Influence of Temperature on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Oil From Sunflower Genotypes Grown in Tropical Regions

The influence of temperature on the fatty acid composition of the oils from conventional and high oleic sunflower genotypes grown in tropical regions was evaluated under various environmental conditions in Brazil (from 0° S to 23° S). The amounts of the oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic fatty acids from the sunflower oil were determined using gas chromatography (GC). The environment exhibited little influence on the amounts of oleic and linoleic fatty acids in high oleic genotypes of sunflower. In conventional genotypes, there was broad variation in the average amounts of these two fatty acids, mainly as a function of the minimum temperature. Depending on the temperature, especially during the maturation of the seeds, the amount of oleic acid in the oil of conventional sunflower genotypes could exceed 70 %. Higher temperatures led to average increases of up to 35 % for this fatty acid. Although the minimum temperature had the strongest effect on the fatty acid composition, locations at the same latitude with different minimum temperatures displayed similar values for both oleic acid and linoleic acid. Furthermore, minimum temperature had little influence on the amounts of palmitic and stearic fatty acids in the oil.     

Fatty Acid Profiles in Sunflower Grains During Storage in Different Environments

This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid profiles of sunflower oil extracted from hybrid grains produced and stored in different environments. The trials were conducted in Teresina (Piauí), Vilhena (Rondônia), and Jaguariúna (São Paulo) in randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. After harvesting, grains from 1 high oleic and 3 traditional hybrids were packed in kraft paper bags and stored in a covered shed and in a cold chamber up to 12 months. The fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography after 0, 4, 8, and 12 months of storage. Analyses of variance were conducted in a split‐plot design, with hybrids being considered as whole plots and storage times as subplots. Tukey's test was performed to compare hybrids and regression analyses for storage times. The initial fatty acid profile of the grains of the same hybrid varied depending on the production location. The grain storage of high oleic and traditional sunflower hybrids during 12 months in covered shed and in cold chamber resulted in little changes in oil fatty acid profiles, regardless of the initial contents. These changes occurred only for linoleic and palmitic acids.     

Quality of Sunflower Oil Obtained in the Main Producing Region of Brazil: Adherence to the Codex Alimentarius

The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of the oil extracted from sunflower achenes grown in Campo Novo de Parecis, the main producing region of Brazil, to optimize its use by the processing and food industries. In addition, the fatty acid profiles of the oil were checked for their adherence to the CODEX STAN 210–1999. Traditional and high-oleic genotypes were grown between 2014 and 2017 during trials with a randomized complete block experimental design with four replications. The contents of oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were determined using gas chromatography. The fatty acid profiles of traditional genotypes were observed to be outside the ranges established by the CODEX, with an oleic acid content above 39.4% and linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acid values lower than 48.3%, 2.7%, and 5.0%, respectively, as well as high-oleic sunflower oil with a stearic acid content of less than 2.6%. The availability of this information can, on the one hand, positively impact industries and encourage the use of better quality raw materials that are more technologically and nutritionally adequate. On the other hand, the commercialization of sunflower oil with a fatty acid profile outside the ranges established by CODEX can be difficult, because the contents are out of specification due to the climatic conditions in the cropping region.     

Comparison of Fatty Acid Profile of Specialty Maize to Normal Maize

Increasing utilization of specialty maize prompted us to evaluate its fatty acid profile. For this purpose maize germplasm, classified as low oil normal maize (group 1), high oil normal maize (group 2), quality protein maize (QPM) (group 3) and sweet corn (group 4) was evaluated for oil, starch, protein and fatty acid composition mainly palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid. High oil content was observed in sweet corn samples which might be result of shriveled grain texture because of an increased embryo to kernel ratio. Individual fatty acids showed wide differences among different groups. A slightly higher amount of palmitic acid was reported in specialty maize as compared to normal maize. In contrast, stearic acid content was significantly low in high oil normal maize (56 %), QPM (36.2 %) and sweet corn (28.4 %) in comparison to low oil normal maize. Although no significant differences were observed for oleic acid between low oil normal and high oil normal maize, but sweet corn samples showed significantly reduced oleic acid compared to low oil normal maize. However, the most important observation was the higher content of linoleic acid in specialty maize (groups 2, 3 and 4) as compared to low oil normal maize. Further, the ratio of MUFA/PUFA was also discussed. It was concluded that specialty maize possesses a better oil quality in comparison to low oil normal maize.     

Discrimination of Origin of Sesame Oils Using Fatty Acid and Lignan Profiles in Combination with Canonical Discriminant Analysis

The aims of this study were to investigate total fatty acid composition and lignan contents of Korean, Chinese and Indian roasted sesame oils and to differentiate the geographic origins of the oils using analytical data in combination with canonical discriminant analysis. The analytical data were obtained from 84 oil samples that were prepared from 51 Korean, 19 Chinese, and 14 Indian white sesame seeds harvested during 2010 and 2011 and distributed in Korea during the same period. Six variables selected for the discriminant analysis were the contents of three fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, and palmitic) and three lignans (sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol). A good discrimination between sesame oils from Korea, China, and India was achieved by applying two canonical discriminant functions, with 97.6 % of the samples correctly classified into the geographic origin. When the origins of five commercial oil samples (one was prepared from Korean sesame seeds and the other four were made from imported sesame seeds) were predicted using discriminant functions, the Korean sesame oil was accurately distinguished from the others.     

Combination of the Elevated Stearic Acid Trait with Other Fatty Acid Traits in Soybean

Stearic acid is one of five major fatty acids found in soybean oil. It is a fully saturated lipid and is known for neutral or positive effects on LDL cholesterol when consumed by humans. Unfortunately, stearic acid only accounts for about 4% of the total seed oil produced in commodity soybean. Previous work has shown that stearic acid can reach levels as high as 28% of the total oil fraction when the SACPD-C gene, encoding the delta-9-stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase responsible for most of the stearic acid variation in soybean seed, is ablated in combination with other loci. In order to increase stearic acid content and create soybeans with improved utility based on fatty acid composition, we combined mutations in SACPD-C with other mutations in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. Soybean plants carrying mutant alleles of both SACPD-C and FAD2-1A produce seed with stearic acid levels from 14% to 21%, and with elevated levels of oleic acid. Soybeans carrying mutations in both SACPD-C and FAD3A or FAD3C have both statistically significantly elevated levels of stearic acid (from 15–21%) and statistically reduced linolenic acid levels. Neither mutant combination appears to affect other agronomic properties such as plant morphology or seed protein levels making this a potentially viable trait.     

Commercial Runner peanut cultivars in the USA: Fatty acid composition

Though peanuts are classified as a high‐fat food, they possess good proportions of fatty acids deemed as heart healthy. The fatty acid compositions of Runner peanuts were determined for commercially grown cultivars over two recent crop years. GC‐FID analyses revealed that the fatty acid levels for Runner peanuts were significantly (p <0.05) different among the normal, mid‐, and high‐oleic peanuts investigated. Oleic acid‐to‐linoleic acid (O/L) ratios were found to be 1.93 ± 0.30, 5.25 ± 1.12, and 16.9 ± 5.20 for normal, mid‐, and high‐oleic peanut lipids, respectively. Tamrun OL01 possessed a fatty acid profile characteristic of a mid‐oleic cultivar. From the sample set (n = 151), mean % weights for oleic acid and linoleic acid were 52.09 ± 2.84 and 27.38 ± 2.60 in normal, 69.33 ± 3.18 and 13.66 ± 2.35 in mid‐oleic, and 78.45 ± 2.05 and 5.11 ± 1.67 in high‐oleic peanuts, respectively. Cluster analysis segregated cultivars based on fatty acids into normal, mid‐, and high‐oleic groups. Factorial analysis revealed that cultivar effects were significant (p <0.01) for all fatty acids, except for lignoceric acid. Cultivar effects were also highly significant (p <0.001) for O/L, IV, unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (U/S) ratio, and % saturation. Significant crop year effects were shown for palmitic, oleic, arachidic, gondoic, and lignoceric acids, as well as U/S ratio and % saturation. Healthy unsaturated fats accounted for ?80% in all crop years and cultivars.     

Comparative Effects of Sandalwood Seed Oil on Fatty Acid Profiles and Inflammatory Factors in Rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sandalwood seed oil on fatty acid (FA) profiles and inflammatory factors in rats. Fifty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into five different dietary groups: 10 % soybean oil (SO), 10 % olive oil (OO), 10 % safflower oil (SFO), 10 % linseed oil (LSO) and 8 % sandalwood seed oil blended with 2 % SO (SWSO) for 8 weeks. The SWSO group had a higher total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels but lower n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios in both adipose tissue and liver than those in the SO, OO and SFO groups (p < 0.05). Although the SWSO group had a much lower 18:3n-3 level (4.51 %) in their dietary lipids than the LSO group (58.88 %), the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: 22:6n-3) in liver lipids and phospholipids of the SWSO group (7.52 and 11.77 %) were comparable to those of the LSO group (7.07 and 13.16 %). Ximenynic acid, a predominant acetylenic FA in sandalwood seed oil, was found to be highly incorporated into adipose tissue (13.73 %), but relatively lower in liver (0.51 %) in the SWSO group. The levels of prostaglandin F_2α, prostaglandin E₂, thromboxane B₂, leukotriene B₄, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in both liver and plasma were positively correlated with the n-6:n-3 ratios, suggesting that increased n-6 PUFA appear to increase the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas n-3 PUFA exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The present results suggest that sandalwood seed oil could increase tissue levels of n-3 PUFA, DHA and reduce the n-6:n-3 ratio, and may increase the anti-inflammatory activity in rats.     

Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition from Different Populations of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (Apocynaceae)

Calotropis procera is a soft-wooded, evergreen, perennial shrub species which grows in a variety of environments including dry habitats such as the Brazilian semi-arid region. This study aimed to evaluate the variation in the oil content and fatty acid composition of C. procera seeds from four climatically different locations in the state of Pernambuco in the northeast of Brazil. The seed oil content of C. procera ranged from 19.7 to 24.0 %. Five main fatty acids were identified, with a predominance of unsaturated linoleic and oleic acids (approximately 70 %). Our results suggesting that environmental conditions influenced the seed oil biosynthesis of C. procera, because the localities with high temperature and low precipitation had increased oil content and total biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids. Multivariate analysis showed high similarity among three localities which share certain physiographic characteristics and climatic conditions such as temperature and precipitation values. The oil profile of C. procera presents interesting features that highlight its potential as a future alternative for the biodiesel market, especially in semi-arid regions.     

从山苍子核仁油中提取各种脂肪酸的研究

山苍子核仁油是由山苍子核经生胚直接浸出法制得。其经酸炼、皂化、酸化、水解、水洗、真空精馏等工序即得系列中碳脂肪酸。C_(10)得率为3.0％～7.5％,C_(12)得率为3.5％～12.7％,产品质量好,环境污染小。指出在制取癸酸、月桂酸、C_(16)～C_(18)皂用酸等时,山苍子核仁油可以替代椰子油,既利用了野生资源,又减少了环境污染。     

Evaluation of Authenticity of Iranian Olive Oil by Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Profiles

For evaluation of the authenticity of Iranian olive oil, samples from many Iranian olive oil producers especially north of Iran in the production year 2007 were collected. The fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions were measured. The most recent calculation methods including ∆ECN the difference between the actual and theoretical ECN42 (equivalent carbon number), triglyceride content and R of olive oils according to IOOC methods were applied. On the basis of our results, we were able to classify the olive oils into the extra virgin, virgin olive and olive oil categories. The important fatty acids are oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids and their main triacylglycerols are OOO, POO, OOL, PLO, SOS plus POP, and OLL, respectively. On the basis of the triacylglycerol results, experimental ECN48, ECN46, ECN50, ECN44 and ECN42 were obtained. By using the fatty acids results and a computer program, the theoretical ECN42 and ECN44 were calculated. Then R values, being the ratio of r ECN42/r ECN44 for authenticity of all olive oils and ∆ECN for determining categories of olive oils, were defined. The results of olive oil samples were in the accepted limits of Codex and IOOC. Finally we suggest that the R and ∆ECN can be used in identification of adulteration of olive oils and also they are useful from the point of view of authenticity and classification.     

The Comparison Effects of Palm Oil Fatty Acid and Stearic Acid on Dynamic Properties,Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Black Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber Compounds

Abstract

The effects of palm oil fatty acid and stearic acid on dynamic properties, curing characteristics and mechanical properties of carbon black filled epoxidized natural rubber compounds were studied. It was found that the scorch time, t ₂ and cure time, t ₉₀ increased with increasing both acids concentrations. For dynamic properties, the maximum elastic torque, increased with acids concentration, whereas the minimum elastic torque shows a decreasing trend. Results also indicate that the decrease in viscous torque and tan δ is significant with increasing acids concentration. For tensile modulus, hardness, maximum torque-minimum torque and swelling index, results indicate that both acids have some effects on crosslink density. However tensile and tear strength pass through a maximum as the concentration of both acid increased.     

不同性质的脂肪酸对脂肪变性L02肝细胞凋亡和葡萄糖调节蛋白78表达的影响

目的探讨不同性质脂肪酸对脂肪变性L02肝细胞凋亡和葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)表达的影响。方法用油酸(不饱和脂肪酸)和软脂酸(饱和脂肪酸)分别诱导建立L02细胞脂肪变性模型;油红O染色观察细胞内脂滴的变化;甘油三酯(TG)试剂盒检测细胞内TG含量;流式细胞术Annexin-V/PI双染检测细胞凋亡率;AO/EB染色法观察细胞凋亡形态;Westernblot和RT-PCR法分别检测GRP78蛋白和mRNA的表达。结果不同性质的脂肪酸均可导致L02细胞发生以甘油三酯升高为特点的脂肪变性。流式细胞术及AO/EB染色形态观察显示,两种类型的脂肪酸均可引起不同程度的肝细胞凋亡,软脂酸组在48和72h的细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组、DMSO组以及油酸组,同时伴有GRP78蛋白及mRNA表达的明显增加。结论油酸不能影响GRP78的表达,饱和脂肪酸可能通过上调葡萄糖调节蛋白78的表达诱导脂肪变性肝细胞的凋亡。     

Effect of Media Components and Growth Conditions for Improved Linoleic Acid Production by Beauveria Species

Beauveria species are well-known insect pathogenic fungi, and Beauveria bassiana is used as a biopesticide against various pests in agriculture. However, the Beauveria species has not been reported as producers of microbial oils. In this study, Beauveria spp. MTCC 5184 was used to produce microbial oil with high linoleic acid (LA) content. Ten experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of several media parameters, such as carbon and nitrogen sources, pH, various concentrations of carbon and nitrogen, growth duration, and oleic acid (OLA) supplementation for maximum LA and dry biomass production by the fungus. Several of these parameters had a significant impact on the production of LA, as well as dry biomass. The glucose yeast extract (GYE) medium supplemented with 1.5% (w/v) peptone yielded maximum LA (0.32 ± 0.01 g L⁻¹) and biomass (5.51 ± 0.26 g L⁻¹). However, through the addition of 1.0% (w/v) OLA, the precursor of LA, LA production was enhanced 12-fold (1.24 ± 0.03 g L⁻¹), and the biomass production increased by 5-fold (11.05 ± 0.46 g L⁻¹) in comparison to those in the basal (GYE) medium. Using lactose as the sole carbon source produced the lowest LA (0.05 ± 0.00 g L⁻¹) and biomass (1.04 ± 0.10 g L⁻¹). The results of this study will be useful for the commercial exploitation of this fungus for the production of LA-rich microbial oil for use in the production of lubricants, greases, paints, cosmetics, etc.     

Interactions of Linoleic and Alpha-Linolenic Acids in the Development of Fatty Acid Alterations in Cystic Fibrosis

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit characteristic polyunsaturated fatty acid abnormalities, including low linoleic acid and high arachidonic acid levels that are thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease. Recent studies indicate that changes in fatty acid metabolism are responsible for these abnormalities. This study examines the role of fatty acid substrate concentrations in the development of these alterations in a cultured cell model of CF. By incubating cells with varying concentrations of exogenous fatty acids, it shows that increasing the concentration of substrates from the parallel n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid pathways (linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, respectively) not only increases formation of the products in that pathway, but also reduces metabolism in the parallel pathway. In particular, we demonstrate that high levels of linoleic acid and low levels of alpha-linolenic acid are required to observe the typical fatty acid alterations of cystic fibrosis. These results shed light on the mechanisms of fatty acid metabolic abnormalities in cystic fibrosis. They also have implications for the nutritional therapy of CF, highlighting the importance of specific fatty acid content, and in understanding the anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 fatty acids.     

Physicochemical Characterization,Fatty Acid And Tocopherol Content of Moringa ovalifolia (African Moringa) Oil From Namibia

Moringa ovalifolia tree is indigenous to Namibia and is a multipurpose tree whose leaves, pods, fruits, and flowers are edible. The tree is well adapted to the harsh climatic conditions of the region and easily cultivated. In this paper, we investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the oil extracted from M. ovalifolia seeds collected from Remhoogte Farm, Khomas region, Namibia. The oil yield was 34.86 ± 2.47%. The oil contained a high level of monounsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid (18:1) being the dominant one. The oil had high levels of tocopherol, with a total of 44.56 mg 100 g^?1 of oil, comprising α‐tocopherol (33.94 mg 100 g^?1), β‐tocopherol (6.64 mg 100 g^?1), and δ‐tocopherol (3.98 mg 100 g^?1). High levels of stigmasterol (142.41 mg 100 g^?1) and β‐sitosterol (330.70 mg 100 g^?1) were also detected. The seed oil exhibited good‐quality characteristics, making it a useful new seed oil to be considered for food and nonfood applications.     

Free Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of Oleic Acid for Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Preparation with Response Surface Optimization

Free lipase-mediated alcoholysis for biodiesel production has drawn increasing attention in recent years due to its advantages of lower cost and faster reaction rate compared to immobilized lipase. Ethanol, derived from renewable biomass, has a great potential for biodiesel production. A previous study showed that free lipase NS81006 could effectively catalyze the ethanolysis of triglycerides for biodiesel preparation. Since most crude plant oils always contain an amount of free fatty acids, oleic acid was used as the model substrate for this study on lipase-mediated esterification for biodiesel production. The central composite design of the response surface methodology was adopted for process optimization. A biodiesel yield of over 90 % was achieved under optimal reaction conditions and the repeated use of the free lipase was easily realized through phase separation either by natural gravity force or centrifugation.     

固体酸催化废油酯制备脂肪酸丁酯

研究以废油酯为原料在固体酸催化作用下与丁醇酯交换反应制备脂肪酸丁酯的过程,采用气相色谱对脂肪酸丁酯的含量进行分析。考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对酯化反应转化率的影响。结果表明,该反应的最适宜工艺条件为：醇油摩尔比16∶1,催化剂用量1.2%,反应温度115℃,反应时间4 h。废油酯在最优工艺条件下,经过酯交换反应得到的转化率超过83%。     

Optimizing Conditions for the Purification of Linoleic Acid from Sunflower Oil by Urea Complex Fractionation

The separation and purification of linoleic acid (LA) from sunflower seed oil by urea complex fractionation was studied. Crystallization reaction conditions of urea inclusion were optimized using the response surface method, and the optimal model was developed. Using the linear weighting method of the fitting model for optimization, the optimal balance between the purity and the recovery of LA was obtained. Under optimal conditions, the purity of LA was 87.8%, and the recovery was 83.4% at a urea-to-fatty acids ratio (w/w) of 0.94, 95% ethanol-to-urea (v/w) of 5.00, a crystallization temperature of 18.0 °C, and a crystallization time of 5.0 h. Verification results revealed that the predicted values from these models were reasonably close to the experimentally observed values.