Transient response of reservoir–dam–soil systems to earthquakes

A direct time-domain numerical procedure is proposed to analyse the transient dynamic response of two-dimensional reservoir–dam–soil systems. The reservoir extends to infinity and the dam is supported by an unbounded soil. The structure with either linear or non-linear material properties is modelled by the Finite Element Method (FEM). The soil is assumed to be an elastic, isotropic and homogeneous half-space represented by a boundary condition in the form of generalized impedance determined by the transient Lamb's solution due to a uniformly distributed traction imposed on the free surface, Guan and Novak.¹ Moreover, a technique is developed to include the influence of the reservoir on the dam in terms of nodal accelerations along their interface at different time steps. The advantages of the proposed procedure are obvious. For example, it avoids any additional discretization of the boundaries except the soil–dam interface, and the influence matrix of the fluid is obtained explicitly using shape functions defined at the upstream face of the dam without the finite analysis of the reservoir so that it works very efficiently. Numerical results for a system consisting of reservoir, elastic dam and foundation subjected to the San Fernando, 1971 earthquake ground motion are presented.     

基于功能的混凝土重力坝抗震风险模型研究

抗震风险评价是基于功能的抗震设计的关键问题之一。通过对大坝可能出现的抗震风险进行分析论证,在技术和经济上进行风险评估,为大坝业主提供决策依据,也可对抗震风险提出优化措施或对策。在重力坝抗震风险分析中,采用已给出的抗震破损程度划分标准,利用地震危险性分析和坝体地震易损性计算,建立了抗震风险分析模型,进行了抗震措施分析。通过金安桥混凝土重力坝抗震风险实例研究,计算得出抗震优化前后的风险概率,说明了抗震风险模型可用于混凝土重力坝的抗震风险评价。     

Experimental simulation on oil–water–rock interaction in deep zones

One-dimensional experimental simulation is carried out to study the mechanism of oil migration and accumulation in deep zones, the changes in the fluid components caused by oil–water–rock interaction during the process of fluid migration and the effect of the changes on reservoirs under certain temperature and pressure. The result shows that under certain temperature and pressure, many changes, which include their chemical components and the inner structure of rocks etc., occurred during oil migration from the bottom upwards along the experimental apparatus with the increased charging amount of crude oil. Especially, the biomarkers and mass composition of all samples derived from experiment unveil the existence of geochromatographic effect during the oil migration. And the dissolution has acted on mineral composition of oily-sands during the oil–water–rock interaction, which strengthens gradually during hydrocarbon migration from the bottom up along the apparatus.     

Dynamic response analysis of embankment dams

A one-dimensional wave propagation method for earthquake response analysis of horizontally-layered sites of infinite lateral extent is adapted to account for the finite cross-sectional dimensions of an embankment dam overlying a foundation deposit which may be considered infinite in its lateral extent. The procedure is used to study the response of an existing embankment dam for an actual earthquake record. A two-dimensional dynamic finite element analysis is also performed for this case. The records of ground acceleration at an outcropping base rock and at the crest of the dam are available for the site. The comparisons of computed and observed responses support the modified use of the simple numerical procedure.     

混凝土重力坝多折面建基面稳定安全分析

研究了重力坝多折面建基面的稳定评价问题,指出现行规范建议公式无法完整计算三维情况下的多折面建基面稳定安全性。为此,在对规范建议的结构极限承载能力验算表达式进行改进和探讨的基础上,采用分项系数对材料参数和作用进行配套处理,导出了基于有限元计算结果的极限平衡准安全系数计算表达式,同时采用强度储备系数法揭示坝体建基面破坏模式和稳定安全度。以极限平衡准安全系数法和强度储备系数法的联合应用构成定值安全度的综合评价体系。工程算例的结果表明,这两种方法判断准则简单适用并相互补充印证,能够较好评价多折面建基面的稳定安全性     

重力坝层间抗滑稳定体系的动力可靠度分析方法

受明显的层状结构影响,加之材料参数和动荷载的双重随机性,动力条件下碾压混凝土重力坝的层间抗滑稳定可靠度问题值得关注。考虑地震波频谱特性、峰值加速度、坝体材料参数的随机性,统计概化出地震作用下坝体的潜在滑动失效路径;在特定地震动作用下,基于随机有限元分析结果,采用刚体极限状态判断准则和响应面法构建失效路径的动力抗滑稳定功能函数,进而求得其抗滑稳定可靠指标;接着考虑不同失效路径的相关性,用Ditlevsen窄界限公式估算体系的可靠度;最后,考虑地震动荷载的随机性,采用基于全概率公式的数值拟合积分方法求解大坝抗滑稳定体系的动力可靠度。研究结果表明,动力条件下,当水平地震系数大于0.2时,重力坝层间抗滑体系可靠度不再由建基面失效路径决定,而是由下游折坡处层面的失效路径决定。该方法数学意义明确,实用性强。     

钢筋混凝土梁在低速撞击下的动力响应

研究分析了在半无限粘弹性Winkler地基上的钢筋混凝土梁受低速刚性体撞击的塑性动力响应问题。认为低速撞击下梁的计算必须考虑撞击时局部损伤的影响,研究梁结构整体破坏,从而建立了局部损伤和整体变形的关系式,推导出了钢筋混凝土梁在低速中心撞击时弹塑性阶段撞击力和撞击处的横向位移的计算公式。     

高面板坝地震动非一致输入响应规律

在多点输入方法和等价黏弹性模型的基础上,采用半解析的波函数组合法实现了面板堆石坝在非一致输入下的动力计算。从频域散射角度对计算方法的合理性进行了验证。对比了非一致输入与一致输入下高面板堆石坝的动力响应,发现在采用基岩自由表面点的振动过程相同的对比标准下,非一致输入的整体动力响应较小;在面板坝防渗系统相对薄弱的止水结构附近,非一致输入的动拉应力最大值比一致输入的结果更大;非一致输入下大坝动力响应值的分布相比一致性输入呈现出中间小、周边大的特性。并基于波动理论进一步分析了不同种类地震波入射角度对高面板堆石坝动力响应的影响,揭示了P波、SV波和SH波入射下高面板堆石坝动力响应规律：随着入射角的增大,SH波入射时,高面板坝动力响应强度基本不变; SV波入射时,存在一个临界角,当入射角在临界角左右时高面板坝动力响应强度急剧增大和减小,之前基本不变,之后一直减小;P波入射时,存在一个特征角度,在入射角小于特征角度时高面板坝动力响应强度基本不变,大于特征角度时高面板坝动力响应强度减小。     

Seismic response of high concrete face rockfill dams subjected to non-uniform input motion

Analysis of the seismic response of high CFRDs under non-uniform ground motion input is conducted using a novel non-uniform input motion calculation method combined with nonlinear FEM. The non-uniform input motion calculation method and its basic assumption are validated. The response of CFRDs under uniform and non-uniform input is compared to discuss the necessity of conducting seismic analysis of high CFRDs under realistic non-uniform ground motion input. When the acceleration at the surface of the free field for dynamic simulations with uniform and non-uniform input is kept consistent, the seismic response of CFRDs under non-uniform input is in general significantly smaller, while the dynamic tensile stress around the edges of the concrete face slab is greater. The simulation results suggest that non-uniformity of the ground motion input has important effects on the seismic response of high CFRDs and should be considered in the seismic design of CFRDs. The influence of the incident angle of seismic waves is also investigated, with results indicating that the influence is waveform dependent, while being frequency independent.

     

The impact of vegetation on fractionation of rare earth elements (REE) during water–rock interaction

Previous studies on waters of a streamlet in the Vosges mountains (eastern France) have shown that Sr and rare earth elements (REE) principally originate from apatite dissolution during weathering. However, stream water REE patterns normalized to apatite are still depleted in light REE (LREE, La–Sm) pointing to the presence of an additional LREE depleting process. Speciation calculations indicate that complexation cannot explain this additional LREE depletion. In contrast, vegetation samples are strongly enriched in LREE compared to water and their Sr and Nd isotopic compositions are comparable with those of apatite and waters. Thus, the preferential LREE uptake by the plants at the root–water–soil (apatite) interface might lead to an additional LREE depletion of the waters in the forested catchment. Mass balance calculations indicate that the yearly LREE uptake by vegetation is comparable with the LREE export by the streamlet and, therefore, might be an important factor controlling the LREE depletion in river waters.     

Simulation of arch dam – foundation interaction with a new friction interface element

A new model for three-dimensional non-linear contact problems with irreversible friction is presented here for the interaction between the rock foundation and an arch dam structure. Based on the finite element method and load incremental theory, a constraint contact element with displacements and contact stresses as node parameters is developed. In this approach, four contact conditions are considered, i.e. fixed, slip, free and mixed. This model can simulate frictional slippage, decoupling and re-bonding of two bodies initially mating at a common interface or with any initial gaps. Furthermore boundary conditions for this element are discussed and treatment measures proposed. This method is shown to be effective and to have the advantage of being easily implemented into standard finite element programs. Solutions are obtained for a centrally loaded, simply supported composite beam and for an end-loaded elastica with initial gaps in regional contact with a rigid surface. The results obtained for these examples are compared to the plane stress solutions by contact friction analysis. As an application example, Quanshui arch dam located in Ruyuan County of Guangdong Province in southern China is simulated with the new element.     

强震作用下松散海床地基的动力响应

海上和沿海区域砂性土地基在强震作用下需同时考虑液化、震陷以及流滑效应。选用杨朝晖叠套屈服面模型,提出了获取计算参数的简化方法,用OpenSees验证了该模型模拟液化的能力;开发了OpenSees与ANSYS的接口,对处于强震地区、地基土为松散砂性土的印尼某进水明渠堤坝进行了非线性有限元动力计算,判断了场地的液化情况,预测了堤坝及地基的震陷量和侧向流滑,计算结果对该类地基的加固处理具有一定的指导意义     

考虑桩-土-结构相互作用的桥梁桩基地震反应有限元分析

地震荷载作用下桩-土-结构相互作用问题在桥梁抗震研究中越来越受到重视。本文结合工程实例,利用有限元仿真软件ADINA,建立桩-土-结构相互作用的有限元实体分析模型。选取三种时程波作为地震荷载,对在地震作用下桩-土-结构相互作用对桩的沉降位移,桩侧摩阻力和有效应力的影响进行了分析研究,对桩基设计提出了较为合理的建议。     

Numerical investigation on seismic behaviour of aged concrete gravity dams to near source and far source ground motions

Natural Hazards - This study presents a numerical investigation on the seismic behaviour of aged concrete gravity dams under near source and far source ground motions. Two-dimensional formulation...     

Elastoplastic medium for foundation settlements and monotonic soil–structure interaction under combined loadings

Foundation settlements and soil–structure interaction are important problems to structural and geotechnical engineers. This study introduces a novel elastoplastic three‐degree‐of‐freedom medium which models foundations settlements under combined loadings. A soil–structure interaction problem can then be solved by replacing the soil mass with this three‐degree‐of‐freedom elastoplastic medium, thus reducing significantly the size of the problem. The model was developed by extending the classical plasticity concepts to the force‐deformation level. Its ability to predict foundation deformations was evaluated using finite element solutions of a typical shallow foundation problem and was found reasonably accurate while producing significant time savings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平谐振荷载作用下桥梁基桩的动力反应

针对桥梁基桩在施工和运营过程中不可避免承受动力作用的问题,在考虑桩顶承受轴向和横向静力荷载共同作用的基础上,将激振荷载简化为水平谐振荷载作用,并基于动力Winkler地基梁模型,将桩周土由一系列分布的彼此独立的弹簧和阻尼器所代替,建立桥梁基桩在瞬态荷载激励下的横向振动方程,求解基桩横向非线性动力学响应。在考虑桩-土接触和透射边界的基础上,引入有限单元方法建立基桩的二维非线性动力有限元模型,分析了基桩各项设计参数。计算结果表明：基桩桩顶位移大致随荷载频率的变化呈驼峰形,其位移量随着荷载振幅的增大而增加;基桩的自振频率随着长径比的增加而增大,且随着桩-土模量比的增加,自振频率有减小的趋势;增大桩径会增大基桩的受力,其对应的变形也将有所减小,且基桩的稳定性增加。     

用强度折减方法分析重力坝深层抗滑稳定性

目前,对重力坝深层抗滑稳定的分析方法尚无统一和明确的规定。强度折减方法在求解安全系数方面具有不用指定滑面、自动搜索滑裂面等优点。本文基于FLAC软件,采用强度折减方法对分属三种典型地质条件的多个算例进行分析。分析结果表明,无论采用相关联还是非相关联流动法则,采用强度折减方法得到的安全系数与Morgenstern-Price方法求解的安全系数都相差较小,误差小于5%,且采用相关联流动法则时得到的安全系数误差更是小于3.5%。根据在破坏时坝基塑性区的分布,提出了确定滑裂面的方法,该方法确定的滑裂面与M-P方法搜索到的滑裂面有很好的一致性。本文通过多个算例的分析证明基于FLAC软件的强度折减方法是一种可靠、有效的方法,可以应用于分析重力坝深层抗滑稳定性。通过对向家坝水电站泄12坝段的深层抗滑稳定分析表明该方法可以应用到重力坝深层抗滑稳定的工程分析中。     

A macro‐element for a circular foundation to simulate 3D soil–structure interaction

This paper presents a non‐linear interface element to compute soil–structure interaction (SSI) based on the macro‐element concept. The particularity of this approach lies in the fact that the foundation is supposed to be infinitely rigid and its movement is entirely described by a system of global variables (forces and displacements) defined in the foundation's centre. The non‐linear behaviour of the soil is reproduced using the classical theory of plasticity. Failure is described by the interaction diagram of the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation under combined loads. The macro‐element is appropriate for modelling the cyclic or dynamic response of structures subjected to seismic action. More specifically, the element is able to simulate the behaviour of a circular rigid shallow foundation considering the plasticity of the soil under monotonic static or cyclic loading applied in three directions. It is implemented into FedeasLab, a finite element Matlab toolbox. Comparisons with experimental monotonic static and cyclic results show the good performance of the approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time-domain dynamic analysis of dam–reservoir–foundation interaction including the reservoir bottom absorption

In this paper, time-domain dynamic analysis of dam–reservoir–foundation interaction is presented by coupling the dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) in the infinite reservoir and foundation domain and the finite element method in the finite dam domain. An efficient coupling procedure is formulated by using the sub-structuring method. The effects of the reservoir bottom absorption are included in the formulations. Sharan's boundary condition for the far-end of the infinite fluid domain is implemented. To verify the proposed scheme, numerical examples are carried out by comparing with the available exact solutions and finite–finite element coupling results for the dam–reservoir interaction. A complete dam–reservoir–foundation interaction is also studied by including the bottom absorption effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.