Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethylated red angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa) exudate polysaccharide

Red angico is a heteropolysaccharide (arabinogalactan) obtained from Anadenanthera macrocarpa trees. Carboxymethylation of angico gum (AG) with monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in alkaline aqueous medium resulted in samples which were characterized by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The effects of reaction parameters, such as alkali concentration, MCA/AG ratio and temperature on the reaction yield and degree of substitution (DS) were investigated. The DS and MCA total efficiency values increase up to 2 h reaction time and then decrease. The DS varied from 0.11 to 1.10 depending on NaOH/MCA/AG ratio and temperature. The highest MCA total efficiency (0.57) was obtained for NaOH/MCA/AG molar ratio equal to 3:1:1, at 70°C. (DS = 0.63, yield = 91.0%). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis shows that polymer degradation was observed in all samples. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2985–2991, 2007     

羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖的制备及应用

以异丙醇为分散剂,在碱性介质中一氯乙酸(MCA)和魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)反应制备了系列羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖(CMKGM)。研究了反应时间、反应温度、MCA和NaOH用量等因素对取代度及反应率的影响,优化反应条件为:n(KGM)∶n(MCA)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1∶2,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为4 h,反应率可达90%;将制得的CMKGM用环氧氯丙烷交联,并将其用于吸附水溶液中的Pb2+。结果表明,交联羧甲基魔芋葡甘聚糖能有效吸附水中的Pb2+,当取代度(DS)为0.568,Pb2+起始质量浓度为300 mg/L时,吸附容量为29.19 mg/g,去除率仍高达97.3%。     

一次羧甲基化制备高取代度(DS=2.20)羧甲基玉米淀粉

通过一次羧甲基化制备了DS=2.20的高取代度羧甲基玉米淀粉(CMCS)。研究了氢氧化钠用量、反应介质、反应时间和反应温度对反应效率(RE)和取代度(DS)的影响。当n(NaOH)/n(AGU)=4时,最佳反应条件为n(NaOH)/n(ClCH2COOH)=2.5、异丙醇中φ(水)=2.4%、反应温度50℃、反应时间2h,在最佳反应条件下制得CMCS的DS=2.20,RE=55%。另外,用红外光谱证明了CMCS中存在羧甲基结构。     

羧甲基香豆胶的制备与表征

通过加入NaOH与一氯乙酸钠(SMCA)固体进行香豆胶(FG)的碱化和醚化,制备了不同取代度的羧甲基香豆胶(CMFG)。研究了不同分散介质、反应温度与时间、NaOH与SMCA用量等因素对取代度与反应效率的影响。以异丙醇/水为分散介质,产物取代度与反应效率最大,优化的反应温度为50℃、反应时间5h、醇水体积比52.5∶7.5。醇水体积比为50∶10、n(SMCA)∶n(NaOH)∶n(FG)=1∶1∶1时取代度为0.75,反应效率达75%。NaOH对取代度的影响大于SMCA。采用一步羧甲基化反应制备取代度1.05的CMFG,反应效率可达到70%。CMFG溶液黏度随取代度增大而增大,w(CMFG)=2%时,取代度为0.78,溶液黏度为116mPa.s。CMFG水溶液黏度4d降低8.6%～28.0%,黏度稳定性高于在w(NaCl)=1%的盐水溶液中的稳定性。     

Synthesis of starch benzoate in aqueous media

Summary The results of investigating starch benzoate (SB) synthesis in aqueous media are presented in this study. Starch esterification with benzoyl chloride was performed in two steps, the first step being the alkalization of starch and the second step esterification. The influence of the concentration of reactants, reaction medium composition, temperature and time of synthesis on the degree of substitution (DS), degree of swelling in water and thermal stability of the synthesized starch benzoate was investigated. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of starch benzoate with degree of substitution from 0.23 to 1.76 were determined. It was shown that starch benzoate with a DS of 1.76 practically did not swell in water. However, starch benzoate is less thermally stable than native starch probably due to a change in the supermolecular order induced by the esterification reaction. Received: 18 March 2002/Revised version: 18 October 2002/ Accepted: 28 October 2002 Correspondence to Katarina Jeremić     

Palladium‐Catalyzed Telomerization of Butadiene with Starch

In order to modify the hydrophilic properties of native starch for its incorporation in polymers, the telomerization of butadiene with native starch was investigated. Low to moderate degrees of substitution (DS=0.04–0.52) were obtained depending upon experimental conditions, particularly, reaction time, temperature and solvent. With 0.3‰ water‐soluble palladium catalyst (Pd/TPPTS), the reaction occurred in i‐PrOH/NaOH 0.1 N solvent mixture even at 50 °C and after 3 h reaction the DS reached 0.08, a value suitable for the application.     

干法制备高取代度高黏度的淀粉顺丁烯二酸单酯

设计使用原子经济性反应制备了高取代度高黏度的淀粉顺丁烯二酸单酯。首先对淀粉进行交联、碱化前处理,然后与顺丁烯二酸酐混合反应,干法制备高取代度、高黏度的淀粉顺丁烯二酸单酯。通过条件优化实验,在交联度为5%的淀粉碱化后pH=12,淀粉葡萄糖基与顺丁烯二酸酐的摩尔比n(ST)∶n(MA)=1∶0.8,含水量w(H2O)=17%,反应温度80℃,反应时间5h的条件下,得到取代度0.59的产品,反应效率74%,黏度高达28000mPa·s。这是制备生物质淀粉精细化学品的有益尝试。     

Variables affecting the methylation reactions of cellulose

Solubility of methyl cellulose (MC) depends on the degree of substitution (DS), the average degree of polymerization (DP), and the distribution of methoxyl groups. Of these, the DS appears to be the most important. The DS of the MC depends on the conditions of preparation. The conditions studied in this work revealed that the DS of the MC increased as the concentration of sodium hydroxide increased from 10 to 50%. This result is attributed to the increase in the extent of formation of alkali cellulose II as a result of the increase in the alkali concentration and hence the increase of the DS of the MC. Decreasing both the ratio of dimethyl sulfate: cellulose and the liquor ratio increased the DS. High DS was achieved within a period of 2 and 3 h. However, the DS increased as the time increased. The decrease of the DS as the liquor ratio increased may be attributed to the sol–gel transition due to the interaction of the hydrophobic methoxyl groups within the polymer chains. To reveal the effect of the thermal sol–gel transition, the reaction was carried out in nonaqueous medium and the results obtained showed an increase of the DS with the increase of the solvent ratio until a maximum. This result may be contributed to the breakdown of the hydrogen bonding in the presence of solvents that transfer the reaction medium to the sol-form and hence more methylating reaction takes place. The degree of the solvation of the methyl groups into the solvents also plays a role. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Optimization of Water-Soluble Chitosan Derivatives

Chitosan was chemically modified using monochloroacetic acid at various reaction conditions. Chemical structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-chitosan) was prepared at different temperatures, water/isopropanol (IPA) ratios and alkali concentrations. Reaction conditions have great influence on the degree of substitution (DS) and, in turn, the solubility. The water solubility of chitosan derivatives depended upon modification conditions and degree of substitution.     

Synthesis of starch esters in ionic liquids

Chemical modification of corn starches with succinic anhydride or acetic anhydride was carried out using 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) as a reaction medium. The reaction progress was followed in terms of the degree of substitution (DS) for the starch derivatives. The results showed that the homogeneous esterification of starch at 5 : 1 molar ratio of anhydride/anhydroglucose units at 100°C led to formation of acetates with DS ranging from 0.37 to 2.35 and succinates with DS ranging from 0.03 to 0.93. Moreover, the reaction media applied could be easily recycled and reused. Further, the formation of starch esters was confirmed by the presence of the carbonyl signal in the FTIR and NMR spectra. It was shown that the starch granules were mostly converted from their crystalline structure into amorphous state in the ionic liquid system under the given reaction conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

共反应剂法合成金刚烷甲酸纤维素酯

In order to develop a novel bioactive material utilizing cellulose resource, adamantane carboxylic acid esters of cellulose were synthesized through in-situ activation of the adamantane carboxylic acid using N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl as solvent, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride as co-reagent.The structure and properties of adamantane carboxylic acid esters of cellulose were characterized by means of IR, ¹H NMR, TG,etc.The esterification conditions were investigated in detail.The results showed that the degree of substitution was influenced by reaction temperature, reaction time and mole ratios of repeat units of cellulose/adamantane carboxylic acid/p-toluenesulfonyl chloride.Under the optimized reaction conditions, the highest degree of substitution (DS) was 1.9.TG analysis revealed that the thermal stability of cellulose esters was improved with the increase of DS due to the incorporation of adamantane carboxylic acid into chains of cellulose.The products are soluble in various organic solvents, depending on the DS.     

Synthesis of methacrylated hyaluronic acid with tailored degree of substitution

The aim of this work was to develop a new method to derivatize hyaluronic acid (HyA) with polymerizable methacrylate residues with precise control over the substitution degree. The synthesis of methacrylated HyA (HyA-MA) was performed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine as a catalyst. HyA was rendered soluble in DMSO by exchanging the Na⁺ ions by the more lipophilic tetrabutylammonium ions. HyA-MA with a fully controlled degree of substitution (DS, defined as the number of methacrylate groups per 100 disaccharide units), ranging from 5 to 30, was obtained at 50 °C after 48 h. Hydrogels were obtained upon radical polymerization of aqueous solutions of HyA-MA using potassium peroxodisulfate (KPS) as initiator and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as catalyst. Almost complete methacrylate conversion (95%) was achieved for hydrogels obtained by polymerization of HyA-MA with a degree of substitution of 15. At lower DS (DS 8.5 and 5) the methacrylate conversion was 82% and 68%, respectively. Rheological characterization showed that with increasing DS the storage modulus of these HyA-MA hydrogels increased. Swelling experiments showed that HyA-MA gels with a DS of 15 or above were dimensionally stable, whereas HyA-MA gels with DS 5 and DS 8.5 swelled 1.6 and 1.4 times their initial weight, respectively. In conclusion, this paper shows that the DS of HyA-MA can be tailored by the reaction conditions and that consequently HyA-MA hydrogels with different characteristics can be prepared.     

Experimental study on carboxymethylation of cellulose extracted from Posidonia oceanica

The production of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) from bleached cellulose pulps obtained from Posidonia oceanica was explored. The optimal reaction conditions were studied for the carboxymethylation of cellulose in organic liquids. The carboxymethylation reaction was carried out with NaOH and monochloroacetic acid (MAC) as the reagent. Different alcohols were compared in terms of the degree of substitution (DS). The highest DS was obtained with n‐butanol. For this alcohol, the effects of the temperature, alkali concentration, and MAC concentration were studied. The reaction was also carried out in three consecutive steps. The resulting CMC had a DS of about 2.75. The functionalization of cellulose was checked using FTIR spectroscopy and ¹³C‐NMR. The X‐ray analysis showed that the crystalline structure of cellulose decreased when the DS increased and the structure was totally amorphous in high DS material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1808–1816, 2006     

两步加碱法制备N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖—反应条件对取代度的影响

利用两步加碱法制备羧甲基壳聚糖,并采用等电点沉降法对其精制。结果表明,在m(壳聚糖)∶m(氯乙酸)∶m(氢氧化钠)=1∶4 8∶4 8,反应时间6h,温度60℃,异丙醇用量50mL,水用量22mL的较适宜反应条件下,制得的羧甲基壳聚糖取代度高达1 7,与传统方法制得的产物取代度最大1 1相比,有较大幅度的提高。同时,对影响产物取代度因素的研究表明:碱量、氯乙酸用量和反应温度是影响产物取代度的关键因素;产物取代度随碱量的增加而增加,随氯乙酸用量和反应温度的提高,呈现先增后减的规律。最后,对产物进行的红外光谱分析表明,产物为N,O 羧甲基壳聚糖,且主要是氧位取代。     

N‐alkylation of chitosan by β‐halopropionic acids in the presence of various acceptors

N‐carboxyethylation of chitosan by β‐halopropionic acids in the presence of various proton and halogen ion acceptors was investigated. It has been observed that carboxyethylation of chitosan in aqueous medium is accompanied by the by‐processes of hydrolysis and dehydrohalogenation of the β‐halopropionic acids yielding β‐hydroxypropionic acid, bis(2‐carboxyethyl) ether, and acrylic acid. Degree of carboxyethyl substitution (DS) of chitosan and the relative rates of the by‐processes varied significantly depending on the conditions used and nature of the proton or halogen ion acceptor. At carboxyethylation of chitosan with the alkaline β‐bromopropionates, the DS increased in the order Cs⁺ < Rb⁺ < K⁺ ～ Na⁺ < Li⁺. For alkaline earth salts BrCH₂CH₂COOM_0.5 (M = Be²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺), the highest DS was obtained with strontium and barium salts, which could be subsequently removed from the reaction mixture by precipitation as sulfates. Among the organic bases applied (tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, triethylamine, trimethylamine, pyridine, 4‐N,N‐dimethylaminopyridine, 2,6‐lutidine, and 1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0] non‐5‐ene), the highest DS was obtained using a moderately strong base triethylamine. For the halogen acceptors (Pb²⁺, Ag⁺, Tl⁺), the stoichiometrically highest DS was achieved in a system comprising iodopropionic acid plus Tl⁺ and a comparable conversion rate was obtained using also a combination of chloropropionic acid and Ag⁺. A novel alternative preparative approach—gel‐state synthesis—was suggested that provides for the highest DS at the optimum reaction conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Preparation and properties of starch oxalate half-ester with different degrees of substitution

Oxalic acid, a strong dicarbonic acid mainly come from starch, was used to esterify gelatinized corn starch under nonaqueous conditions to give a material with degrees of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.08 to 0.87 depending on the oxalic acid/starch molar ratios used. The reaction product was washed by extraction with 95% ethanol solution and then characterized by using spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR). The results from these analyses revealed the presence of carbonylic groups, indicating that the esterification reaction was successful. SEM showed that granules of corn starch swelled on gelatinization and the particles had a porous structure favorable to esterification. The effect of different degree of substitution on properties of oxalate starch half-ester was studied by intrinsic viscosity measurement, wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), thermogravimetry (TG) and humidity absorption. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the loss of the ordered A-type crystalline structure, characteristic of corn starch. With the increase in DS, Mw (estimated by intrinsic viscosity), the thermal stability of starch oxalate half-ester decreased markedly while its ability to take up water increased due to the introduction of the carboxylic group.     

Partial or total silylation of dextran with hexamethyldisilazane

The silylation reaction of dextran with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) in DMSO was studied as the first step of the synthesis of new amphiphilic polyester-grafted dextrans. According to the experimental conditions, i.e. dextran molar weight, medium temperature and reaction time, HMDS/OH ratio, addition of a catalyst and co-solvent, partially or totally silylated dextrans were recovered. The highest silylation yields were obtained with the lowest molecular weight dextrans. The increase in temperature medium and/or reaction time, the presence of catalyst or co-solvent favored the protection yield. Whatever the dextran used, complete silylation of the polysaccharide chain could be achieved by adequate selection of the experimental conditions. The thermal properties of resulting silylated polysaccharides were investigated by temperature modulated DSC. It was observed that T_g values of partially silylated dextran were maintained between 120 and 140 °C, independently of the dextran molecular weight. Interestingly, DMSO proved to behave as an efficient plasticizer of (partially) silylated dextrans. The partially silylated dextrans were efficiently used as multifunctional macroinitiators for the controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactone. The ROP was then promoted from the remaining hydroxyl groups in the presence of tin or aluminium activator. After polymerization and ultimate deprotection of the silylated dextran backbone, amphiphilic polyester-grafted dextrans were readily recovered.     

Kinetic study of S-alkylation of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole by allyl bromide in the presence of potassium hydroxide

The S-alkylation (substitution on sulfur atom) of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI or ArSH) by allyl bromide (RBr) was successfully carried out in an aqueous solution of KOH/organic solvent two-phase medium. The reaction, which may take place either in the organic phase or on the interface, is greatly enhanced in the presence of KOH without the aid of quaternary salts as the catalyst to promote the reaction. No product was obtained from N-alkylation (substitution on nitrogen atom) during or after the reaction period by using a limited amount of allyl bromide (RBr) relative to that of MBI. Based on the experimental evidence, the kinetic behaviors and the characteristics of the reaction are sufficiently described by the pseudo-first-order rate law. The effects of the reaction conditions, including the agitation speed, the amount of KOH, volume of water, volume of dichloromethane, amount of allyl bromide, amount of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, organic solvents and temperature on the conversion of allyl bromide and the apparent rate constants (k_app) were investigated in detail. Peculiar result is obtained in studying the effect of the volume of water on the conversion (or the reaction rate) in this work. Rational explanations are provided for the observed phenomena from experimental results.     

Preparation of polymer brush-type cellulose β-ketoesters using LiCl/1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone as a solvent

Cellulose β-ketoesters with branched alkenyl chains were prepared using cis-9-octadecenyl ketene dimer (OKD) and LiCl/1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) as the esterifying reagent and cellulose solvent, respectively. Relationships between degree of substitution (DS) of the cellulose/OKD β-ketoesters and reaction conditions were studied in detail. The results showed that DS values of the products were controllable up to 2.1 by selecting the reaction conditions. Solution- and solid-state ¹³C-NMR analyses revealed that cellulose backbones of the cellulose/OKD β-ketoesters with DS 2.1 behave like solid in chloroform owing to strong restriction on movement of cellulose chains by the long and branched alkenyl substituents introduced. Size-exclusion chromatographic analysis showed that little depolymerization occurred on cellulose during β-ketoesterification at room temperature, and that molecules of the cellulose/OKD β-ketoesters with DS 2.1 had semi rigid-rod conformation in tetrahydrofuran. Thus, cellulose β-ketoesters with densely substituents like polymer brushes or comb-shaped polymers were prepared in this study.     

Aerobic biodegradation of cellulose acetate

Two separate assay systems were used to evaluate the biodegradation potential of cellulose acetate: an in vitro enrichment cultivation technique (closed batch system), and a system in which cellulose diacetate (CDA) films were suspended in a wastewater treatment system (open continuous feed system). The in vitro assay employed a stable enrichment culture, which was initiated by inoculating a basal salts medium containing cellulose acetate with 5% (v/v) activated sludge. Microscopic examination revealed extensive degradation of CDA (DS = 2.5) fibers after 2–3 weeks of incubation. Characterization of the CA fibers recovered from inoculated flasks demonstrated a lower average degree of substitution and a change in the mol wt profiles. In vitro enrichments with CDA (DS = 1.7) films were able to degrade > 80% of the films in 4–5 days. Cellulose acetate (DS = 2.5) films required 10–12 days for extensive degradation. Films prepared from cellulose triacetate remained essentially unchanged after 28 days in the in vitro assay. The wastewater treatment assay was less active than the in vitro enrichment system. For example, approximately 27 days were required for 70% degradation of CDA (DS = 1.7) films to occur while CDA (DS = 2.5) films required approximately 10 weeks before significant degradation was obtained. Supporting evidence for the biodegradation potential of cellulose acetate was obtained through the conversion of cellulose [1-¹⁴C]-acetate to ¹⁴CO₂ in the in vitro assay. The results of this work demonstrate that cellulose acetate fibers and films are potentially biodegradable and that the rate of biodegradation is highly dependent on the degree of substitution. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.