经皮内镜胃造瘘营养支持在头颈部肿瘤放疗中的应用

目的:探讨通过经皮内镜下胃造瘘(PEG)通路营养支持在头颈部肿瘤患者放疗中的应用价值。方法:选择103例放疗中出现经口进食受限,需要辅以营养支持的头颈部肿瘤患者,随机分为PEG组47例、鼻饲组56例,分别通过PEG和鼻胃管接受同样强度的营养支持。观察2组患者的情绪、食欲、生活质量以及对置管和治疗的耐受性和依从性变化;记录感染发生情况,计算感染发生率及人均疗程总抗生素用药频度(DDDs);比较放疗前后体重、白蛋白以及血清转铁蛋白水平等营养指标的变化。采用SPSS 11.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:临床观察方面,PEG组患者对放疗的情绪、食欲及生活质量下降不明显,但耐受性及依从性明显提高,社会生活不受影响;鼻饲组对放疗的情绪低落,食欲及生活质量下降明显,耐受性及依从性差,社会生活受到影响。感染发生方面,PEG组感染发生率为19.1%(9/47),显著小于鼻饲组的33.9%(17/56,P=0.0292);PEG组人均疗程总抗生素用药频度为1.5,低于鼻饲组的4.3。营养指标方面,PEG组患者的体重和白蛋白分别由置管前的(63.6±4.2)kg、(34.0±4.5)g/L下降为放疗后的(60.7±2.5)kg和(31.4±3.8)g/L,转铁蛋白则由(27.6±3.9)μmol/L上升为(28.4±1.3)μmol/L,但无显著差异(P=0.185);鼻饲组则由治疗前(65.3±5.6)kg、(33.7±3.1)g/L和(28.2±2.1)μmol/L下降为治疗后的(58.4±3.3)kg、(29.6±4.3)g/L和(26.2±2.3)μmol/L,差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。虽然置管前两组各指标水平无显著差异,但放疗结束后PEG组体重、白蛋白和转铁蛋白丢失较鼻饲组显著减少(P<0.01)。结论:作为一种新的肠内营养通路,PEG在头颈部肿瘤放疗过程中的应用不增加感染发生率,患者耐受性好,依从性高,可有效恢复或改善其营养状况,提高生活质量,值得推广应用。     

预防性经皮内镜胃造瘘术在接受放化疗的头颈部肿瘤患者中的应用

目的: 探讨拟接受放化疗头颈肿瘤患者胃造瘘的时机。 方法: 回顾分析2016年1月—12月间接受放化疗的头颈肿瘤患者,由放疗科医师根据营养风险评估,估计存在营养障碍问题,拟行经皮内镜胃造瘘术（PEG）,分为放化疗前预防性胃造瘘组（预防性PEG组）和放化疗期间胃造瘘组（反应性PEG组）,其中预防性PEG组234例,反应性PEG组93例。检测2组患者置管前、后的体重、白蛋白水平,计算并比较置管前、后BMI及白蛋白变化程度;观察2组患者耐管及创面感染情况,比较2组放疗结束后拔管率的变化。采用SPSS 11.5软件包对2组患者的数据进行团体t检验和χ²检验。 结果: 放化疗结束后,预防性PEG组BMI、白蛋白值及拔管率均显著高于反应性PEG组（P<0.01）,而预防性PEG组的感染率显著低于被动性PEG组（P<0.05）。 结论: 预防性PEG术能改善头颈部肿瘤患者接受放化疗后的营养状况,减轻放化疗引起的并发症。     

拉出法与插入法经皮内镜下胃造瘘术在口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者中的应用效果比较

目的: 比较拉出法与插入法经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG）在口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者中的应用效果。方法: 收集 2018年1月—2020年12月于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院行PEG的113例患者的相关资料,包括年龄、性别、PEG方式、术后并发症情况。根据PEG操作技术将患者分为2组,分别采用拉出法（Pull-PEG组）和插入法（Intro-PEG组）进行PEG,比较2种操作技术的优缺点。采用SPSS 20.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 2组患者的年龄、性别和白蛋白水平相似,Intro-PEG组中患者的肿瘤分期较高,Karnofsky评分较低,但差异无统计学意义。总体并发症发生率为8.8%,其中局部并发症发生率为6.2%,全身并发症发生率为2.7%。Pull-PEG组患者75例,术后发生并发症7例（9.3%）;Intro-PEG组患者38例,术后发生并发症3例（7.9%）;2组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论: 对于需要营养支持的口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者,拉出法和插入法均是操作简便、安全易行、并发症少的PEG方式。     

经皮咽造瘘术20例临床分析

目的：探讨经皮咽造瘘术在头颈部肿瘤切除和重建手术后提供肠内营养的临床效果。方法：2012年1月一2012年7月．20例行头颈部手术的患者存我科接受经皮咽造瘘术,由经皮咽造瘘胃管提供肠内营养支持。收集每例患者的相关资料．包括患者信息、诊断、治疗方法、安放胃管时间及出现的并发症,对治疗效果和并发症进行分析。结果：所有患者均能耐受经皮咽造瘘口留置的胃管,无营养不良表现。留置胃管时间最短6d,最长84d,平均43．8d。在随访期内．1例患者的胃管意外脱山,2例患者的造瘘口渗出物较多,1例患者诉说胃管异物感比较明显,1例患者因反流性食管炎于术后第6天拔除胃管,其余患者均未发现明显的并发症。拔管后造瘘口可白行愈合,瘢痕小,不影响美观,、结论：经皮咽造瘘术是安全可行的,具有美观、舒适的优点,简便、经济,容易推广,并发症少,是一项值得推荐的肠内营养方法。     

健康教育路径在口腔颌面头颈部肿瘤经皮内镜胃造瘘患者中的临床应用评价

目的：探讨基于护理路径的健康教育在口腔颌面头颈部肿瘤经皮内镜胃造瘘患者中的应用效果。方法：通过文献回顾、头脑风暴和专家咨询等方法,构建口腔颌面头颈部肿瘤患者经皮内镜胃造瘘围术期的健康教育内容模型,并基于内容模型,形成路径化健康教育模式。对照组（120例）采用常规宣教方法,干预组（140例）采用路径化健康教育模式进行宣教。比较2组患者主要并发症的发生率以及患者家属居家护理知识的达标率。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行非参数秩和检验。结果：口腔颌面头颈部肿瘤经皮内镜胃造瘘患者的健康教育内容模型包含3个一级指标和30个二级指标。应用路径化健康教育模式后,患者照顾者的经皮内镜胃造瘘术后居家护理知识达标率显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,患者主要并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：应用路径化健康教育模式对口腔颌面头颈部经皮内镜胃造瘘患者照顾者进行健康教育,有利于提高健康教育质量。     

可吸收胶原膜在预防牙槽突裂植骨术后鼻前庭瘘的应用研究

目的探讨唇腭裂牙槽突裂植骨术中,鼻腔黏骨膜瓣处放置可吸收胶原膜对术后鼻前庭瘘发生率的影响。方法牙槽突裂植骨的8～12岁患者19例,试验组8例,裂隙10侧,术中在鼻腔黏骨膜瓣处放置可吸收胶原膜固定;对照组11例,裂隙13侧,术中不放置胶原膜。观察2组植骨术后鼻前庭区瘘孔发生情况,比较2组植骨成功率。结果对照组术后发生鼻前庭瘘3侧（23.08%）,试验组0侧（0%）,2组差异有统计学意义（P=0.047）。2组术后植骨成功率差异无统计学意义（P=0.059）。结论牙槽突裂植骨手术时在鼻腔黏骨膜瓣处放置可吸收胶原膜,可有效降低植骨术后鼻前庭瘘孔的发生率。     

超声骨刀与传统法在牙槽骨修整术中的应用比较

目的 探讨超声骨刀行牙槽骨修整术的效果。 方法 选取符合标准的需行牙槽骨修整术的患者80例,随机分为超声骨刀组(实验组n=40)和传统组(对照组n=40)进行牙槽骨修整,然后对两组患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果 实验组患者的心率、平均动脉压、疼痛度、手术时间及满意度都显著地优于对照组患者（P<0.05）。 结论 与传统牙槽骨修整术相比,超声骨刀具有安全、高效、微创和心理创伤小等优势,发展前景广阔。     

两种根充糊剂在根管治疗术一次法中的应用

目的:观察Cortisomol糊剂和AH plus糊剂在慢性尖周炎的根管治疗术一次法后的反应及远期疗效.方法:门诊需要做根管治疗的102例110个牙随机分为Cortisornol糊剂组54个牙和AH plus糊剂组56个牙.常规根管预备后,两组分别用Cortisomol糊剂和AH plus糊剂根管治疗术一次法根管充填.结果:治疗后1～7 d Cortisomol糊剂组术后反应率较AH plus糊剂组要低(P＜0.05),远期疗效两组无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:Cortisomol糊剂用于一次性根管治疗术后反应较轻,且疗效可靠.     

Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and radiologically inserted gastrostomy in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review

Enteral feeding is an essential part of the management of patients with a history of treatment of head and neck cancer. There are three main types of feeding gastrostomy: surgical, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), and radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG). The associations between serious complications (such as mortality, peritonitis, and infection) and these procedures in this group of patients is the topic of this systematic review.     

Life course models for upper aero‐digestive tract cancer

Upper aero‐digestive tract (UADT) cancers are collectively cancers of various human body sites, such as the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and larynx. Worldwide, they are the fourth most frequent cancer type and the fourth most common cause of mortality from cancer. Many studies have shown that several chronic diseases, such as cancer, which occur more commonly in later adulthood, are influenced by social and psychological circumstances during birth, childhood, adolescence and early adult life. It is suggested that the build up of problematic circumstances throughout life is the cause of disease, rather than circumstances that happen at one point in time. UADT cancer is a chronic disease of complex multifactorial origin and most of the underlying exposures/risks cannot be considered as individual factors or in isolation, as they act at different levels, which differ from time to time. Thus, life‐course epidemiology, rather than drawing false dichotomies between different risk factors of the underlying disease, attempts to integrate biological and social risk processes that cause the chronic disease. It studies how socially patterned exposures during all stages of life – childhood, adolescence and early adult – influence disease risk in adulthood and socio‐economic position and hence may account for social inequalities in adult health and mortality. Furthermore, varying health effects, according to the timing or duration of exposure to socio‐economic circumstances, may indicate important traces to the causes of cancer. In this paper, we have attempted to draw a conceptual framework on the relationships between socio‐economic inequalities, oral health risk factors along the life‐course of an individual and incidence of UADT cancer.     

Insertion of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes by a maxillofacial surgical team in patients with oropharyngeal cancer

This study assessed the clinical outcome after insertion of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEGT) by a maxillofacial team in a series of 54 patients. The indication for PEG feeding was any patient with oropharyngeal cancer who was unlikely to return to oral feeding within 14 days. Fifty-two patients (96%) had tubes successfully inserted at the time of examination under anaesthesia (n = 19) or definitive operation (n = 33). Feeding was established at a median of 2 days (range 1-6). Median duration of tube feeding was 18 weeks (range 4-70). There were no deaths or major complications and 10 minor complications. No tube was lost or required premature removal. We conclude that insertion of a PEG tube is a procedure that can be done safely by maxillofacial surgeons.     

强支抗拔牙对双颌前突青少年上气道的影响

目的: 利用锥形束CT（cone beam computed tomography, CBCT）从三维方向上研究强支抗拔牙内收对双颌前突青少年上气道的影响。方法: 回顾分析本院50例予以强支抗拔牙治疗的双颌前突青少年治疗前、后的CBCT资料,测量治疗前、后上气道的变化。采用SPSS 17.0软件包对数据进行配对t检验和Pearson相关性分析。结果: 治疗后,口咽和咽下的体积、平均截面积、最小截面积显著减小(P<0.001);口咽、咽下的横截面形态更趋于椭圆形(P<0.001)。Pearson相关分析发现,下颌切牙内收、舌骨后移与咽下气道平均截面积减少有显著相关性(P<0.05);上、下颌切牙内收与舌骨后移有显著相关性(P<0.01)。结论: 对于青少年双颌前突患者,制订治疗计划时应兼顾上气道形态,避免造成上气道狭窄,影响患者正常发育。     

口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征及上气道形态的变化

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)临床表现为夜问频发的上气道阻塞和呼吸障碍,伴发日间嗜睡、疲倦等.病因机制主要是上气道形态的变化和神经肌因素等.口腔矫治器是治疗轻、中度OSAHS的有效方法,本文对口腔矫治器治疗OSAHS及上气道形态的变化作一综述.     

The prevalence and findings of fibre-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in hospitalised patients with dysphagia

Swallowing disorder or dysphagia is quite common in hospitalised patients. Using fibre-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is one of the clinical standards for evaluating swallowing disorder to prevent serious consequences such as aspiration pneumonia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the associated risk of dysphagia in hospitalised patients by using FEES finding. We retrospectively analysed the FEES records from the patients who were screened and suspected of swallowing problems by a certified nurse of dysphagia nursing (CNDN). The FEES findings were compared between dysphagia and without dysphagia to evaluate the associated risk of dysphagia. Six-hundred and nine FEES records were analysed. We found dysphagia 76% in patients who suspected swallowing problems by CNDN. FEES was assessed after the subjects had been admitted for 22 days on average. There was no difference in age between dysphagia and without dysphagia participants. However, the advanced age (age > 85 years old) increased the odd of dysphagia 1.18, P = .03. The primary disease of the subjects was mainly cerebrovascular disease (24%) and pneumonia (22%). Abnormal FEES findings including soft palate elevation, velopharyngeal contraction, whiteout, volitional cough, glottis closure during breath holding, cough reflex and presence of secretion in pharynx were found in hospitalised patients with dysphagia. The prevalence of dysphagia was high in hospitalised patients. Hence, screening the swallowing problem by nurse and FEES evaluation is essential to detect and prevent the complication in the patient who has dysphagia.     

Three-dimensional analysis of upper airway morphology in skeletal Class III patients with and without mandibular asymmetry

Objective:To compare the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the upper airway in skeletal Class III patients with and without mandibular asymmetry and to investigate the possible underlying correlations between the morphology of the upper airway and mandibular deviation.Materials and Methods:Cone-beam computed tomography images of 54 subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusion (ANB angle ≤ 0.4°, Wits ≤ −5.5°) were taken and 3D upper airway models were reconstructed using Dolphin 3D software. According to the distance (d) from symphysis menti to the sagittal plane, all subjects were divided into a symmetry group (d ≤ 2 mm) and an asymmetry group (d ≥ 4 mm). Based on the severity of mandibular deviation, the asymmetry group was divided into subgroup I (4 mm ≤d <10 mm) and subgroup II (d ≥ 10 mm). Cross-sectional linear distances, areas, and volumetric variables of the upper airway were measured in the 3D airway model.Results:Width of the inferior limit of the glossopharynx (P3W), cross-sectional area of the anterior limit of the nasal airway (P5S), and height of the glossopharynx (GPH) in the asymmetry group were significantly larger than in the symmetry group. As for subjects with severe mandibular deviation in subgroup II (d ≥ 10 mm), volume of the glossopharynx (GPV), total volume of the pharynx (TPV), length of the inferior limit of the velopharynx (P2L), and ratio of length to width of the inferior limit of the velopharynx (P2L/P2W) showed significantly negative correlations with mandibular deviation (r > 0.7, P < .05).Conclusions:In Class III subjects with severe mandibular asymmetry, the pharyngeal airway showed a tendency toward constriction and presented a more elliptical shape as mandibular deviation became more severe (P < .01).