、吐浆值与鲜湿米粉的组织形态、口感、色泽等重要感官品质呈极显著或显著相关,当碘蓝值中等(0.1～0.3)、透射比高(＞0.85)、熟断条率低(＜10%)以及吐浆值低(＜5%)时,鲜湿米粉的感官评分相对最高.碘蓝值、透射比、熟断条率和吐浆值这些理化特性指标能够较好地反映出鲜湿米粉的感官特性,可以用来评价鲜湿米粉的品质.同时,稻米品种对鲜湿米粉的品质有极显著影响,其中T优167、早熟213和中嘉早17品种的籼米制作的鲜湿米粉的品质最好.     

生物活性低聚半乳糖牛乳的理化及感官特性分析

对生物活性低聚半乳糖牛乳进行了理化以及感官特性分析.采用高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测器对活性乳中的低聚半乳糖进行定性、定量分析.结果表明,活性乳中生成低聚半乳糖质量分数为0.881 g/100 g,转化率为17.0%.经过乳成分检测,活性乳中含乳脂肪0.10%,蛋白质3.26%,非脂乳固体8.68%,乳糖4.42%(均为质量分数),质量分数皆符合灭茵乳国家标准.经色差仪检测,该活性乳与原料牛乳的明度、红绿色差有显著性差异(p<0.05),在黄蓝颜色及总色差上有极显著差异(p<0.01).活性乳呈微黄色、外观均一,感官评定结果显示,活性乳有较强的奶香味,甜度较高,与原料乳的滋味、气味及组织状态没有显著性差异,而色泽及甜度则差异极显著(P<0.01).     

低钠盐对干腌肉制品加工过程中理化特性的影响

研究新型低钠盐和食盐制备干腌肉制品,对比加工过程中低钠盐和食盐对肉块水分含量、水分活度、pH值、色泽、钠、钾含量及脂肪氧化、质构特性和感官品质的影响。结果表明：在加工过程中,低钠盐组产品的理化指标、质构特性和脂肪氧化的变化趋势与食盐组相似,终产品间无显著差异;与食盐组一样,低钠盐干腌肉制品的感官品质有较高的接受度,而终产品中钠含量降低了48.04%。     

Addition of Antioxidant to Improve Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Irradiated Pork Patties

The effects of added antioxidants on the oxidative quality changes of irradiated pork patties were studied. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) was not a concern, even in aerobically packaged irradiated pork patties when antioxidants were added. Irradiation produced sulfur compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide, responsible for irradiation off‐odor. The addition of gallate + tocopherol or sesamol + tocopherol was effective in reducing the sulfur volatiles, but had no effect on the redness of irradiated raw pork patties. Aerobic packaging was highly effective in reducing sulfur volatiles and off‐odor from irradiated meat during storage. Antioxidants had little effect on the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance of irradiated pork, and consumers did not consider the red color of irradiated raw pork as a quality defect.     

TBA Values, Sensory Characteristics, and Volatiles in Ground Pork During Long-term Frozen Storage: Effects of Packaging

Ground pork (30% fat) was packaged in vacuum bags (V), polyvinyl chloride film (P), Saran Wrap?(S), aluminum foil (A), or Saran?-aluminum foil combination (SA) and frozen at - 17°C for 13, 26, and 39 wk. Samples were analyzed for TBA value and pH. Volatiles were steam distilled, volatilized at 60°C, and 1 mL samples of headspace gas was analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Spectra for individual peaks on the total ion chromatograms were identified with spectra from known standards. Ground pork (cooked to 75°C) was evaluated by a trained sensory panel for flavor and texture. Rancid and acid odor and flavor scores and TBA values increased over time regardless of packaging treatment; however, V-packaged pork had lower scores and P-packaged had higher scores at all time periods than did that in other materials. Eighteen volatiles were identified and quantified using GC/MS; 3-hydroxy-2-butanone had the highest correlation coefficients with TBA value, odor, and flavor scores.     

Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Fresh Pork Leg Roasts Cooked at Low Temperatures

The effects of oven temperatures of 82, 93, 121 and 163°C were studied using 31 fresh pork leg roasts cooked to 74°C in oven bags. Warmed-over-flavor (WOF) was measured by sensory analysis after holding 3 hr at 68°C and after holding 24 hr at 2°C and then reheating to 68°C prior to serving. Roasts cooked at 82 and 93°C tended to have less WOF after refrigeration and reheating than roasts cooked at 121 and 163°C. Roasts cooked at 93°C had fewer aerobic mesophilic bacteria than those cooked at 121 and 163°C. In general, objective and sensory perception measurements indicated that roasts cooked at 82 and 93°C were of higher quality.     

猪肉质构的仪器测定与感官评定之间的相关性分析

以熟肉为研究对象,比较感官评定和两种仪器测定方法(剪切法和质构剖面分析)之间的差异和关联性。结果表明:剪切力与感官评定的硬度、多汁性呈显著相关性(r=0．73、-0．71);质构剖面分析硬度与感官评定的硬度相关性显著(r=0．81),质构剖面分析的粘聚性与感官评定的弹性、多汁性、油性分别呈显著相关性(r=-0．79、-0．67、-0．81)。通过建立仪器分析与感官评定间的数学模型,本实验提示质构剖面分析更能全面预测猪肉感官品质。进一步的实验参数验证了质构剖面分析回归方程预测的准确性。     

猪肉丸主要原料对其凝胶性质和感官品质的影响

研究主要原料玉米淀粉、大豆分离蛋白、肥肉、水,在不同添加量时,对猪肉丸凝胶性质中硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀爵性、蒸煮损失率和感官品质的影响.通过质构分析和感官评价,结果表明:玉米淀粉的不同添加量对猪肉丸的硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量22％时感官评分最高;大豆分离蛋白的不同添加量对猪肉丸的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量为2.0％时感官评分最高;肥肉的不同添加量对猪肉丸的硬度、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量30％时感官评分最高;在水的不同添加量对猪肉丸硬度、黏聚性、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量35％时感官评分最高.     

猪肉冰温贮藏过程中的品质变化与机理研究

研究表明浅度冻结、合理的贮藏条件及贮存期不会显著影响原料肉及肉制品的加工和食用品质.据此,本研究提出了“冰而鲜”的冰温保鲜的新技术:即将鲜肉经过预冷后,用尽快的降温速度使肉通过最大冰晶生成带(-5℃左右),并在-5℃的温度下进行贮藏的方法.同时系统研究了不同的降温温度(-36℃与-5℃)和不同的降温方式(风冷与浸渍)对...     

Microbial and Quality Characteristics of Pork Cuts from Carcasses Treated with Sanitizing Sprays

Pork carcasses were sprayed with 1.5% acetic, citric, or lactic acid. Loins were vacuum packed and stored at 0–2°, chops were cut periodically from loins and stored at 2–4°. Acetic and citric acids decreased (P<0.05) aerobic plate counts (APC) and total coliforms in loins for 14 days. Species of Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter were found on 0, 6, and 5% of samples. Lisreria spp were detected on 69% of loins and on 33% of chops. The sanitizing treatments were of relatively limited effectiveness for long term storage. No pH, TBA or sensory quality differences were observed.     

冷却肉低剂量辐照后的理化和感官特性变化

研究真空包装冷却猪肉经保鲜液处理和未经过保鲜液处理,再分别经1kGy、2kGy和3kGy低剂量辐照后的理化和感官特性变化,进而确定最佳的辐照处理方式以延长冷却猪肉的货架期。结果表明:经过2kGy辐照的处理组,在贮藏的过程中,鲜红色泽保持相对的稳定。冷却猪肉经过保鲜液处理 2kGy剂量辐照 冷藏(4±1℃),可以有效的延长冷却猪肉的货架期。     

混合鸭梨酒中感官品质和抗氧化性能比较

将山楂、黑布林李子、巨峰葡萄、富士苹果、猕猴桃、南果梨、冬枣、磨盘柿、雪花梨、库尔勒香梨、茌梨等11种水果与鸭梨分别混合酿酒,对64个果酒样品进行了感官评定,并对其中的多酚、Vc含量及抗氧化指标进行比较。结果表明,根据感官评定及抗氧化性能比较,山楂、黑布林李子、巨峰葡萄、富士苹果适于与鸭梨进行混酿,山楂与鸭梨进行混酿效果最佳;混合梨酒中多酚类物质含量与原料果汁中含量呈线性关系,但果酒中Vc含量与原料果汁间相关性较低;混合梨酒的抗氧化性能高于原料果汁。