孕烷X受体对细胞色素P4503A调控机制的研究进展

细胞色素P4503A（CYP3A）是参与临床药物代谢的主要CYP同工酶之一。孕烷X受体（PXR）属于核受体超家族（NR）的NR1 Ⅰ亚家族。该受体作为药物代谢的关键转录调控因子,参与CYP3A的诱导表达。药物可通过多种途径激活PXR受体调控cyp3a基因的表达,其中包括PXR与其他核受体、转录因子及细胞信号转导通路间的相互作用等多种途径。目前,基于PXR的筛选方法已广泛应用于早期新药研发。     

中草药对孕烷X受体和组成型雄烷受体等核受体通路影响的研究进展

孕烷X受体（pregnane X receptor,PXR）是核受体亚家族的成员之一,参与大量的外源性和内源性化学物质的生物转化,能被多种中草药激活,调节下游靶基因的表达,在药物代谢酶和转运体的调节中起重要作用。组成型雄烷受体（constitutive androstane receptor,CAR）和PXR一样能与外源性配体结合调节CYP2B6、CYP3A4、CYP2C19、UGT1A1的表达,共同参与CYP药物代谢酶的调节,成为药物作用的靶标。     

孕烷X受体及组成型雄烷受体在药物代谢和研发中的应用

为保护机体免受外源性化学物质和内源性毒性脂质损伤,孕烷X受体及组成型雄烷受体在代谢调节中调控对毒性物质的解毒和清除,本文从这两个核受体的作用机制入手,对两者在药物代谢的调节、药物研发中的应用及其对药物相互作用的影响做了比较详细的阐述,并进一步分析目前有待解决的问题及未来的发展趋势。     

孕烷X受体和CYP3A相关性的研究进展

CYP3A是生物体内化学物代谢的关键酶 ,孕烷X受体 (PXR)是CYP3A基因表达的转录活化因子。PXR分子结构的不同导致CYP3A的种属差异。化学物通过PXR调节CYP3A的表达可能是影响化学物体内代谢的一条重要途径。研究PXR和CYP3A的相互作用对于新药设计、指导临床合理用药、预测药物相互作用、减少药物不良反应都具有重要意义。     

孕烷X受体的研究进展及其在药物代谢中的作用

孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)是机体对有毒物质适应性防卫机制的一个重要组成部分,PXR被大量的外源性和内源性化学物质激活,这些物质包括类固醇、抗生素、抗真菌的物质和胆汁酸等.PXR配体结合区域三维结构显示它具有一个特殊球形配体结合腔,这种结构允许PXR与广泛的疏水性化学物质结合.PXR与9-顺式维甲酸受体(9-cis retinoic aid receptor,RXR)以异型二聚体的形式与细胞色素氧化酶P450 3A家族和其他参与药物代谢的Ⅱ相药物代谢酶以及药物转运蛋白的DNA响应元件结合,通过外源物刺激诱导多个基因的表达.分析PXR的结构与功能对药物设计和筛选具有重要的应用价值.     

银杏内酯B通过激活孕烷X受体诱导CYP3A4的表达

目的研究银杏内酯B(ginkgolide B)对CYP3A4的诱导作用,进一步验证是否通过激活孕烷X受体实现对CYP3A4 mRNA和蛋白水平的诱导表达。方法用不同浓度银杏内酯B处理LS174T细胞,通过Q-PCR法检测CYP3A4 mRNA表达变化,进一步利用本实验室构建的PXRCYP3A4稳定转染HepG2工程细胞株,结合荧光素酶报告基因技术,显示检测银杏内酯B对PXR的转录激活活性的影响。蛋白质免疫印迹法检测CYP3A4蛋白水平表达的变化;利用siRNA技术敲低PXR的mRNA表达,检测在PXR低表达的条件下银杏内酯B对CYP3A4 mRNA和蛋白水平表达影响。结果银杏内酯B可以浓度依赖性的使CYP3A4基因及蛋白表达水平上调,报告基因结果显示,银杏内酯B能够浓度依赖性的增强PXR的转录激活活性,在PXR低表达的条件下,银杏内酯B对CYP3A4诱导作用明显低于正常表达组PXR。结论以上表明银杏内酯B通过激活PXR受体,促进其转录激活活性进而诱导CYP3A4表达上调,同时对PXR自身的表达无明显影响。     

孕烷X受体对CYP3A基因表达的调控作用及其在药物代谢中的意义

细胞色素P450 3A(cytochrom e P4503As,CYP3As)在药物代谢过程中起重要作用,外源性化学物对肝脏CYP3A基因表达有明显的诱导作用。孕烷X受体(pregnane X recep-tor,PXR)是新发现的孤儿核受体(系统名:NR1 I2)。PXR与另一重要核受体RXR结合形成二聚体结合于CYP3A基因顺式反应元件,参与对CYP3A基因表达的调控作用。大量临床处方药物通过激活PXR而诱导CYP3A基因表达,构成了临床药物间相互作用的分子基础。     

孕烷X受体对细胞色素P450 CYP3A基因表达的调控在中药配伍禁忌及中药毒性早期预测中的应用

中药配伍禁忌是药物与机体相互作用本质的具体体现,是中药配伍理论的重要组成内容。毒性早期预测是药物安全性评价的重要组成部分。快速、早期获得药物可能的毒性反应数据,建立一种简单、可靠地中药配伍禁忌和中药毒性早期预测方法,是当今毒理学领域研究的重点之一。孕烷X受体(PXR)是一种配体依赖性转录因子,大量临床药物作为其配体或激活剂通过激活PXR而诱导细胞色素P450 CYP3A(CYP3A)基因表达。联合用药过程中,PXR的激活可能会增加药物发生相互作用和不良反应的风险,导致药效降低甚至产生毒性。本文从PXR-CYP3A途径为药物相互作用研究提供分子学机制,以及为中药配伍禁忌的研究和药物毒性早期预测提供了新思路。     

染料木黄酮、拟雌内酯及槲皮素对孕烷X受体介导的CYP3A4转录的调节作用

目的　研究植物雌激素中的染料木黄酮(GST)、拟雌内酯 (COM)及槲皮素 (QU)能否通过活化人孕烷X受体 (PXR)诱导CYP3A4的转录表达。方法用PXR依赖的瞬时转染报告基因试验检测 3种植物雌激素的诱导作用。结果　GST ,COM和QU均能通过活化PXR诱导HepG2 细胞CYP3A4基因的转录表达 ,最大诱导倍数 (相对于用浓度为 0 .1%的DMSO处理的细胞 )在本实验中分别为 11.97(P <0 .0 1) ,2 .98(P <0 .0 1)和 3.2 8(P <0 .0 1)。结论　GST ,COM和QU均能诱导CYP3A4的转录表达 ,其作用机制通过活化PXR。GST ,COM和QU的摄入可能影响其他CYP3A4底物尤其是药物在体内的代谢。     

豆腐果苷对人孕烷X受体介导的CYP3A4和MDR1的转录调节作用

目的:建立和验证人孕烷X受体(human pregnant X receptor,hPXR)介导的CYP3A4、MDR1药物诱导剂的体外筛选体系,考察豆腐果苷对hPXR介导的CYP3A4、MDR1的转录调节作用。方法:利用构建的双荧光素酶报告基因系统,将表达载体和报告载体共转染HepG2细胞,以10μmol/L利福平为阳性对照,用不同浓度(0.004、0.04、0.4μmol/L)豆腐果苷处理48h后裂解细胞进行双荧光素酶活性检测。结果:不同浓度的豆腐果苷均不能通过激活hPXR来介导CYP3A4和MDR1表达上调,各浓度处理组的双荧光素酶比活性值与DMSO溶媒组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:成功构建了hPXR介导的CYP3A4和MDR1药物诱导剂的体外筛选体系,并发现豆腐果苷不能通过激活hPXR介导CYP3A4和MDR1的表达上调。     

Involvement of CAR and PXR in the transcriptional regulation of CYP2B6 gene expression by ingredients from herbal medicines

Abstract

1.?Induction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes can affect drug efficacy and cause toxicity. However, so far, limited information is available regarding the molecular mechanism how herbal medicines induce human CYP2B6, which metabolizes many of the clinically used therapeutics and activates several pro-carcinogens or toxicants. Accumulated evidence suggests that the human constitutive androstane receptor (hCAR) and the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) play important roles in trans-activation of CYP2B6. In this study, we investigated the effects of 68 Chinese herbal ingredients on the receptor specificity of hPXR/hCAR-mediated CYP2B6 induction by luciferase reporter gene assays in transiently transfected HepG2 cells and on the expression of CYP2B6 in LS174T cells.

2.?The HepG2 cells were transiently transfected with human CYP2B6 luciferase promoter reporter plasmids along with hPXR or hCAR₃. The results indicated that apigenin (Api), curcumol (Cur) and praeruptorin A (Pra A) were identified as potent activators of hPXR, and Pra A was also a ligand of hCAR.

3.?Furthermore, CYP2B6 mRNA expression in LS174T cells treated with the three herbal ingredients was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. By combining western blot and LC–MS/MS, CYP2B6 protein expression and catalytic activity induced by the three herbal ingredients were measured.

4.?Our observation showed Api and Cur up-regulated CYP2B6 expression by transactivation of hPXR, and Pra A acted as the ligand of both hPXR and hCAR to induce CYP2B6 expression.     

姜黄素对酒精性肝损伤大鼠CYP3A的影响及机制探讨

目的 探究姜黄素对酒精性肝损伤（ALD）大鼠细胞色素P450 3A（CYP3A）的影响及其机制。方法 60只 建模成功的ALD大鼠按随机数字表法分为模型组,姜黄素低、中、高剂量组（分别灌胃40、80、160 mg/kg姜黄素）及阳 性对照组（腹腔注射200 mg/kg腺苷蛋氨酸）,每组12只;对照组12只正常饲养,灌胃等体积生理盐水,连续6周。全 自动生化分析仪检测血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）水平;苏木精-伊红 （HE）染色观察肝脏形态变化;荧光定量聚合酶链反应（qPCR）检测肝脏组织中孕烷X受体（PXR）、组成型雄甾烷受 体（CAR）、CYP3A25 mRNA水平;Western blot检测肝脏组织中PXR、CAR蛋白水平。以大鼠原代肝细胞为研究对象, 分别用0、100、200、300、400、500 mmol/L乙醇培养细胞,取细胞增殖抑制率约为50%时的乙醇浓度进行下一步实验; 0、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0、16.0 μmol/L姜黄素培养细胞,取最适姜黄素浓度进行后续研究。实验分为对照组、乙醇组、姜 黄素组、姜黄素+siRNA-NC 组及姜黄素+siRNA-CYP3A25 组。CCK-8 检测细胞增殖情况;qPCR 检测细胞中 CYP3A25 mRNA水平;Western blot检测细胞中PXR、CAR蛋白水平。结果 动物实验：与对照组相比,模型组血清中 ALT、AST、ALP水平升高（P＜0.05）;与模型组相比,姜黄素低剂量组血清中ALT、ALP水平降低,肝脏组织中PXR、 CAR mRNA和蛋白,CYP3A25 mRNA水平升高（P＜0.05）,姜黄素中、高剂量组血清中ALT、AST、ALP水平降低,肝脏 组织中PXR、CAR mRNA和蛋白,CYP3A25 mRNA水平升高（P＜0.05）;随着剂量升高,各指标逐渐恢复。细胞实验： 与对照组相比,乙醇组细胞增殖抑制率升高（P＜0.05）,细胞中PXR、CAR蛋白水平降低（P＜0.05）;与乙醇组相比,姜 黄素组细胞增殖抑制率降低（P＜0.05）,细胞中CYP3A25 mRNA,PXR、CAR蛋白水平升高（P＜0.05）;与姜黄素组相 比,姜黄素+siRNA-CYP3A25 组细胞增殖抑制率升高（P＜0.05）,细胞中 CYP3A25 mRNA,PXR、CAR 蛋白水平降低 （P＜0.05）。结论 姜黄素可上调 CYP3A25 水平,促进药物代谢,实现对 ALD 的缓解,这一过程可能与升高 PXR、 CAR表达有关。     

Application and interpretation of hPXR screening data: Validation of reporter signal requirements for prediction of clinically relevant CYP3A4 inducers

A human pregnane X receptor (PXR) reporter-gene assay was established and validated using 19 therapeutic agents known to be clinical CYP3A4 inducers, 5 clinical non-inducers, and 6 known inducers in human hepatocytes. The extent of CYP3A4 induction (measured as RIF ratio in comparison to rifampicin) and EC50 was obtained from the dose-response curve. All of the clinical inducers (19/19) and human hepatocyte inducers (6/6) showed positive responses in the PXR assay. One out of five clinical non-inducers, pioglitazone, also showed a positive response. An additional series of 18 commonly used drugs with no reports of clinical induction was also evaluated as putative negative controls. Sixteen of these were negative (89%), whereas two of these, flutamide and haloperidol showed 16-fold (RIF ratio 0.79) and 10-fold (RIF ratio 0.48) maximal induction, respectively in the reporter-gene system. Flutamide and haloperidol were further demonstrated to cause CYP3A4 induction in human cryopreserved hepatocytes based on testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation activity. The induction potential index calculated based on the maximum RIF ratio, EC50, and in vivo maximum plasma concentration was used to predict the likelihood of CYP3A4 induction in humans. When the induction potential index is greater than 0.08, the compound is likely to cause induction in humans. A high-throughput screening strategy was developed based on the validation results at 1microM and 10microM for the same set of drugs. A RIF ratio of 0.4 was set as more practical screening cut-off to minimize the possibility of generating false positives. Thus, a tiered approach was implemented to use the human PXR reporter-gene assay from early lead optimization to late lead characterization in drug discovery.     

Regulation of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 expression by liver X receptor agonists

The liver X receptor (LXR) agonists, 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol and T0901317, were previously shown to be capable of inducing CYP3A expression in primary cultured rodent hepatocytes through activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). In this study, the abilities of these two LXR agonists to regulate CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 mRNA expression in primary cultures of human hepatocytes were evaluated. Treatment with 10 or 30 microM of the endogenous oxysterol, 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol, had no effect on CYP3A4 mRNA content in five preparations of primary cultured human hepatocytes, while 30 microM 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol treatment increased CYP2B6 mRNA content by approximately two-fold. By comparison, treatment with the synthetic LXR agonist, T0901317, potently increased CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 mRNA levels in the human hepatocyte cultures, producing multi-fold increases at 10nM. Using a HepG2-based transactivation assay, T0901317 activated human PXR with an EC(50) approximately 20nM, which was more than 10-fold lower than that of the potent PXR ligand, SR-12813, while treatment with 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol failed to induce reporter expression in this assay. Therefore, while 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol-mediated PXR activation and CYP3A induction does not appear to be conserved from rodent to human, T0901317 is among the most potent known activators of human PXR.     

In vitro study on the involvement of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol

Objective: To investigate in vitro which CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) are involved in the biotransformation of haloperidol (HAL) and reduced haloperidol (RHAL). Methods: The biotransformation of HAL and RHAL is evaluated by measuring HAL and RHAL remaining after incubation with human liver microsomes and with supersomes from human baculovirus-infected cells expressing human P ₄₅₀ isoforms. The influence of chemical- and immuno-inhibition of specific isoforms on the disappearance of HAL and RHAL was also studied. Results: After 60-min incubation of 2 μM and 20 μM HAL or RHAL with human liver microsomes, for HAL, 58% and 64%, respectively, remained in the incubation mixture, for RHAL, 53% and 66%, respectively. Ketoconazole had the most pronounced inhibitory effect on the biotransformation of both substrates, while for quinidine and furafylline there was only a weak or no influence. Anti-CYP3A4 antibodies inhibited strongly the biotransformation of HAL and RHAL, while the influence of anti-CYP2D6 antibodies was much less pronounced. After incubation with supersomes of recombinant CYP3A4, HAL and RHAL disappeared rapidly; disappearance was slow after incubation with CYP2D6 supersomes, and negligible with CYP1A2 supersomes. Conclusion: The results show that CYP3A4 is the most important CYP isoenzyme involved in the biotransformation of HAL and RHAL, and that the metabolism by CYP2D6 is only a minor pathway; CYP1A2 has no or only a negligible influence. Received: 12 April 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 August 1999     

Species differences in the hepatic effects of inducers of CYP2B and CYP4A subfamily forms: relationship to rodent liver tumour formation

1. Phenobarbitone and related compounds induce hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B forms (mediated by the constitutive androstane receptor), whereas peroxisome proliferators induce CYP4A forms (mediated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) in rats and mice.

2. A number of non-genotoxic CYP2B and CYP4A inducers have been shown to produce liver tumours in rats and mice.

3. The hepatic effects of CYP2B and CYP4A inducers are reviewed and evaluated with respect to their established modes of action for rodent liver tumour formation and species differences in response. While CYP2B and CYP4A inducers stimulate replicative DNA synthesis in rodent liver, they do not appear to be mitogenic agents in human hepatocytes.

4. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that phenobarbitone and rodent peroxisome proliferators do not increase the incidence of liver tumours in humans.

5. It is concluded that rodent CYP2B and CYP4A inducers do not pose a hepatocarcinogenic hazard for humans.

     

体外中国成人肝微粒体中氯胍活化为氯胍三嗪由CYP2C19和CYP3A4介导(英文)

目的:鉴定中国成人肝微粒体中介导氯胍(PG)活化为氯胍三嗪(CG)的细胞色素P450(CYP450).方法:分析中国成人(n=6)肝微粒体中PG活化为CG的酶促动力学,各种CYP450抑制剂对该代谢的作用及其与S-美芬妥英4′-羟化的关系.结果:6个标本中,除一个外(两酶米氏模型),PG活化为CG的酶促动力学符合米氏一酶模型;CYP3A4和CYP2E1的选择性抑制剂醋竹桃霉素(81.1％)和二乙二硫基苯甲酸(47.23％)可抑制CG生成,其它抑制剂没有明显作用;在低PG浓度时,PG的环化与S-美芬妥英4′-羟化显著相关(r=0.805,P<0.05),高浓度时相关性明显减小.结论:在中国成人肝微粒体中CYP2C19和CYP3A4参与了PG活化为CG.     

Indirect activation of pregnane X receptor in the induction of hepatic CYP3A11 by high-dose rifampicin in mice

Rifampicin (RIF), a typical ligand of human pregnane X receptor (PXR), powerfully induces the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in humans. Although it is thought that RIF is not a ligand of rodent PXR, treatment with high-dose RIF (e.g. more than 20?mg/kg) increases the expression of CYP3A in the mouse liver. In this study, we investigated whether the induction of CYP3A by high-dose RIF in the mouse liver is mediated via indirect activation of mouse PXR (mPXR). The results showed that high-dose RIF increased the expression of CYP3A11 and other PXR-target genes in the liver of wild-type mice but not PXR-knockout mice. However, the results of reporter gene and ligand-dependent assembly assays showed that RIF does not activate mPXR in a ligand-dependent manner. In addition, high-dose RIF stimulated nuclear accumulation of mPXR in the mouse liver, and geldanamycin and okadaic acid attenuated the induction of Cyp3a11 and other PXR-target genes in primary hepatocytes, suggesting that high-dose RIF triggers nuclear translocation of mPXR. In conclusion, the present study suggests that high-dose RIF stimulates nuclear translocation of mPXR in the liver of mice by indirect activation, resulting in the transactivation of Cyp3a11 and other PXR-target genes.     

丹参注射液对家兔体内CYP1A2、CYP2D6和CYP3A4活性的影响

目的：用Cocktail探针药物法研究丹参注射液对家兔细胞色素P450亚型酶活性的影响。方法：将家兔随机分成四组,耳缘静脉注射给予丹参注射液,分低、中、高剂量三个实验组,空白对照组给予生理盐水。用HPLC法测定各组Cock-tail探针药物（咖啡因、美托洛尔和氨苯砜）的血药浓度,比较药时曲线及药代动力学参数的变化,评价各组细胞色素P450亚型酶的活性。结果：丹参注射液低、中、高剂量组CYP2D6的活性与对照组相比降低,具有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;CYP1A2和CYP3A4的活性与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义。结论：丹参注射液对家兔CYP2D6有抑制作用,对CYP1A2和CYP3A4的影响不显著。提示临床应用丹参注射液时,应关注其对CYP2D6的抑制作用,避免联合用药引发CYP2D6介导的药物相互作用,促进临床安全合理用药。