基于GASA-FCM混合聚类与霍夫变换的欠定混合矩阵估计

针对模糊C-均值聚类(fuzzy C-means clustering,FCM)算法在欠定混合矩阵估计中精度低、鲁棒性差的缺点,提出一种基于遗传模拟退火优化FCM(GASA-FCM)混合聚类和霍夫变换的欠定混合矩阵估计算法。该算法首先结合了模拟退火算法(simulated annealing algorithm,SA)全局搜索、高精度的优点和遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)强大的空间搜索能力,将经遗传模拟退火算法得到的聚类中心点赋给FCM,避免了初值选择的随机性。再利用霍夫变换对聚类得到的每一类数据的中心进行修正,提高混合矩阵的估计精度。实验结果表明,提出的算法明显改善了算法的稳定性和混合矩阵估计精度,具有一定的有效性和可行性。     

基于SA的改进遗传算法的测试数据生成研究

测试数据的自动生成研究是软件测试的一个焦点问题,测试数据的自动生成可以提高测试工作效率,节约测试成本.考虑遗传算法(GA)和模拟退火算法(SA)各自优缺点,提出遗传/模拟退火(GASA)混合算法的策略,在标准的GA中融入SA,在GA的局部搜索中引入SA,SA的随机状态受限于遗传优化算法的结果,GA的种群更新是由SA的退温算法和随机状态产生函数来控制,从而得到最优解.GA-SA算法取长补短,提高了算法的全局和局部搜索能力,能避免GA过早收敛,提高了算法搜索最优解的能力.实验结果表明,GASA算法寻找最优解所需的迭代次数明显优于标准GA.     

基于改进遗传退火HMM的Web信息抽取研究

为进一步提高Web信息抽取的准确率,针对隐马尔可夫模型HMM(Hidden Markov Model)及混合法在参数寻优上的不足,提出一种改进遗传退火HMM的Web抽取算法。构建一个后向依赖假设的HMM;用改进遗传退火优化HMM参数,将遗传算子和模拟退火SA(simulated annealing)参数改进后,据GA(genetic algorithm)的自适应交叉、变异概率给子群体分类,实现多种群并行搜索和信息交换,以避免早熟,加速收敛;并将SA作为GA算子,加强局部寻优能力;最后,用双序Viterbi解码,与现有HMM优化法相比,实验的综合Fβ=1平均提高了6%,表明改进算法能有效提高抽取准确率和寻优性能。     

求解车间作业调度问题的混合遗传模拟退火算法

为了克服传统遗传算法解决车间作业调度问题的局限性,结合遗传算法(GA)和模拟退火算法(SA)的优点,提出一种混合遗传模拟退火算法(GASA),以便高效地解决车间作业调度问题.该算法既发挥了遗传算法收敛速度快、模拟退火算法搜索面广的优点,又克服了前者收敛容易早熟而后者收敛速度较慢的问题.在算法的操作细节上,加入自适应调整的遗传操作及最优个体保留策略,以及增加记忆功能的模拟退火操作与收敛准则.从而既防止了算法会陷入局部最优解的问题,又提高了算法的收敛速度及搜索效率.将提出的混合遗传模拟退火算法(GASA)应用于Muth和Thompson基准问题的实验运行,证明了该算法的高效性和有效性.     

基于GA-SA混合算法的VLSI门阵列布局设计

布局是VLSI布图设计中的关键环节，通常采用随机优化算法。该文采用遗传算法(GA)与模拟退火法(SA)相结合的搜索算法实现VLSI门阵列模式布局，利用遗传算法进行全局搜索，模拟退火法进行局部搜索。进化过程中采用精英保留策略，并对进化结果进行有选择的模拟退火操作，这样既加强了局部搜索能力又防止陷入局部最优。在复合布局目标函数中引入对最长线网的惩罚，其收敛速度比以总线长度为单一目标函数的要快。在交叉操作中，对交叉位置的选择采用了一种新的策略，增加了交叉的有效性。实验表明，此算法与简单遗传算法相比，有效地提高了全局搜索能力。     

SAGA在测试数据自动生成中的应用

结合遗传算法（GA）的并行搜索结构和模拟退火算法（SA）的概率突跳性,并结合自适应交叉算子和遗传算子,形成了一种新的自适应SAGA混合优化算法。在测试数据自动生成系统中,经过实际程序的实验,表明该算法有更强的搜索能力,可以更快的找到全局最优解。     

基于IAG-ABC算法的路径覆盖测试用例生成技术

针对遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)存在搜索初期收敛速度过快、易陷入局部最优解、未能充分结合搜索过程中的反馈信息,同时人工蜂群(artificial bee colony,ABC)算法存在初期寻优速度缓慢、局部搜索具有很大随机性等问题,对遗传算法和人工蜂群算法分别进行了改进,并将改进后的两种算法进行融合,实现两者的优势互补,提出了一种自适应遗传-蜂群（improved adaptive genetic-artificial bee colony, IAG-ABC）算法。采用路径覆盖信息设计引导算法搜索方向的适应度函数,并用IAG-ABC算法实现路径覆盖的测试用例生成,实验结果表明,相对于标准遗传算法和自适应遗传算法,IAG-ABC算法在测试用例生成效率和覆盖率上均有一定的优势。     

基于遗传模拟退火算法的立体仓库储位优化

针对自动化立体仓库储位分配问题,结合仓库运作特点和安全性要求,构建了自动化立体仓库储位优化问题的多目标模型,并提出了求解模型的基于Sigmoid曲线的改进自适应遗传模拟退火算法（SAGA）。首先,以降低货品出入库时间、同组货品距离和货架重心为目标建立储位优化模型;然后,为了克服遗传算法（GA）局部搜索能力差和易陷入局部最优的缺点,引入基于Sigmoid曲线的自适应交叉变异操作和逆转操作,同时完成与SAGA的融合;最后,对改进遗传SAGA进行算法优化性、稳定性和收敛性测试。仿真实验表明,相比模拟退火（SA）算法的求解结果,该算法对货品出入库时间的优化度提高了37.7949个百分点、对同组货品距离提高了58.4630个百分点、对货架重心优化度提高了25.9275个百分点,并且该算法具有更好的稳定性和收敛性。由此验证了改进遗传SAGA求解问题的有效性,该算法可为自动化立体仓库储位优化提供决策方法。     

基于混合遗传模拟退火算法的SaaS构件优化放置

目前,对于SaaS优化放置问题的研究都是假定云环境中的虚拟机的种类和数量都是确定的,即,在限定的资源范围内进行优化.然而,在公有云环境下,SaaS提供者所需要的云资源数量是不确定的,其需要根据Iaa S提供者所提供的虚拟机种类以及被部署的SaaS构件的资源需求来确定.为此,站在SaaS提供者角度,提出一种新的SaaS构件优化放置问题模型,并采用混合遗传模拟退火算法(hybrid genetic and simulated annealing algorithm,简称HGSA)对该问题进行求解.HGSA结合了遗传算法和模拟退火算法的优点,克服了遗传算法收敛速度慢和模拟退火算法容易陷入局部最优的缺点,与单独使用遗传算法和模拟退火算法相比,实验结果表明,HGSA在求解SaaS构件优化放置问题方面具有更高的求解质量.所提出的方法为SaaS服务模式的大规模应用提供了理论与方法的支撑.     

一种用于云计算资源调度的改进遗传算法

针对轮询调度算法、遗传算法和模拟退火算法在云计算资源调度中存在收敛速度慢、易早熟和资源负载不均衡等问题,提出了一种基于模拟退火思想的改进遗传算法(simulated annealing improved genetic algorithm:SAIGA);改进算法设计了基于任务平均完成时间和负载均衡的双适应度函数和自适应的交叉变异概率函数,允许算法在退火过程中以一定概率接受劣质解从而避免早熟现象的发生,将虚拟资源上任务分配数的标准差作为选择个体的依据来实现节点的负载均衡;仿真结果表明,改进算法与上述算法相比,在任务平均完成时间、资源利用率以及收敛速度上表现得更优越,能够较快地找到资源最优调度方案,具有较好的可行性和实用性。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).