大鼠GLUT3基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的构建携带大鼠葡萄糖转运体3（GLUT3）基因的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体，为研究GLUT3的生物学功能提供工具。方法采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）的方法获取大鼠GLUT3基因全长cDNA片段，将其克隆至穿梭质粒pShuttle中构建穿梭质粒pShuttle-GLUT3，经酶切后与线性化的腺病毒骨架质粒pAdeno-X体外连接并转化大肠杆菌DH5α，构建重组腺病毒质粒pAd-GLUT3，酶切线性化重组腺病毒质粒后转染293细胞包装成重组病毒颗粒，重组腺病毒在293细胞中反复扩增数代后，分别用聚合酶链反应（PCR）及免疫印记法（western blot）的方法从基因和蛋白表达水平鉴定重组的腺病毒。结果经DNA测序和PCR分析显示GLUT3 cDNA序列正确。成功筛选出重组腺病毒质粒pAd-GLUT3后在HEK293细胞中成功包装出重组病毒，包装后冻融细胞行PCR及western blot检测表明重组腺病毒包装成功。结论本研究成功构建了携带大鼠GLUT3基因的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体。     

人骨形态发生蛋白2和人成纤维细胞生长因子2双基因共表达腺病毒载体的构建及鉴定

背景：内部核糖体进入位点序列载体能将上下游基因共同转录,故通过此载体可使连接在一起的人骨形态发生蛋白2和人成纤维细胞生长因子2同时高表达,可为骨缺损的治疗提供新方法。 目的：实验通过引入内部核糖体进入位点序列,采用基于attLXattR的λ噬茵体位点特异性重组系统的GatewayTM技术构建带有人骨形态发生蛋白2和人成纤维细胞生长因子2双基因重组腺病毒载体并进行鉴定。 方法：用聚合酶链反应方法扩增人骨形态发生蛋白2和人成纤维细胞生长因子2目的基因,将两个基因亚克隆至pIRES2-EGFP载体中,构建phBMP2-IRES-hFGF2载体,通过BP反应将hBMP2-IRES-hFGF2重组到载体pDONR221中,再通过LR反应将其转移到腺病毒载体pAd/CMV/V5-DEST中,线性化后转染293细胞进行包装获得重组腺病毒Ad-hBMP2-IRES-hFGF2。 结果与结论：phBMP2-IRES-hFGF2经酶切及测序鉴定正确,带hBMP2-IRES-hFGF2的载体在293细胞中包装成功,获得成熟的病毒颗粒,病毒滴度为2.82×1010 ifu/mL,证实成功构建了带有人骨形态发生蛋白2和人成纤维细胞生长因子2双基因重组腺病毒载体。     

以海马神经元为靶细胞Ad-Easy系统快速构建携带PTEN基因的重组腺病毒表达载体

摘要：目的：应用Ad-Easy腺病毒载体系统快速构建携带PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten)基因的重组腺病毒表达载体,为应用基因技术研究PTEN对缺血性脑损伤后的神经保护作用奠定基础。方法：采用RT-PCR法从大鼠海马神经元扩增获得目的基因PTEN, 克隆入pAdTrack-CMV穿梭质粒（含绿色荧光蛋白（Green fluorescence protein,GFP）基因）形成转移载体pAdTrack-CMV-PTEN,将其在大肠杆菌BJ5183内与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy-1同源重组;重组子酶切鉴定正确后转染HEK293细胞,PCR分析鉴定扩增情况及Western blot检测受腺病毒感染的海马神经元内PTEN蛋白的表达。结果：荧光显微镜检测到受腺病毒感染的HEK293细胞表达GFP,出现明显的细胞病变效应（Cytopathic effect,CPE）,经3轮扩增得到了病毒所需滴度。PTEN蛋白在受感染腺病毒神经元内表达显著增强。结论：利用Ad-Easy系统成功快速的构建了携带PTEN基因的腺病毒表达载体,为研究基因治疗缺血性脑损伤奠定了基础。     

人骨形成蛋白2真核表达载体的构建和体外表达

背景：骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein 2,BMP-2) 是已知的所有生长因子中对骨的形成作用最强的生长因子，被认为是最具有前途的骨诱导物质。 目的：构建人骨形成蛋白2真核表达载体并观察其体外表达情况。 设计、时间及地点：自身对照实验，于2005-07/2006-05在华中科技大学同济医学院分子生物中心实验室完成。 材料：pcDNA3.1(+)载体由华中科技大学同济医学院左石博士惠赠；成骨肉瘤组织由华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院骨科提供。 方法：从人成骨肉瘤细胞中提取细胞总RNA，利用反转录-聚合酶链反应方法扩增获得人BMP-2基因cDNA，将基因片断重组到pGEM-T质粒中构建pGEM-T- hBMP-2重组质粒载体，转化到大肠杆菌DH5α后筛选阳性克隆，利用限制性酶切和DNA序列分析鉴定重组质粒。分别用RcoRI和NotI双酶切pGEM-T- hBMP-2质粒和pcDNA3.1真核表达载体，将克隆载体中人骨形成蛋白2基因重组到pcDNA3.1真核表达载体，提取质粒作酶切电泳、聚合酶链反应鉴定及DNA测序后，用脂质体体外转染小鼠骨髓基质细胞，反转录-聚合酶链反应检测BMP-2的表达。 主要观察指标：①人骨肉瘤细胞总RNA 反转录-聚合酶链反应结果。②重组质粒pGEM-T-hBMP-2 和pcDNA3.1-hBMP-2的构建和酶切鉴定。③BMP-2在小鼠骨髓基质细胞内的表达。 结果：人骨肉瘤细胞总RNA经反转录-聚合酶链反应扩增后，获得1.2 kb条带。经酶切电泳、聚合酶链反应鉴定及DNA测序证实实验成功克隆BMP-2基因，重组质粒pcDNA3.1- hBMP-2构建正确;该重组质粒能在体外培养的小鼠骨髓基质细胞中有效表达BMP-2。 结论：实验成功克隆人骨形成蛋白2基因并构建了此基因的真核表达载体。     

重组腺病毒载体Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP的构建与鉴定*☆

背景：基因治疗是目前脊髓损伤治疗的方向，目的基因和载体是基因治疗的关键。 目的：构建携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因(Enhanced green fluorescence protein, EGFP)标志人脑源性神经营养因子(human brain-derived neurotrophic factor，hBDNF)基因重组腺病毒载体。 设计、时间及地点：单一样本观察，实验于2007-09/2008-06在福建医科大学附属第一医院完成。 材料：感受态大肠杆菌DH-5α购自美国Stratagene公司；pDC316-hBDNF、载体质粒pDC316-mCMV-EGFP、腺病毒骨架质粒pBHGlox_E1,3Cre、腺病毒包装系统AdMax和包装细胞株293购自加拿大Mixcrobix-Biosystems公司。 方法：以pDC316-hBDNF为模板，聚合酶链反应扩增酶切获得hBDNF基因片段，连接到带有EGFP标记基因的载体质粒pDC316-mCMV-EGFP上，构建穿梭质粒pDC316-hBDNF-mCMV-EGFP。利用AdMax包装系统，穿梭质粒与骨架质粒pBHGlox_E1，3Cre共转染293包装细胞, 同源重组产生复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP，反复感染293细胞扩增病毒后，离子交换法纯化病毒，并测定病毒颗粒数及滴度。 主要观察指标：①hBDNF基因原始质粒聚合酶链反应鉴定。②穿梭质粒pDC316-hBDNF-mCMV-EGFP的构建及鉴定。③重组腺病毒Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP的包装、扩增及纯化。④毒种目的基因的聚合酶链反应鉴定。⑤纯化病毒的滴度测定结果。 结果：经聚合酶链反应鉴定、限制性酶切分析及序列测定，证明已正确构建重组穿梭质粒pDC316-hBDNF-mCMV-EGFP和重组腺病毒载体Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP；扩增纯化后，测得重组腺病毒颗粒数为2.4×1011VP / mL，A260/A280值约为2.0，滴度为0.8×1010 CCID50/ mL。 结论：已成功构建重组腺病毒载体Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP，为hBDNF基因功能及基因治疗的进一步研究奠定实验基础。     

甲胎蛋白特异性小干扰RNA重组腺病毒载体的构建

背景：RNA干扰技术的应用，关键在于能够采用1个有效的基因转移系统将小干扰RNA转入至靶细胞，目前广泛应用的是构建小干扰RNA表达载体。 目的：利用AdMax腺病毒载体系统构建表达人甲胎蛋白-小干扰RNA的腺病毒载体。 设计、时间及地点：开放性实验，于2007-03/10在山东大学附属济南市中心医院中心实验室完成。 材料：穿梭质粒pDC316-EGFP-U6为本元正阳基因技术公司产品；AdMax KitD试剂盒与低代数HEK293细胞为Microbix Biosystems Inc.（Canada）公司产品。 方法：选择针对甲胎蛋白 mRNA的特异性小干扰RNA靶序列，设计合成为相应的双链DNA，并将其与酶切线性化的pDC316-EGFP-U6载体片段连接，构建好的穿梭质粒pDC316-EGFP-U6-AFP-siRNA和腺病毒骨架质粒pBHGlox_E1,3Cre共转染HEK293细胞，同源重组产生重组腺病毒。 主要观察指标：对重组腺病毒进行聚合酶链反应鉴定及扩增、纯化、滴度测定。 结果：构建的穿梭质粒载体经聚合酶链反应鉴定和测序分析，证实与设计一致。重组腺病毒Ad-AFP-siRNA经聚合酶链反应和绿色荧光蛋白表达检测证实构建成功，测定滴度为1.4×109 nfu/L。 结论：实验成功构建了Ad-EGFP-U6-AFP-siRNA重组腺病毒。     

构建人HCN4基因重组腺病毒载体及其对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的感染效率

背景：超极化激活及环化核苷酸门控阳离子通道(hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel, HCN)基因由于具有不增加诱发心律失常的风险、能够接受自主神经系统调节等优势,成为目前最受关注的生物起搏备选基因。 目的：构建携带人HCN4基因的重组腺病毒载体,并测定其对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的感染效率。 设计、时间及地点：细胞-基因学体外实验,于2008-02/09在中山大学附属第二医院林百欣实验中心完成。 材料：SD大鼠10只,由中山大学实验动物中心提供。携带目的基因人HCN4 cDNA的质粒pcDNA3.1-HCN4、人胚肾293细胞、大肠杆菌DH5α由中山大学附属第二医院林百欣实验中心保存。腺病毒穿梭质粒pShuttle-CMV、骨架质粒pAdxsi购自北京诺赛基因组研究中心有限公司。 方法：质粒pcDNA3.1-HCN4用Hind Ⅲ+Xba Ⅰ双酶切后回收HCN4片段,亚克隆至pShuttle-CMV中,得到重组穿梭质粒;I-Ceu Ⅰ+I-Sce Ⅰ双酶切处理pShuttle-CMV-HCN4,回收CMV-HCN4片段,亚克隆至腺病毒骨架载体pAdxsi,得到重组腺病毒质粒;重组腺病毒质粒酶切线性化后,应用脂质体法转染293细胞进行包装扩增,得到重组腺病毒AdHCN4;应用AdHCN4转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞。 主要观察指标：重组腺病毒质粒载体的鉴定,重组腺病毒的鉴定及滴度测定,重组腺病毒的感染效率。 结果：构建的重组穿梭质粒pShuttle-CMV-HCN4用Hind Ⅲ+Xho Ⅰ双酶切,得到大小为3 600 bp(HCN4)和5 100 bp (pShuttle-CMV)两个片段,DNA测序结果证实人HCN4基因的全长序列已正确插入到pShuttle-CMV穿梭质粒中;重组腺病毒质粒pAdxsi-CMV-HCN4用XhoⅠ酶切得到7个片段,而作为对照的空腺病毒质粒只得到6个片段;重组腺病毒质粒在293细胞中包装后产生的重组腺病毒对293细胞有致病作用;重组腺病毒AdHCN4 PCR鉴定可见657 bp的阳性扩增条带;经多次重复感染后,病毒滴度检测达2.5×1011PFU/mL。成功转染AdHCN4的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞可表达绿色荧光蛋白,当病毒感染复数值为800,转染效率最高,达90%。 结论：实验成功构建携带人HCN4基因的重组腺病毒载体,并可在体外有效转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞。     

应用AdEasy腺病毒载体系统构建鼠白细胞介素10基因重组腺病毒★

目的：AdEasy系统可在原核细胞E.coli BJ5183中完成穿梭质粒与骨架质粒之间的高效同源重组，经抗生素培养板筛选重组体，然后转染293细胞获得重组病毒，极大简化了载体的构建过程。实验利用AdEasy腺病毒载体系统构建鼠白细胞介素10基因重组腺病毒。 方法：实验于2006-08/2007-05在青岛大学医学院病毒学实验室完成。①实验材料：清洁级SD大鼠5只，实验过程中对动物的处置符合动物伦理学标准。腺病毒穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV，骨架质粒pAdeasy-1，大肠杆菌BJ5183和DH10B，人胚肾293细胞均由青岛大学医学院微生物教研室罗兵教授惠赠。②实验方法：从脂多糖刺激培养的大鼠脾细胞中提取细胞总RNA，应用反转录多聚酶链反应技术扩增白细胞介素10 cDNA，定向亚克隆至pAdtrack-CMV中构建腺病毒穿梭质粒pAdtrack-CMV-IL-10，酶切线性化后转化到含腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy的BJ5183大肠杆菌中，获得重组腺病毒质粒pAd-IL-10，Lipofectamin包装转染293细胞，获得重组腺病毒vAd-IL-10，荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达。将293细胞接种于96孔板中，每孔1×104个细胞，浓缩后的病毒贮存液按不同比例稀释加至培养板中，测定重组腺病毒滴度。用重组腺病毒vAd-IL-10感染293细胞3 d后，以TRIzol一步法提取细胞总RNA，所获RNA加入DNaseⅠ消化处理可能污染的DNA后，PCR产物行琼脂糖电泳检测白细胞介素10 mRNA的表达。 结果：①重组腺病毒的包装及滴度测定：经限制性内切酶转染293细胞16 h后，荧光显微镜观察到细胞中有GFP荧光，可间接反映目的基因的表达。将病毒上清反复感染293细胞扩增重组腺病毒，通常传至第4~5代于接种病毒后24~48 h，几乎可观察到所有细胞出现荧光，此时收获病毒，重组病毒命名为vAd-IL-10。vAd-IL-10滴度为5.5×108 pfu/mL，vAd-GFP滴度为9.0×108 pfu/mL。②目的基因RT-PCR产物的鉴定：提取重组腺病毒感染293细胞总RNA，RT-PCR扩增后琼脂糖电泳显示特异性580 bp预计大小的片段，表明该重组腺病毒可在293细胞中有效转录。 结论：利用AdEasy腺病毒载体系统成功构建了携带白细胞介素10基因的重组腺病毒载体，并制备出高滴度的重组腺病毒vAd-IL-10，可在293细胞中有效转录。     

血管内皮生长因子121和骨形态蛋白2双基因共表达重组腺病毒载体的构建及鉴定

背景：人血管内皮生长因子121和骨形态蛋白2在激素性股骨头坏死骨缺损中均具有成血管成骨作用,目前国内在以人血管内皮生长因子121和骨形态蛋白2基因联合治疗激素性股骨头坏死方面少有报道。 目的：构建人血管内皮生长因子121与人骨形态发生蛋白2双基因腺病毒穿梭质粒。 方法：将质粒pShuttle-CMV-VEGF121-IRES-hrGFP-1经Kpn Ⅰ/Xba Ⅰ酶切后,将BMP2片段定向连入pShuttle-CMV- VEGF121-IRES,构建可同时表达2个目的基因重组质粒pShuttle-CMV-V EGF121-IRES-BMP2,注入H5a细胞扩增,铺板,筛选阳性菌落,提取质粒,进行酶切分析及序列测定。将已构建确认正确的腺病毒质粒,经BJ5183-AD-1电转感受态细胞进行电穿孔后,铺板,筛选阳性菌落,提取质粒,进行酶切分析,PCR检测和序列分析。 结果与结论：酶切分析及核酸序列测定证实重组质粒构建正确,提示实验成功构建了血管内皮生长121及骨形态蛋白2双基因共表达重组腺病毒载体。     

大鼠黏结蛋白聚糖1基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及感染效率☆

背景：重组腺病毒质粒的构建方法主要有体外连接法和同源重组法。同源重组法有操作复杂、耗时长、效率低、纯化难的缺点。体外连接法又不可避免非特异性的基因重组及基因突变。 目的：应用改良体外连接法构建携带黏结蛋白聚糖1基因的重组腺病毒载体，测定其在心肌成纤维细胞中的感染效率。 设计、时间及地点：单一样本实验，于2007-08/2008-02在中山大学附属第二医院林百欣实验中心完成。 材料：穿梭载体pShuttle-CMV（含绿色荧光报告基因）和腺病毒骨架质粒pAdxsi购自诺赛基因组研究中心有限公司。 方法：核苷酸序列鉴定pCMV-Sport6.1-Sdc1质粒；用KpnⅠ + XhoⅠ从质粒pCMV-Sport6.1-Sdc1切出黏结蛋白聚糖1基因片段，亚克隆至pShuttle-CMV中，形成重组穿梭质粒。用I-CeuI + I-SceI双酶切出重组穿梭质粒中CMV-Sdc1片段，亚克隆至腺病毒基因组质粒中，得到重组腺病毒质粒。将重组腺病毒质粒转染293细胞包装获得重组腺病毒AdCMVSdc1，转化体外培养的心肌成纤维细胞。 主要观察指标：用DNA测序、酶切及聚合酶链反应法鉴定重组质粒和病毒，并测定重组腺病毒的滴度和感染效率。 结果：①核苷酸序列分析表明，pCMV-Sport6.1-Sdc1质粒正确携带大鼠黏结蛋白聚糖1 cDNA；黏结蛋白聚糖1基因被克隆于载体pShuttle-CMV上，以KpnⅠ + XhoⅠ双酶切可回收3 kb的克隆片段和5.1 kb的载体片段；重组腺病毒质粒用XhoⅠ酶切得到7个片段而空载体仅得到6个片段。②重组腺病毒质粒在293细胞中包装后产生的重组腺病毒对293细胞有致病作用；提取病毒DNA行聚合酶链反应鉴定可扩增出1.13 kb的特异性片段；用病毒上清多次重复感染293细胞扩增重组腺病毒后，病毒滴度检测达2.0×1011 PFU/mL。③用纯化浓缩后的重组腺病毒以感染复数为100感染心肌成纤维细胞，24 h后所有细胞均表达绿色荧光。 结论：成功构建了携带大鼠黏结蛋白聚糖1基因的重组腺病毒载体，经纯化浓缩后具有较高的滴度，能有效转染心肌成纤维细胞。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.