Degradation of TNT,RDX, and HMX Explosive Wastewaters Using Zero‐Valent Iron Nanoparticles

The high‐energy explosives 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX), and the high melting explosive octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) are common groundwater contaminants at active and abandoned munitions production facilities causing serious environmental problems. A highly efficient and environmentally friendly method was developed for the treatment of the explosives‐contaminated wastewaters using zero‐valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINs). ZVINs with diameters of 20–50 nm and specific surface areas of 42.56 m² g⁻¹ were synthesized by the co‐precipitation method. The explosives degradation reaction is expressed to be of pseudo first‐order and the kinetic reaction parameters are calculated based on different initial concentrations of TNT, RDX, and HMX. In addition, by comparison of the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images for the fresh and reacted ZVINs, it was apparent that the ZVINs were oxidized and aggregated to form Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a result of the chemical reaction. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements confirmed that the ZVINs corrosion primarily occurred due to the formation of Fe₃O₄. Furthermore, the postulated reaction kinetics in different concentrations of TNT, RDX, and HMX, showed that the rate of TNT removal was higher than RDX and HMX. Furthermore, by‐products obtained after degradation of TNT (long‐chain alkanes/methylamine) and RDX/HMX (formaldehyde/methanol/hydrazine/dimethyl hydrazine) were determined by LC/MS/MS, respectively. The high reaction rate and significant removal efficiencies suggest that ZVINs might be suitable and powerful materials for an in‐situ degradation of explosive polluted wastewaters.     

Smokeless GAP‐RDX Composite Rocket Propellants Containing Diaminodinitroethylene (FOX‐7)

Composite rocket propellants prepared from nitramine fillers (RDX or HMX), glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) binder and energetic plasticizers are potential substitutes for smokeless double‐base propellants in some rocket motors. In this work, we report GAP‐RDX propellants, wherein the nitramine filler has been partly or wholly replaced by 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7). These smokeless propellants, containing 60% energetic solids and 15% N‐butyl‐2‐nitratoethylnitramine (BuNENA) energetic plasticizer, exhibited markedly reduced shock sensitivity with increasing content of FOX‐7. Conversely, addition of FOX‐7 reduced the thermochemical performance of the propellants, and samples without nitramine underwent unsteady combustion at lower pressures (no burn rate catalyst was added). The mechanical characteristics were quite modest for all propellant samples, and binder‐filler interactions improved slightly with increasing content of FOX‐7. Overall, FOX‐7 remains an attractive, but less than ideal, substitute for nitramines in smokeless GAP propellants.     

5‐Amino‐3,4‐dinitropyrazole as a Promising Energetic Material

The nitrogen‐rich energetic compound 5‐amino‐3,4‐dinitropyrazole (5‐ADP) was investigated using complementary experimental techniques. X‐ray diffraction indicates the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in 5‐ADP crystals. Compound exhibits low impact sensitivity (23 J) and insensitivity to friction. The activation energy of thermolysis determined to be 230±5 kJ mol⁻¹ from DSC measurements. Accelerating rate calorimetry indicates the lower thermal stability (173 °C) of 5‐ADP than that of RDX, which is probably the main concern about using this compound. 5‐ADP also exhibits good compatibility with common energetic materials (viz. TNT, RDX, ammonium perchlorate), including an active binder. The burning rate of 5‐ADP monopropellant is higher than that of benchmark HMX, while the pressure exponent 0.51±0.04 is surprisingly low. Addition of ammonium perchlorate does not affect the pressure exponent of 5‐ADP, while the burning rate increases. The 5‐amino‐3,4‐dinitropyrazole exhibits a notable combination of combustion performance, low sensitivity, and good compatibility, which renders it as a promising energetic material.     

Thermal Decomposition,Kinetics and Compatibility Studies of Poly(3‐difluoroaminomethyl‐3‐methyloxetane) (PDFAMO)

The thermal decomposition of poly(3‐difluoroaminomethyl‐3‐methyloxetane) (PDFAMO) with an average molecular weight of about 6000 was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The kinetics of thermolysis were studied by a model‐free method. The thermal decomposition of PDFAMO occurred in a two‐stage process. The first stage was mainly due to elimination of HF and had an activation energy of 110–120 kJ mol⁻¹. The second stage was due to degradation of the polymer chain. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the degradation residues showed that the difluoroamino groups decomposed in a two‐step HF loss at different temperatures. The remaining monofluoroimino groups produced by the incomplete elimination of HF were responsible for the two‐stage thermolysis process. The compatibility of PDFAMO with some energetic components and inert materials used in polymer‐bonded explosives (PBXs) and solid propellants was studied by DSC. It was concluded that the binary systems of PDFAMO with cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), ammonium perchlorate (AP), aluminum powder (Al), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and 1,3‐diethyl‐1,3‐diphenyl urea (C₁) were compatible, whereas the systems of PDFAMO with lead carbonate (PbCO₃) and 2‐nitrodiphenylamine (NDPA) were slightly sensitized. The systems with cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine (HMX), hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20), 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), ammonium nitrate (AN), magnesium powder (Mg), boron powder (B), carbon black (C. B.), diphenylamine (DPA), and p‐nitro‐N‐methylamine (PNMA) were incompatible. The results of compatibility studies fully supported the suggested thermal decomposition mechanism of PDFAMO.     

Laboratory‐Scale Method for Estimating Explosive Performance from Laser‐Induced Shock Waves

A new laboratory‐scale method for predicting explosive performance (e.g., detonation velocity and pressure) based on milligram quantities of material is demonstrated. This technique is based on schlieren imaging of the shock wave generated in air by the formation of a laser‐induced plasma on the surface of an energetic material residue. The shock wave from each laser ablation event is tracked for more than 100 μs using a high‐speed camera. A suite of conventional energetic materials including DNAN, TNT, HNS, TATB, NTO, PETN, RDX, HMX, and CL‐20 was used to develop calibration curves relating the characteristic shock velocity for each energetic material to several detonation parameters. A strong linear correlation between the laser‐induced shock velocity and the measured performance from full‐scale detonation testing has been observed. The Laser‐induced Air Shock from Energetic Materials (LASEM) method was validated using nitrocellulose, FOX‐7, nano‐RDX, three military formulations, and three novel high‐nitrogen explosives currently under development. This method is a potential screening tool for the development of new energetic materials and formulations prior to larger‐scale detonative testing. The main advantages are the small quantity of material required (a few milligrams or less per laser shot), the ease with which hundreds of measurements per day can be obtained, and the ability to estimate explosive performance without detonating the material (reducing cost and safety requirements).     

A comparison of triazole cross‐linked polymers based on poly‐AMMO and GAP: Mechanical properties and curing kinetics

Triazole cross‐linked polymers based on poly(3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) (poly‐AMMO) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) were prepared using bis‐propargyl‐1,4‐cyclohexyl‐dicarboxylate (BPHA) as curing agent, respectively. Swelling tests demonstrated that cross‐linking densities of the resulted polymers both increased with the increase of BPHA. Triazole cross‐linked polymers based on poly‐AMMO showed superior tensile strength and elongation at break than those of GAP at comparable stoichiometry. The curing kinetics was also investigated by FTIR, and GAP exhibited faster reaction rate when reacted with BPHA than that of poly‐AMMO. In addition, with the increase of cross‐linking density, the glass transition temperature (T_g) of as‐prepared polymers significantly increased, and poly‐AMMO‐based polymers showed stronger T_g‐raising effect than GAP‐based polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43341.     

Thermal characterization of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) and GAP‐based binders for composite propellants

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the thermal behavior of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) and GAP‐based binders, which are of potential interest for the development of high‐performance energetic propellants. The glass transition temperature (T_g) and decomposition temperature (T_d) of pure GAP were found to be −45 and 242°C, respectively. The energy released during decomposition (ΔH_d) was measured as 485 cal/g. The effect of the heating rate on these properties was also investigated. Then, to decrease its T_g, GAP was mixed with the plasticizers dioctiladipate (DOA) and bis‐2,2‐dinitropropyl acetal formal (BDNPA/F). The thermal characterization results showed that BDNPA/F is a suitable plasticiser for GAP‐based propellants. Later, GAP was crosslinked by using the curing agent triisocyanate N‐100 and a curing catalyst dibuthyltin dilaurate (DBTDL). The thermal characterization showed that crosslinking increases the T_g and decreases the T_d of GAP. The T_g of cured GAP was decreased to sufficiently low temperatures (−45°C) by using BDNPA/F. The decomposition reaction‐rate constants were calculated. It can be concluded that the binder developed by using GAP/N‐100/BDNPA/F/DBTDL may meet the requirements of the properties that makes it useful for future propellant formulations. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 538–546, 2000     

Surface Coating of RDX with a Composite of TNT and an Energetic‐Polymer and its Safety Investigation

To improve the safety of RDX (hexogen), an energetic polymer (HP‐1) was introduced to coat RDX with 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) by combining the solvent–nonsolvent and the aqueous suspension‐melting method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) were employed to characterize the samples, and the role of HP‐1 in the coating process was discussed. The impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, and the thermal stability of unprocessed and coated RDX were investigated, and the explosion heat of samples was also estimated. Results indicate that HP‐1 improves the wetting ability of the liquid coating material on RDX surface and reinforces the connection between RDX and the coating material. By surface coating, the impact and friction sensitivity of RDX decrease obviously; the drop height (H₅₀) is increased from 37.2 to 58.4 cm, and the friction probability is reduced from 92 to 38%. The activation energy (E) and the self‐ignition temperature increase by 10457.38 J⋅mol⁻¹ and 1.8 K, respectively. The explosion heat is reduced merely by 0.93%.     

Theoretical Prediction of Heats of Sublimation of Energetic Materials Using Pseudo‐Atomic Orbital Density Functional Theory Calculations

We present a predictive model for the heats of sublimation of the condensed phases of energetic materials that combine the empirical relations of Politzer with first‐principles density‐functional calculations of the electronic properties of the molecular surfaces. The distinct features of our methodology are the use of numerical pseudo‐atomic orbitals for the quantum mechanical calculation of the electronic charge density, as well as an improved technique for the molecular surface area determination. As applications, we used our model to predict heats of sublimation of energetic molecules CL‐20, HMX, RDX, TNT, FOX‐7, TATB, and LLM‐105, with the Politzer parameters fit based on a set of eight nitro‐aromatic molecules. In comparison with conventional quantum chemistry calculations, our approach is tremendously less computationally demanding, yet it still demonstrates competitive accuracy and predictive power.     

Amphiphilic block copolymer poly(lactic acid)‐block‐(glycidylazide polymer)‐block‐polystyrene: synthesis and self‐assembly

The triblock energetic copolymer poly(lactic acid)‐block‐(glycidylazide polymer)‐block‐polystyrene (PLA‐b‐GAP‐b‐PS) was synthesized successfully through atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene and ring‐opening polymerization of d,l ‐lactide. The energetic macroinitiator GAP‐Br, which was made from reacting equimolar GAP with α‐bromoisobutyryl bromide, firstly triggered the ATRP of styrene with its bromide group, and then the hydroxyl group on the GAP end of the resulting diblock copolymer participated in the polymerization of lactide in the presence of stannous octoate. The triblock copolymer PLA‐b‐GAP‐b‐PS had a narrow distribution of molecular weight. In the copolymer, the PS block was solvophilic in toluene and improved the stability of the structure, the PLA block was solvophobic in toluene and served as the sacrificial component for the preparation of porous materials, and GAP was the basic and energetic material. The three blocks of the copolymer were fundamentally thermodynamically immiscible, which led to the self‐assembly of the block copolymer in solution. Further studies showed that the concentration and solubility of the copolymer and the polarity of the solvent affected the morphology and size of the micelles generated from the self‐assembly of PLA‐b‐GAP‐b‐PS. The micelles generated in organic solvents at 10 mg mL^?1 copolymer concentration were spherical but became irregular when water was used as a co‐solvent. The spherical micelles self‐assembled in toluene had three distinct layers, with the diameter of the micelles increasing from 60 to 250 nm as the concentration of the copolymer increased from 5 to 15 mg L^?1. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Partial Reparametrization of the BKW Equation of State for DNAN‐Based Melt‐Cast Explosives

DNAN‐based melt‐cast explosives are a type of new, insensitive munitions (IM) explosives. Quickly determining munitions’ explosive properties is extremely important during the formulation design stage. The aim of this study was to partially reparameterize BKW‐EOS (only β and κ were reparameterized on the basis of the parameters (α , β , κ , and θ ) of classical BKW‐RDX set and BKW‐TNT set) to more accurately predict the properties of DNAN‐based melt‐cast explosives. A new set of parameters β and κ was obtained (β =0.19, κ =9.81) according to measured detonation velocity and detonation pressure for ideal DNAN‐based melt‐cast formulations (DNAN/RDX and DNAN/HMX). For non‐ideal DNAN‐based melt‐cast formulations (DNAN/RDX/Al and DNAN/HMX/Al), aluminum oxidation degree was first determined according to the measured detonation heat; then, another new set of parameters β and κ was obtained in the same way as the ideal formulations (β =0.24, κ =8.5). The predicted detonation properties with BKW reparametrization for DNAN‐based melt‐cast explosives agreed with the measured data.     

Potential Use of CL‐20 in TNT/ETPE‐Based Melt Cast Formulations

An attempt was made to introduce CL‐20 in a TNT/energetic thermoplastic elastomer (ETPE)‐based melt cast formulation, to obtain an insensitive composition with reduced adverse environmental properties. A loading limit of 42% w/w of CL‐20 in melted TNT was observed, while it should have been around 70%. This paper describes the investigation that was undertaken to understand the observed phenomena. It was demonstrated that CL‐20 undergoes structural alterations in melted TNT. The relative solubility of CL‐20, RDX and HMX in melted TNT was determined and the α‐, β‐, γ‐ and ε‐CL‐20 were prepared and characterized using Raman spectroscopy and DTA. CL‐20 was mixed in melted TNT, as much as 4.2 g of CL‐20 dissolved in 100 g of TNT. This allowed a transformation from ε to β‐CL‐20 and a modification of CL‐20 particle size and distribution. The later modification induced a raise in CL‐20 specific surface and was responsible for the loading limit, while the transformation to β‐CL‐20 caused an increase in sensitivity and a decrease in density. This indicates that the use of CL‐20 in TNT melt cast is not promising. Our study also showed that CL‐20 is sensitive to morphological transformations, which should be taken into consideration in future processing using this compound.     

Cohesive Hamaker Constants and Dispersive Surface Energies of RDX,PETN, TNT,and Ammonium Nitrate‐Based Explosives

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to characterize dispersive surface energies γ_S^D and cohesive Hamaker constants A_ii for RDX, PETN, TNT, ammonium nitrate (AN), and AN‐based explosives at 303 K. The γ_S^D for RDX at 303 K is compared to previous studies and generally found to be in good agreement, substantiating the use of NESTT training materials to characterize explosives via IGC. Additionally, the effect of the amount of fuel in the AN mixtures on γ_S^D is examined using simple linear regression. Finally, the IGC‐predicted A_ii values are compared to Lifshitz estimations for A_ii of RDX, PETN, TNT, and AN.     

Study on the Compatibility of Tetraethylammonium Decahydrodecaborate (BHN) with some Energetic Components and Inert Materials

The compatibility of tetraethylammonium decahydrodecaborate (BHN) with some energetic components and inert materials of solid propellants was studied by DSC method, where glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine (HMX), lead 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐onate (NTO‐Pb), hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20), 3,4‐dinitrofurzanfuroxan (DNTF), N‐guanylurea‐dinitramide (GUDN), aluminum powder (Al, particle size=12.18 μm) and magnesium powder (Mg, particle size: 44–74 μm) were used as energetic components and polyoxytetramethylene‐co‐oxyethylene (PET), polyethylene glycol (PEG), addition product of hexamethylene diisocyanate and water (N‐100), hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), cupric adipate (AD‐Cu), cupric 2,4‐dihydroxy‐benzoate (β‐Cu), lead phthalate (ϕ‐Pb), carbon black (C. B.), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), 1,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐diphenyl urea (C₂), di‐2‐ethylhexyl sebacate (DOS) and potassium perchlorate (KP), were used as inert materials. It was concluded that the binary systems of BHN with NTO‐Pb, CL‐20, aluminum powder, magnesium powder, PET, PEG, N‐100, AD‐Cu, β‐Cu, ϕ‐Pb, C. B., Al₂O₃, C₂, DOS, and KP are compatible, and systems of BHN with GAP and HMX are slightly sensitive, and with RDX, DNTF, and GUDN are incompatible. The impact and friction sensitivity data of BHN and BHN in combination with the energetic materials under present study were obtained, and there was no consequential affiliation between sensitivity and compatibility.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel polyimides starting from 1,2‐bis(p‐dimethylaminobenzylideneimino)alkane homologues and various dianhydrides

The objective of this research was the preparation of polyimides from 1,2‐bis(p‐dimethylaminophenylimino)alkane homologues and various dianhydrides in N‐methylpyrrolidone by one‐stage polycondensation. The monomers were prepared via condensation of p‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and the corresponding diamines, 1,4‐diaminobutane, 1,3‐diaminopropane and 1,2‐diaminoethane. The influence of the incorporation of this moiety into the polymer backbone on the properties of the polyimides has been evaluated. The thermogram of the polyimides indicated that PI‐10 to PI‐32 had T_g values ranging from 181 to 290 °C. The inherent viscosities of the polymers ranged from 0.99 to 2.05 dl g^?1, and the highest solubility was obtained without significant loss of the thermal properties. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Investigation on the Thermal Expansion and Theoretical Density of 1,3,5‐Trinitro‐1,3,5‐Triazacyclohexane

The CTE and the theoretical density are important properties for energetic materials. To obtain the CTE and the theoretical density of 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (RDX), XRD, and Rietveld refinement are employed to estimate the dimensional changes, within the temperature range from 30 to 170 °C. The CTE of a, b, c axis and volume are obtained as 3.07×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, 8.28×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, 9.19×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, and 20.7×10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, respectively. Calculated from the refined cell parameters, the theoretical density at the given temperature can be obtained. The theoretical density at 20 °C (1.7994 g cm⁻³) is in close match with the RDX single‐crystal density (1.7990 g cm⁻³) measured by density gradient method. It is suggested that the CTE measured by XRD could perfectly meet with the thermal expansion of RDX.     

Effect of Bonding Agent on the Mechanical Properties of GAP High‐Energy Propellant

Three kinds of bonding agent were chosen to improve the mechanical properties of GAP high‐energy composite propellant based on GAP, BuNENA, HMX, AP, and Al. These bonding agents are N,N ′‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) dimethylhydantoin and 1,3,5‐trisubstituted isocyanurates (BA1), cyano‐hydroxylated amines (BA2), and hyperbranched polyether with terminal groups substituted by hydroxyl, cyano and ester functional groups (BA3). To study the interaction between bonding agents and oxidizers, the effect of coating by bonding agents on the characteristic absorption peaks of AP and HMX were first studied by infrared spectroscopy. Then the effect of bonding agents on the adhesion work between oxidizers and binder system were determined. The results showed that BA2 has the strongest interaction with AP, whereas BA1 and BA3 have relatively strong interaction with HMX. The AP grain coated by BA2 has the strongest adhesion work to the binder system, and there is not much difference in the values of adhesion work towards binder system of three coated HMX grains. At last the three bonding agents were added to GAP propellant, which has a theoretical specific impulse of 276.03 s. When the three kinds of bonding agent was used alone, the sense of “dewetting” in propellant was relieved but still existed. The combination of BA2 to BA1 or BA3 improved the adhesions between oxidizers and binder system effectively, and the mechanical properties of GAP propellant reached to δ _m=0.69 MPa, ϵ _b=32.7 %.     

The Synthesis and Energetic Properties of 5,7‐Dinitrobenzo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazine‐1,3‐dioxide (DNBTDO)

Energetic tetrazine‐1,3‐dioxide, 5,7‐dinitrobenzo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazine‐1,3‐dioxide ( DNBTDO ), was synthesized in 45 % yield. DNBTDO was characterized as an energetic material in terms of performance (V_det 8411 m s⁻¹; p_{C J} 3.3×10¹⁰ Pa at a density of 1.868 g cm⁻³), mechanical sensitivity (impact and friction as a function of grain size), and thermal stability (T_dec 204 °C). DNBTDO exhibits a sensitivity slightly higher than that of RDX , and a performance slightly lower (96 % of RDX ).     

Gasoline permeation behavior and mechanical properties of polyamide 6/nanoclay,polyamide 6/PE‐g‐maleic anhydride blend,and polyamide 6/PE‐g‐maleic anhydride/clay nanocomposite

In this article, polyamide 6 (PA6)/clay nanocomposites, PA6/polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MA) blends, and PA6/PE‐g‐MA/clay nanocomposites were prepared and their gasoline permeation behavior and some mechanical properties were investigated. In PA6/clay nanocomposites, cloisite 30B was used as nanoparticles, with weight percentages of 1, 3, and 5. The blends of PA6/PE‐g‐MA were prepared with PE‐g‐MA weight percents of 10, 20, and 30. All samples were prepared via melt mixing technique using a twin screw extruder. The results showed that the lowest gasoline permeation occurred when using 3 wt % of nanoclay in PA6/clay nanocomposites, and 10 wt % of PE‐g‐MA in PA6/PE‐g‐MA blends. Therefore, a sample of PA6/PE‐g‐MA/clay nanocomposite containing 3 wt % of nanoclay and 10 wt % of PE‐g‐MA was prepared and its gasoline permeation behavior was investigated. The results showed that the permeation amount of PA6/PE‐g‐MA/nanoclay was 0.41 g m^?2 day^?1, while this value was 0.46 g m^?2 day^?1 for both of PA6/3wt % clay nanocomposite and PA6/10 wt % PE‐g‐MA blend. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40150.     

The Facile Synthesis and Energetic Properties of an Energetic Furoxan Lacking Traditional “Explosophore” Moieties: (E,E)‐3,4‐bis(oximomethyl)furoxan (DPX1)

Energetic furoxan (E,E)‐3,4‐bis(oximomethyl)furoxan (DPX1) was synthesized in 75 % yield, using a literature procedure, from a precursor readily available in one step from nitromethane. DPX1 was characterized for the first time as an energetic material in terms of calculated performance (V_det = 8245 m s⁻¹; p_C‐J = 29.0 GPa) and measured sensitivity (impact: 10 J; friction: 192 N; T_dec: 168 °C). DPX1 exhibits a sensitivity less than that of RDX, and a performance significantly higher than 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT).