常用食品乳化剂对复合骨汤乳化稳定效果的影响

以稳定系数R值、平均粒径D_[4,3]及粒径分布系数PDI、Zeta电位和乳液黏度为指标,探究了不同食品乳化剂(蔗糖酯、单甘酯、吐温80、大豆卵磷脂和酪蛋白酸钠)及其添加量对复合骨汤乳化稳定效果的影响。研究结果表明,与原复合骨汤相比,添加乳化剂后复合骨汤乳液的稳定性都得到显著提高(P<0.05);5种乳化剂的最佳乳化效果添加浓度分别为蔗糖酯2.5%、单甘酯2.5%、吐温80 0.5%、大豆卵磷脂2.5%、酪蛋白酸钠2.0%;不同乳化剂对复合骨汤乳液的乳化、稳定效果和机制不同,优劣次序为吐温80>大豆卵磷脂>蔗糖酯>单甘酯>酪蛋白酸钠;结合乳液稳定性及感官评价结果,复合骨汤中分别添加2.5%蔗糖酯和1.5%大豆卵磷脂时稳定性和感官品质最好。     

氧化茶多酚对水包油型乳液物理稳定性的影响

通过将马铃薯蛋白水解物与氧化茶多酚联用来改善水包油型乳液物理稳定性。测定了乳液的乳化活性、乳化稳定性、电位、粒径以及分层指数。结果表明:单独使用马铃薯蛋白水解物比使用马铃薯蛋白水解物和氧化茶多酚共同稳定的乳液稳定性差。氧化茶多酚不仅可以提高乳状液的乳化性和ζ-电位值,而且可以减小粒径,降低乳液的分层指数。因此,氧化茶多酚可以提高乳状液的物理稳定性,为氧化多酚在乳状食品中的应用提供一定的参考。     

葵花籽蛋白水解物对水包油型乳状液物理和氧化稳定性的影响

利用碱性蛋白酶对葵花籽蛋白进行适度水解后,将葵花籽蛋白水解物(SSH)添加到以单甘酯作为乳化剂制备的乳状液中,通过测定乳状液的乳化活性、乳化稳定性、粒径、絮凝指数、凝结指数以及乳状液贮藏14 d过氧化值和丙二醛含量的变化,评价SSH对乳状液物理和氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明:添加SSH可显著提高乳状液的乳化活性、乳化稳定性、絮凝和凝结稳定性,显著降低乳状液的粒径;SSH添加量为1.0%时,乳状液具有较好的物理稳定性,同时又具有较好的氧化稳定性。     

奶渣酪蛋白酸钙的制备及在植脂末中的应用

以奶渣酪蛋白为原料,制备的酪蛋白酸钙中钙含量为指标,采用单因素试验,确定奶渣酪蛋白酸钙的生产工艺,对奶渣酪蛋白酸钙的理化性质进行测定,以奶渣酪蛋白酸钙作为乳化剂制备植脂末,并与奶渣酪蛋白酸钠及市售酪蛋白酸钙制备的植脂末进行对比,通过测定其粒径和ζ-电位探究植脂末的稳定性。结果表明：溶液pH值为7,料液浓度为1.00%,Ca(OH)2添加量为1.6%时,奶渣酪蛋白酸钙中蛋白质含量为93.76%,钙含量为1.35%;奶渣酪蛋白酸钙具有优异的乳化能力,乳化液稳定性可达到70%以上,起泡能力高于奶渣酪蛋白酸钠;由奶渣酪蛋白酸钙制备的植脂末平均粒径最小,电位绝对值最大,稳定性最好,并且随储藏时间的延长,粒径和ζ-电位变化最小,储藏稳定性最好。     

大豆蛋白-溶血磷脂O/W型复合乳液的乳化特性

针对大豆溶血磷脂添加量对大豆分离蛋白-溶血磷脂复合乳化体系乳化特性的影响进行探究。对复合乳化体系分别进行了界面蛋白吸附量、界面张力、乳化活性、乳化稳定性、粒径分布、Zeta电位的测定,并采用光学显微镜对乳液中油滴分布及微观结构变化进行观察。结果表明:随着溶血磷脂添加量的增加,乳化特性指标均基本呈现先升高后降低的趋势。其中,当溶血磷脂添加量为10%时,乳液的乳化特性表现最佳,这表明添加适量溶血磷脂会促进其与大豆分离蛋白的相互作用,降低界面张力,在油-水界面上形成较稳定的界面膜,形成稳定的复合乳状液。     

大豆分离蛋白与卵磷脂间相互作用对O/W型乳状液稳定性的影响

研究大豆分离蛋白与卵磷脂的复合比例及相互作用对乳化体系稳定性及功能性质的影响。结果显示:乳状液的乳化活性和粒径分布等性质受大豆分离蛋白与卵磷脂比例分配的影响较大。当大豆分离蛋白与卵磷脂间的质量比为10∶1时,复合体系的乳化活性较高(98.1 m~2/g),同时乳液的体积平均直径D_(4,3)最小(13.34μm),乳液双峰分布程度较低。乳化稳定性和ζ-电位测试结果显示,复合体系中大豆分离蛋白与卵磷脂比例为1∶1或100∶1都不利于体系稳定,此时激光共聚焦显微镜观测乳液出现相分离和不规则非球形液滴。这说明大豆分离蛋白与卵磷脂作为复合乳化剂具有最适配比,在该比例下大豆分离蛋白与卵磷脂间的相互作用对食品级水包油(oil-in-water,O/W)乳状液的稳定性是有利的。     

不同蛋白对水包油型乳状液稳定性影响

以乳清分离蛋白和大豆分离蛋白为乳化剂,选用紫苏油、橄榄油、玉米油作为油相制备水包油(O/W)型乳状液。研究2种蛋白对不同乳状液的物理特性及稳定性的影响,其物理特性包括粒径、ζ-电势、界面蛋白含量,稳定性则包括储存稳定性和氧化稳定性。结果表明,不同蛋白对乳状液特性的影响较大,以乳清分离蛋白作为乳化剂时,乳状液体积平均粒径(D4,3)较小,ζ-电势绝对值较大(又以紫苏油乳状液最大,其D4,3为1.4μm,ζ-电势为-25.6 m V),界面蛋白含量较高,体系稳定性优于添加大豆分离蛋白的乳状液。在同一乳化剂作用下,橄榄油乳状液的氧化稳定性较其他2种植物油所得体系更好。     

大豆脑磷脂对汉麻分离蛋白Pickering乳液的形成及其性质的影响

为研究大豆脑磷脂对汉麻分离蛋白Pickering乳液性质的影响,本文通过改变大豆脑磷脂添加量考察不同大豆脑磷脂添加量（10%、20%、30%、40%）对汉麻分离蛋白Pickering乳液乳化活性指数、微观结构、乳滴粒径、Zeta电位、流变学特性及贮藏稳定性的影响,初步探究大豆脑磷脂的添加对汉麻分离蛋白Pickering乳液稳定机制的影响。结果表明:在汉麻分离蛋白Pickering乳液体系中加入大豆脑磷脂后,其乳液稳定性有所提高;在大豆脑磷脂添加量为30%时,得到的Pickering乳液各项指标最佳,乳液的乳化活性指数为4.63 m2?g,乳液的分散指数为0.23;乳滴粒径为125 nm,Zeta电位值为?27.12 mV;乳液的表观黏度较小且无明显乳液聚结现象发生,并在贮藏7 d后未出现油析现象,乳液稳定性好。该研究为汉麻分离蛋白Pickering乳液稳定性提高及大豆脑磷脂的应用领域拓宽提供了理论基础。     

大豆分离蛋白乳状液稳定性的几种分析方法比较

用不同质量分数(0.5%、1%、2%、3%)的大豆分离蛋白(SPI)和大豆油制备3%O/W型乳状液,比较不同离心力作用下和添加不同量SPI乳状液稳定性的差异以及添加不同量SPI乳状液黏度的差异,考察贮存期延长过程中的浊度法测定乳状液稳定性以及乳状液粒径和Zeta电位的变化,结合外观和微观观察,寻找一种快速准确测定乳状液稳定性的方法。结果表明:离心法、贮存期浊度法与乳状液外观观察的结论一致,都表明添加3%SPI的乳状液最稳定,并且SPI添加量越高,乳状液黏度越大,稳定性越好。储存期乳状液平均粒径和Zeta电位发生变化,但难以作为乳状液稳定性的判断标准。本实验进一步验证,离心法能够快速、准确地预测乳状液的稳定性,适于产品开发和成品检验的需要。     

微晶纤维素对大豆分离蛋白-姜黄素乳状液稳定性的影响

以微晶纤维素(MCC)-大豆分离蛋白(SPI)乳化稳定姜黄素,制备SPI-MCC姜黄素乳状液。采用动态光散射技术、zeta-电位及Turbiscan法,研究不同MCC质量分数对SPI-姜黄素乳状液粒径、zeta-电位及稳定性指数的影响,并考察冷冻-解冻加工及贮藏条件对姜黄素乳状液稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:MCC质量分数为1.2%,SPI质量分数为2%时姜黄素乳状液的粒径较小,zeta-电位绝对值较大,稳定性较好;MCC使得SPI-姜黄素乳状液在冷冻-解冻加工条件下的稳定性得到显著提高。     

Invited review: spray-dried dairy and dairy-like emulsions--compositional considerations

Milk constituents [caseins, whey proteins (WP), lactose, and anhydrous milk fat] are used widely in the manufacture of dehydrated dairy and dairy-like emulsions. When sodium caseinate- (NaCas) and WP-stabilized emulsions with an oil-to-protein ratio ranging from 0.25 to 5 are dehydrated, NaCas is a more effective encapsulant than WP because of its superior emulsifying properties and resistance to heat denaturation. Denaturation degree of WP during drying has been associated with increased powder surface fat and larger droplet size after reconstitution. Encapsulation of NaCas-stabilized emulsions improves in the presence of lactose; powder surface fat was reduced from 30 to <5% when lactose was added at a 1:1 ratio to NaCas in an emulsion containing 30% (wt/wt) oil. This has been related to the ability of lactose to form solid-like (or glassy) capsules during sudden dehydration. Encapsulation of WP-stabilized emulsions is not improved by addition of lactose, although there are conflicting reports in the literature. Storage stability of dehydrated dairy-like emulsions is strongly linked to lactose crystallization as release of encapsulated material occurs during storage at high relative humidities (e.g., 75%). The use of alternative carbohydrates as “matrix-forming” materials (such as maltodextrins or gum arabic) improves storage stability but compromises the emulsion droplet size after reconstitution. The composition of the powder surface has been recognized as a key parameter in dehydrated emulsion quality. It is the chemical composition of the powder surface that dictates the behavior of the bulk in terms of wettability, flowability, and stability. Analyses, using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis of the surface of industrial milk powders and dehydrated emulsions that mimicked the composition of milk, showed that powder surface is covered mainly by fat, even when the fat content is very low (18 and 99% surface fat coverage for skim milk and whole milk powders, respectively). The functional properties of milk constituents during emulsion dehydration are far from being thoroughly understood; future research needs include a) the encapsulation properties of pure micellar casein; b) a deeper understanding of colloidal phenomena (such as changes in the oil-water and air-oil interfaces) that occur before, during, and after dehydration, which ultimately define emulsion stability after drying; and c) reconciliation of the current different views on powder surface composition.     

大豆分离蛋白-黄原胶-茶多酚复合物的制备及其乳液性质表征

以大豆分离蛋白（SPI）、黄原胶（XG）、茶多酚(TP)为原料,改变原料的添加顺序制备三元复合物SPI-XG-TP和SPI-TP-XG,研究了不同复合物的结构与乳化特性的差异。结果表明：蛋白质与多糖、多酚复合之后其结构发生一定程度的改变,且复合物的乳化特性都得到了改善,两种三元复合物中SPI-XG-TP稳定的乳液粒径更小,电位绝对值更大,乳化活性更高,但乳化稳定性略低于SPI-TP-XG稳定的乳液。大分子间能够相互交联形成三元复合物并改变蛋白质的结构,不同原料添加顺序的复合物的结合过程不同     

酪蛋白酸钠-大豆油乳化体系的影响因素

为探究非均相液态体系条件对乳化效果的影响,改善油脂的乳化效果,以酪蛋白酸钠为乳化剂,研究不同的体系条件(蛋白添加量、脂水体积比、p H、Na Cl浓度)对大豆油乳化液相关特性的影响。结果表明,在蛋白添加量为0. 1%~0. 5%(质量分数)时,蛋白添加量的增加使乳液黏度及界面蛋白吸附量均显著提高;液滴平均粒径由60μm下降至7. 28μm,粒径分布范围变窄。在脂水比1∶2~2∶1范围内,随着脂水比增加,乳液黏度增大;脂水比> 1∶1时,黏度较其他组高出5倍左右,通过微观结构图发现这与乳滴紧密堆积有关;除了脂水比2∶3和1∶1变化不显著外,乳液的界面蛋白吸附量呈上升趋势;脂水比<1∶1时乳滴平均粒径和分布范围差别不大,随后粒径先减小又有所增加。乳液p H在3~11范围内,p H为3和5时乳滴聚集严重,平均粒径及分布范围较其他组高。Na Cl的加入可以显著提高乳液黏度和界面蛋白吸附量,Na Cl浓度≤0. 6 mol/L时,乳液粒径均小于对照组,其中浓度为0. 12 mol/L时达到最小值,但Na Cl浓度为0. 84 mol/L时乳滴中出现较大粒径乳滴,使其平均粒径超过对照组,Na Cl浓度≥0. 36 mol/L时乳液zeta-电位绝对值较对照组小。综上,乳化的适宜条件为:酪蛋白添加量为0. 5%,脂水比为3∶2,p H为7~9,Na Cl浓度≤0. 6 mol/L。     

茶叶蛋白质功能性质及其在肉制品中的应用研究

利用复合蛋白酶提取茶叶中的蛋白质,并对其蛋白质功能特性进行测定。研究表明,与大豆分离蛋白相比,茶叶蛋白质的吸油性、乳化性稳定性较高,而吸水性、乳化性、发泡性稍低。茶叶蛋白质应用于西式香肠中,在外观、香气、口味、肉质等品质上与添加大豆分离蛋白质的西式香肠相比,均未有明显区别,是一种较好的功能性蛋白质资源。     

大豆磷脂对牛乳蛋白乳状液热稳定性的影响

研究了大豆磷脂对牛乳蛋白乳状液热稳定性的影响,并对相关作用机理进行了探讨.测定了添加磷脂前后牛乳蛋白乳状液的热凝固时间(HCT)、粒径分布、表面疏水性、Zeta位和游离巯基含量的变化.结果表明:添加大豆磷脂能够提高牛乳蛋白乳状液的热稳定性.其中添加量为2.5 g/L时热稳定性最高,最大HCT为23.49 min.大豆磷脂可能通过与乳蛋白发生疏水相互作用改变蛋白的构象、增加乳状液的负Zeta电位、抑制巯基氧化或降低游离豌基之间的反应几率来提高乳状液的热稳定性.     

低乳糖益生菌乳粉制备研究

本实验以全脂牛奶为原料,探究低乳糖高益生菌乳粉的制备工艺,考察水解温度、pH、时间和乳糖酶添加量对水解率的影响.同时通过海藻酸钠-大豆分离蛋白复配壁材微胶囊包埋益生菌,各自制备完成后分别真空冷冻干燥低乳糖牛乳和益生菌微胶囊,干燥结束将低乳糖乳粉与益生菌微胶囊粉按质量比7:1的比例混合制得低乳糖益生菌乳粉.结果表明,牛乳...     

Casein molecular assembly affects the properties of milk fat emulsions encapsulated in lactose or trehalose matrices

Properties of spray-dried anhydrous milk fat emulsions stabilized by micellar casein (milk protein isolate—MPI) or non-micellar casein (sodium caseinate—Na-caseinate) with trehalose or lactose as encapsulants were studied. A lower concentration of Na-caseinate (0.33%) compared with MPI (1.26%) was sufficient to stabilize a 10% fat emulsion. Reconstituted emulsions showed larger droplet size than fresh emulsions, especially for MPI systems (from<1 μm to around 14 μm), which was attributed to lower shear resistance during atomization. Creaming behavior reflected changes in particle size. Powder surface free fat was affected by protein type and concentration. Trehalose systems (regardless of protein type) released significantly lower amounts of encapsulated fat upon crystallization compared with those containing lactose. Individual and hence, more mobile and flexible casein molecules, as opposed to aggregated and less mobile casein micelles, appear to result in superior co-encapsulation properties of Na-caseinate compared with MPI.     

Influence of hydrolysed lecithin addition on protein adsorption and heat stability of a sterilised coffee cream simulant

Within an overall goal to enhance the stability of coffee cream, the influence of hydrolysed soybean lecithin addition was investigated. To avoid the seasonal variations in milk composition a model system was used containing 5% (w/w) soybean oil and 12% (w/w) skimmed milk powder with and without lecithin addition before a two-step high-pressure homogenisation. Addition of 20% (w/v) caesium chloride enabled a nearly complete recovery of the fat in the cream layer upon centrifugation of casein-stabilised emulsions. From the fat and protein content of this cream layer, it was concluded that lecithin addition did not significantly affect the protein content of the cream layer after emulsion preparation, but significantly reduced the additional milk protein adsorption at the oil/water interface upon sterilisation. The experimental data suggest that the enhanced heat stability of the lecithin-supplemented coffee cream simulant may be explained by the fact that hydrolysed lecithin largely reduces attractive protein–protein interactions during sterilisation.