光滑足距小蠹成虫触角感受器的电镜扫描观察

利用扫描电镜对光滑足距小蠹Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford)雌雄成虫触角进行了观察,发现尽管雄成虫触角长度仅为雌成虫的2/3,但是雌雄成虫之间感受器类型和分布形式却相似。成虫触角具有5种类型的感受器:毛型感受器、锯齿型感受器、锥型感受器、芽型感受器和刺型感受器,其中毛型感受器最多,占总感受器的80%以上,刺型感受器最少,仅1根。在触角各节中,以锤状部感受器分布最多,约占总感受器的85%,其中约73%的感受器密集散生在锤状部的末2节,柄节和鞭节的各节均较少,分别约占总感受器的6%和9%。     

葡萄树新害虫——光滑足距小蠹的形态特征

采用扫描电镜技术研究成都市农泉驿区危害葡萄的小蠹——光滑足距小蠹Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford)的形态特征。该小蠹具有明显的性二型现象。成虫光亮。雌成虫圆柱形,体长2.02～2.26mm,雄成虫较宽扁,体长1.00～1.30mm。在扫描电镜下,可见成虫前胸前缘的刻点毛均从基部分成两叉,但雌成虫略呈锯齿状,雄成虫呈栉齿状。雌成虫具有贮菌器,位于前胸背板的后端下面。雌成虫鞘翅分为沟中和沟间部,后半部细长毛起自沟间部,雄成虫鞘翅不分沟中和沟间部,后半部部分刻点生有细长毛。     

光滑足距小蠹消化道的解剖结构

采用体视显微和扫描电镜技术研究光滑足距小蠹Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford)消化道的解剖结构。结果表明,光滑足距小蠹消化道由前肠、中肠和后肠三部分组成。成虫前胃由8个骨化的前胃板组成,呈灯笼状结构。前胃板由板状部和片状部组成,板状部短而简单,片状部甚长,由斜面、咀嚼刷和关闭刚毛组成。胃盲囊着生在中肠近后端,有细管状和囊状2种,成虫分别有1对,幼虫有1对细管状和3~5对囊状。6根马氏管分成2组,1组4根,另一组2根。6根马氏管与后肠肠壁形成隐肾系统。消化道具有1对囊状和1对细管状的胃盲囊可作为光滑足距小蠹成虫的识别特征。     

温度对咖啡豆象实验种群发育和繁殖的影响

为探讨温度对咖啡豆象Araecerus fasciculatus实验种群生长发育和繁殖参数的影响, 以及昆虫生命活动与环境因子之间的关系, 为其种群数量控制提供依据, 本研究在17, 20, 23, 26, 29和32℃下, 研究咖啡豆象各虫态的发育与繁殖; 用线性回归、Logistic模型及“王-兰-丁”模型对温度与咖啡豆象各虫态之间的数学关系进行拟合; 通过最小二乘法计算了咖啡豆象的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明: 17~29℃之间, 随着温度的升高, 咖啡豆象幼虫的发育速率逐渐增大, 至32℃, 发育速率稍微降低。温度为27.43℃时, 咖啡豆象幼虫有理论最大发育速率0.493 d^-1。卵、幼虫、蛹和卵-蛹期的发育起点温度分别为9.60, 11.48, 7.60和10.55℃, 有效积温分别为135.51, 523.57, 157.09和828.63日度。温度对咖啡豆象实验种群发育和繁殖有显著影响, 发育起点温度和有效积温较低是该虫危害严重的主要原因之一。本研究拟合数学模型可为该害虫的发生危害预测及综合管理提供技术支撑。     

光滑足距小蠹虫道真菌的组成和变化

本文同时采用分离和电镜扫描技术研究了光滑足距小蠹Xylosandrus germanus(Blan dford)不同发育阶段坑道和贮菌器内真菌种类的组成和变化。Ambrosiella hartigii是光滑足距小蠹扩散、蛀孔、越冬和体壁新硬化的成虫贮菌器内唯一分离到的真菌,而刚羽化的雌成虫贮菌器中没有分离到任何真菌种类,体壁新硬化的成虫贮菌器中真菌的分离频率最低。坑道内共分离到4种真菌：A. hartigii,Acremonium kiliense和2种镰刀菌Fusarium spp.。从卵期到蛹期的坑道中,A. hartigii总是能被分离到,占分离物总数的百分率较高,达40％～60％;而在成虫期坑道中,A. kiliense和Fusarium sp.1被分离率较高,都为34.6％。扫描电镜观察表明,A. hartigii为卵期到蛹期坑道中的优势种,而镰刀菌Fusarium spp.则是成虫期坑道中的优势种。这些结果均表明,Ambrosiella hartigii,Acremonium kiliense和2种镰刀菌Fusarium spp.是光滑足距小蠹的虫道真菌,而且这些真菌种类组成和优势种类是随着蠹虫的发育阶段而变化的。真菌种类的组成和变化可 能与幼虫和成虫的营养需求以及虫道真菌的生长特性有关。     

温度对烟粉虱发育和繁殖的影响

研究了7个不同温度梯度对烟粉虱(Beimisia tabaci )B生物型发育、存活和繁殖的影响。在17℃时,烟粉虱从卵到成虫羽化需要48．7天,而在29℃则仅需要13．9天。烟粉虱发育的最佳温度是26℃,低温(＜20℃)和过高的温度(＞32℃)对烟粉虱发育有抑制作用。经线性回归分析,烟粉虱的发育起点温度约为13℃,有效积温为263．8℃。烟粉虱在20℃时,其成虫寿命和产卵量都是32℃时2倍多,单雌最高产卵量达到208粒。烟粉虱的存活率以26℃时最高,低温和高温对烟粉虱的存活率有负面影响。烟粉虱的内禀增殖率在26℃和29℃时较高,分别为0．1456和0．1470。所有数据显示26℃是烟粉虱种群发育和繁殖的最佳温度。     

温度对荔枝异形小卷蛾发育和繁殖的影响

荔枝异形小卷蛾的蛀梢为害是珍贵树种格木人工林健康发展的主要限制因子。依据其天然分布和潜在推广区的温度范围设置系列温度梯度,探讨温度对荔枝异形小卷蛾发育和繁殖的综合影响。结果显示,温度对荔枝异形小卷蛾各阶段的发育历期具有显著影响,在研究温度范围内,发育历期随温度升高呈显著地下降趋势,世代历期在18℃时为66.87 d,30℃时降至35.77 d。预蛹和蛹的存活率对温度的响应不敏感,而卵、幼虫、成虫的存活率和世代存活率以及产卵量均随温度升高表现为先上升后下降的变化趋势,且繁殖力对温度的反映较存活率敏感,其存活率和繁殖力在18℃时均最低,分别为41.20%和13.90粒,在27℃时发育最适,分别为83.80%和45.40粒,在30℃时虽有下降,分别为66.00%和32.40粒,但仍高于18℃时,即其对低温较高温敏感。荔枝异形小卷蛾完整世代发育起点温度为5.77℃,所需有效积温为876.76 d℃,其中幼虫发育所需有效积温最高,占整个历期的45.23%,发育速率与温度显著正相关。根据荔枝异形小卷蛾为害方式、发育和繁殖特征分析可知,在低温地区其幼虫期长,但世代数少、存活率和繁殖力低,对寄主植物受害部位的单次为害程度严重;在高温地区则幼虫期短,但世代数多、存活率和繁殖力高,对寄主植物受害部位的单次为害程度低,但更为频繁,持续为害程度高。研究结果对于不同地区选择荔枝异形小卷蛾的防治具有借鉴意义,同时有助于指导格木人工林的合理推广和健康发展。     

温度对蜘蛛繁殖力和实验种群的影响

从我国常见10科18种蜘蛛的温度实验数据中,找出温度对蜘蛛繁殖和实验种群增长影响的一般规律和不同种类蜘蛛繁殖的最佳温度。根据实验可以看出：大多数蜂蛛在1－35℃温区内均可产卵和孵化;由于蜘蛛种类不同,雌蛛产卵袋数最多、卵袋内含卵量最高、产卵间隔时间最短、产卵率最高、单雌产卵量最多、孵化率最高和种群增长指数最大的最适温度也表现出差异;大多数种类雌蛛产卵袋数最多的温区是25－32℃;产卵间隔最短的温区是30－37℃;产卵率最高的温区是25－32℃;孵化率最高的温区在25℃左右;种群数量增长最多的温区是25－29℃。温度与蜘蛛繁殖力的关系可以用曲线方程和数学模型表示。     

松瘤小蠹自然种群生命表的初步研究

近年来，松瘤小蠹OrthotomicuserosusWollaston在广西南宁市市郊马尾松林内发生，有加剧危害的趋势。该虫1年发生1代。我们从1989年开始研究松瘤小蠹的生命表，现对1989～1990年初步组建的生命表结果进行报道。正研究方法选择有代表性的林分，在蛀干初盛期1次性用红色油漆标记样株（3O～50株）。每隔7～10天，按寄主树干上、中、下、基4个部位剖检10～20个侵人孔，记载各虫态（包括成虫率、J）存活、死亡数量、母坑、子坑长度、天敌种类及数量等。最后统计各虫态数和，经运算校正得到各发育阶段的死亡率与存活率等，同时追溯死亡原因。天…     

The capacity of conophthorin to enhance the attraction of two Xylosandrus species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to ethanol and the efficacy of verbenone as a deterrent

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Conophthorin enhances the electroantennogram and field behavioural response of Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to ethanol

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Genetic structure of Japanese populations of an ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus germanus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

We examined the genetic structures of 13 Japanese populations of an ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus germanus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), to understand the effects of geographical barriers on the colonization dynamics of this species. The genetic structure was studied using portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. A phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct lineages (clades A, B and C) within X. germanus. Clade A contained 21 haplotypes from all 13 populations; whereas clade B contained eight haplotypes from Hokkaido (Sapporo and Furano), Iwate and Nagano populations; and clade C contained only a single a haplotype from the Hokkaido (Furano) population. In the analysis of molecular variance (amova ), the greatest amount of genetic variation was detected between populations in Hokkaido and those in Honshu and other southern islands. Between these two groups of populations, all the values of the coefficient of gene differentiation were significantly larger than zero, except for the Hokkaido (Sapporo) versus Nagano comparison. Our results confirm that for X. germanus, gene flow has been interrupted between Hokkaido and Honshu since the last glacial maximum.     

Dynamics of the fungal symbionts in the gallery system and the mycangia of the ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus mutilatus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in relation to its life history

The dynamics of the fungal symbionts in the gallery system and the mycangia of the ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus mutilatus, were studied in relation to its life history using both isolation experiments and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the galleries,Ambrosiella sp. was predominant during the larval stages but its relative dominance gradually decreased during the development of the larvae. In contrast, yeasts (mainlyCandida sp.) andPaecilomyces sp. dominated continuously in the galleries after eclosion.Ambrosiella sp. was consistently stored in the mycangia in all adult stages, except in the teneral and overwintering adults when the other fungi were dominant. No fungal spores occurred in the mycangia of the adult beetles reared under aseptic conditions from the pupal stage, while onlyAmbrosiella sp. was stored in those reared from the teneral-adult stage. These results suggest that: (i) Xmutilatus is associated with at least three fungal species, among whichAmbrosiella sp. is the most essential food resource for development of the broods; (ii) immediately after eclosion, new female adults may take at least four associated fungal species, with no or incomplete selection, into their mycangia from the walls of the cradles; and (iii) conditions may well be produced in the mycangia of both matured and dispersing beetles whereby only the spores ofAmbrosiella sp. can proliferate.     

Landscape‐scale genetic differentiation of a mycangial fungus associated with the ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) (Curculionidae:Scolytinae) in Japan

In this study, we examined the genetic structures of the ambrosia fungus isolated from mycangia of the scolytine beetle, Xylosandrus germanus to understand their co‐evolutionary relationships. We analyzed datasets of three ambrosia fungus loci (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and the β‐tubulin gene) and a X. germanus locus dataset (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) mitochondrial DNA). The ambrosia fungi were separated into three cultural morphptypes, and their haplotypes were distinguished by phylogenetic analysis on the basis of the three loci. The COI phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct genetic lineages (clades A, B, and C) within X. germanus, each of which corresponded to specific ambrosia fungus cultural morphptypes. The fungal symbiont phylogeny was not concordant with that of the beetle. Our results suggest that X. germanus may be unable to exchange its mycangial fungi, but extraordinary horizontal transmission of symbiotic fungi between the beetle's lineages occurred at least once during the evolutionary history of this symbiosis.     

Temperature-dependent development and reproduction of the boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract Effects of temperature on development, survival, and fecundity of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, were assessed at 10, 11, 12, 15,20,25,30,35,45, and 46 °C; 65% relative humidity; and a photoperiod of 13:11 (L: D) h. The mortality of boll weevil immature stages was 100% at 12°C and decreased to 36.4% as the temperature increased to 25°C. When the temperature increased from 30 °C to 45 °C, the mortality of weevils also increased from 50.1% to 100%. From 15°C to 35°C, the bollweevilpreimaginal development rate was linearly related to temperature. The average development time of total boll weevil immature lifestages decreased 3.6-fold and the preovipositional period decreased 3.3-fold when the temperature was increased from 15°C to 30°C. The lower threshold for development was estimated at 10.9, 6.6, 7.0, and 9.0 °C for eggs, larval, pupal, and total immature stages, respectively, with total thermal time requirement to complete immature stages of 281.8 DD (degree day) (15°C) and 247.8 DD (35 °C). At 1LC and 46°C, weevil females did not oviposit. Longevity of adult females decreased 4.6-fold with increasing temperatures from 15°C to 35°C. Fecundity increased with increasing temperatures up to 30°C and significantly decreased thereafter. These findings will be useful in creating a temperature-based degree-day model for predicting the occurrence of key life stages in the field. An accurate predictor of a pest's development can be very important in determining sampling protocols, timing insecticide applications, or implementing an integrated pest management control strategy targeting susceptible life stages.     

Effect of short-term high temperature stress on the development and fecundity of Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Since insects are ectothermic, they are highly vulnerable to the sudden increase of temperature. Indeed, it has been hypothesized that the survival, development, fecundity, and even population expansion of insects are all affected significantly by extremely high temperature. We studied the effect of short-term high temperature stress on the survival and development of different stages, adult longevity and fecundity of Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of the invasive plant, the common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asterales: Asteraceae) in the laboratory. The results showed that egg, larval, pupal and adult survival rates were significantly affected after 2 hour-short-stress at high temperatures (35 to 47°C) when compared to the 28°C control. With the exceptions of the control and 35°C stress, survival rate of females was significantly higher than that of males after short-stress at any high temperature. Short-term high temperature stress also significantly impacted longevity and fecundity of adult beetles. Except for control, female longevity was significantly longer than male's after short-stress at any high temperature. The survival rates of different stages, and adult longevity and fecundity of the beetle decreased significantly with the increase of short-term stress temperature. Based on the results of the present study, we conclude that the development and population expansion of O. communa may be significantly affected when they are exposed to a high temperature stage in a summer day in the areas invaded by common ragweed, in southern China.     

温度对菜豆象发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探讨不同温度下菜豆象Acanthoscelides obtectus(Say)种群生长发育和繁殖的状况。【方法】在20,23,26,29和32℃下,测定了菜豆象各虫态的发育历期,用线性回归、Logistic模型以及"王-兰-丁"模型对温度与菜豆象各虫态之间的关系进行拟合;采用最小二乘法计算出各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温,并组建了菜豆象在不同温度下的实验种群生殖力生命表。【结果】菜豆象各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短,而发育速率与温度之间呈正相关,Logistic和"王-兰-丁"模型比一般线性模型更能拟合菜豆象发育速率与温度之间的关系。菜豆象全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为6.44℃和858.22 d·℃;菜豆象产卵量、孵化率和存活率在26℃下最高,分别为52.71粒、82.67%和75.67%;在32℃下最低,分别为33.20粒、69.33%和41.67%。在20,23,26,29和32℃下内禀增长率rm值分别为0.05,0.07,0.08,0.09和0.08;净增殖率R0值分别为25.54,33.80,39.87,34.52和13.86。【结论】温度对菜豆象种群发育和繁殖具有显著影响,表明20~29℃是菜豆象生长发育和繁殖的最适温度范围。