基于高光谱遥感的小麦叶片氮积累量

作物氮素状况是评价长势、提高产量和改善品质的重要指标,因此叶片氮积累量的实时无损估测对作物生产的氮素管理具有重要意义.以多个小麦品种在不同施氮水平下的连续3a大田试验为基础,研究了小麦叶片氮积累量与冠层高光谱参数的定量关系.结果表明,冠层叶片氮积累量随着施氮水平的提高而增加,光谱反射率在不同叶片氮积累量水平下发生相应的变化.叶片氮积累量的敏感波段主要存在于近红外平台和可见光区,其中,"红边"区域表现最为显著.通过微分等技术构造多种植被指数,对高光谱参数和叶片氮积累量间进行相关回归分析,SDr/SDb、FD742和AVHRR-GVI 3个参数与叶片氮积累量关系最密切,方程拟合决定系数R2分别为0.9163、0.9097和0.9142,估计标准误差SE分别为1.165、1.079和1.077.经不同年际独立数据的检验表明,利用光谱参数FD742建立的模型对叶片氮积累量的估测精度为0.8449,预测的RMSE为0.984;红边位置REPIG对叶片氮积累量的估测精度和预测的RMSE分别为0.8394和1.014,表明预测值与观察值之间符合精度高,比较而言,FD742为自变量建立的模型可以更好地评估不同条件下叶片氮素积累状况.     

基于高光谱遥感的小麦叶干重和叶面积指数监测

生物量和叶面积指数(LAI)是描述作物长势的重要参数, 叶干重和LAI的实时动态监测对小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长诊断和管理调控具有重要意义。为分析多种高光谱参数估算小麦叶干重和LAI的效果, 建立小麦叶干重和LAI的定量监测模型, 该研究连续3年采用不同小麦品种进行不同施氮水平的大田试验, 于小麦不同生育期采集田间冠层高光谱数据并测定叶片叶干重和LAI。试验结果显示, 小麦叶干重和LAI随施氮水平的提高而增加, 随生育进程呈单峰动态变化模式。小麦叶干重和LAI与光谱反射率间相关性较好的区域主要位于红光波段(590~710 nm, r<-0.60)和近红外波段(745~1 130 nm, r>0.69)。对于不同试验条件下的叶干重和LAI, 可以使用统一的光谱参数进行定量反演, 其中基于RVI (810, 560)、FD755、GM1、SARVI (MSS)和TC3等光谱参数的方程拟合效果较好。经不同年际独立试验数据的检验表明, 以参数RVI (810, 560)、GM1、SARVI (MSS)、PSSRb、(R_750-800/R_695-740) -1、VOG2和MSR705为变量建立的叶干重和LAI监测模型均给出较好的检验结果。因此, 利用关键特征光谱参数可以有效地评价小麦叶片生长状况, 尤其是光谱参数RVI (810, 560)、GM1和SARVI (MSS)可以对不同条件下小麦叶干重和LAI进行准确可靠的监测。     

湿地小叶章叶绿素含量的高光谱遥感估算模型

通过实测不同覆盖度和水深状况下小叶章(Calamagroestis angustifolia)的冠层高光谱反射率与叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度,采用高光谱可见光-近红外波段及其微分光谱波段(350～1050 nm)逐波段构建FNDVI、FRVI、FDVI、FDNDVI、FDRVI和FDDVI植被指数,分别找出与Chl-a具有最佳相关性波段组合的植被指数,建立小叶章Chl-a含量的最佳估算模型,并对比分析了最佳模型与线性模型的预测精度.结果显示:微分光谱植被指数与Chl-a的最佳预测模型(FDNDVI、FDRVI和FDDVI)比反射率植被指数最佳模型(FNDVI、FRVI和FDVI)的预测精度分别提高了6.86%、4.82%和10.10%;植被指数(FNDVI、FD-VI、FDNDVI和FDRVI)与Chl-a含量具有较好的线性关系,而最佳模型比线性模型预测精度仅仅提高了0.60%、1.40%、1.02%和0.93%,可以用简单的线性模型反演湿地小叶章的Chl-a含量.     

水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响

以两个不同品质类型的小麦品种（强筋品种豫麦34、弱筋品种豫麦50）为材料,在大田条件下,研究了3个灌水处理（W₁：拔节水;W₂：拔节水+花后15 d灌浆水;W₃：拔节水+灌浆水+花后28 d麦黄水）和3个氮肥水平（0、150、270 kg·hm^-2）对籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响.结果表明：270 kg·hm^-2的施氮量有利于提高强筋小麦（豫麦34）籽粒蛋白质含量,籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显提高,谷/醇增大;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高,直/支下降;籽粒产量增加.弱筋小麦（豫麦50）在150 kg·hm^-2 的施氮量下,清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量增加,球蛋白和谷蛋白含量下降,谷/醇降低;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高;不施氮肥或氮肥施用过多（270 kg·hm^-2）均影响籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的积累,使产量下降.W₂处理促进了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,W₁或W₃处理均不利于籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,且导致籽粒产量下降.水、氮互作效应中,强筋和弱筋小麦分别以全生育期270 kg·hm^-2和150 kg·hm^-2施氮量配合拔节水+灌浆水（W₂）为比较理想的水氮运筹方式.     

氮、硫肥与灌浆后期高温胁迫对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

灌浆期高温胁迫通常导致小麦籽粒产量降低、品质变差.为了探索有效缓解高温胁迫不利影响的有效措施,在大田条件下,以济麦20为试验材料,运用后期高温棚增温的方法,研究了氮、硫肥与灌浆后期高温对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果表明:高温处理后小麦千粒质量、籽粒产量显著降低(19.7%～28.3%),蛋白质含量升高,蛋白质组分中不溶性谷蛋白含量下降,可溶性谷蛋白含量上升,面团形成时间和稳定时间缩短;氮肥追施比例由50%增加到70%,非高温处理的籽粒产量无显著变化,不溶性谷蛋白质含量和谷蛋白聚合指数(不溶性谷蛋白含量/可溶性谷蛋白含量)升高,面团形成时间和稳定时间延长;高温处理的千粒质量和籽粒产量因氮肥追施比例提高而提高(2.07%～3.58%),面团形成时间和稳定时间缩短;不论高温处理还是非高温处理,与追施硫肥相比,硫肥基施提高籽粒产量、谷蛋白聚合指数,延长面团形成时间和稳定时间;为了有效缓解灌浆后期高温对小麦籽粒产量和品质的不利影响,硫肥基施、氮肥施用基追比50%:50%是较为适宜的施肥模式.     

基于叶面积指数反演的区域冬小麦单产遥感估测

利用定量遥感技术反演的叶面积指数（LAI）在中国北方黄淮海地区典型县市进行冬小麦单产预测研究.为提高数据质量和减少估产误差,利用Savitzky-Golay滤波技术降低云对NDVI数据的影响及数据缺失;通过冬小麦实测LAI进行时序内插,模拟得到实测点每日冬小麦LAI,继而获得实测点主要生育时期平均LAI;在此基础上,建立了冬小麦主要生育时期平均LAI与作物单产关系模型,改变目前利用生育时期内某一时间点LAI代替整个生育时期LAI的方法;在模型择优基础上,得到最佳遥感估产关键期--开花期LAI与单产统计模型;最后,利用MODIS-NDVI经验模型反演得到的开花期平均LAI进行2008年冬小麦单产预测.结果表明：与地面实测的冬小麦单产相比,研究区估产平均相对误差为1.21%,RMSE达到257.33 kg·hm^-2,可以满足大范围估产的要求.利用上述方法可以在研究区冬小麦收获前20～30 d进行准确的单产估计.     

基于高光谱遥感的小麦冠层叶片色素密度监测

作物叶片色素状况是评价植株光合效率和营养胁迫的重要指标,冠层叶片色素密度（单位土地面积叶片色素总量）的实时无损监测对作物生长诊断、产量估算及氮素管理具有重要意义。以包括不同品质类型（高蛋白、中蛋白和低蛋白）的多个小麦品种在不同施氮水平下的连续2a大田试验为基础,研究了小麦叶片色素密度与冠层高光谱参数的定量关系。结果表明,叶片色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜素）密度随施氮水平增加而提高,不施氮处理的叶片色素密度随生育进程而下降,施氮处理的叶片色素密度呈单峰曲线,品种间存在明显差异。群体叶片色素密度的敏感波段主要分布在可见光区,而红边区域导数光谱表现更显著。光谱参数VOG2、VOG3、RVI（810,560）、SRE／SBE和SDr／SDb等与叶绿素密度关系较为密切,线性方程决定系数R^2均在0．858以上,而与类胡萝卜素密度关系减弱,决定系数R^2低于0．780,且参数间差异较小。经独立试验资料的检验表明,VOG2、VOG3、SRE／SBE和SDr／SDb对不同色素的估测结果较好,预测相对误差RE低于17．6％,虽然对叶绿素b的准确性稍低。总体上,光谱参数VOG2、VOG3、SRE／SBE和SDr／SDb与小麦群体叶片色素密度关系密切,特别是对叶片叶绿素a和叶绿素a＋b的密度可以进行准确可靠的实时监测。     

旱地冬小麦灌浆期冠层温度与产量和水分利用效率的关系

利用红外测温仪,于2005～2006年在甘肃陇东旱原研究了我国北方冬麦区域的23个小麦品种(系)灌浆不同时期冠层温度的差异及其与产量和水分利用效率的关系。结果表明,不同基因型小麦在籽粒灌浆结实期存在着冠层温度高度分异的现象,其分异程度随灌浆过程的进行明显加大,到灌浆中后期达到最大。无论灌浆初期还是中期或中后期,旱地冬小麦产量、水分利用效率与冠层温度均呈极显著的负相关(R2=0.445-0.812),并且随着灌浆期推移,相关性增大,灌浆中后期冠层温度每升高1℃,旱地冬小麦产量减少近280 kg hm-2,水分利用效率下降约0.6 kg hm-2mm-1。灌浆中期以后不同基因型小麦冠层温度保持较高的一致性,冠层温度偏低的品种具有较高的产量和水分利用效率。灌浆中后期的冠层温度在评价小麦产量和水分利用效率上具有较高的可靠性,可作为一个田间选择指标应用。     

Grain protein and grain yield of tritordeum in comparison to wheat and triticale

The new species of cereal × Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner (Hordeum chilense Roem. et Shultz × Triticum ssp.) has a grain protein concentration (GPC) of up to 25%. The relationship between GPC and yield, and the factors responsible for the high GPC of tritordeum were examined and compared in field experiments. Three experimental tritordeum lines, two early and a later released (recombined and secondary tritordeums) were compared to wheat (cv. Cajeme) and triticale cultivars (cv. Trujillo). GPC's were 19%–22% for recombined tritordeums, 16% for the secondary tritordeum, 12–15% for wheats and 11% for triticale. Grain yields of the recombined and secondary tridordeum were 17–33% and 45–57% that of the wheats and triticale, respectively. Reducing grain sink size by spikelet removal resulted in an increased GPC of remaining grains. Considering all species together there were a strong inverse relationship between GPC and grain yield (GY) per main ear (GPC=26–4.76 ln GY; r²=0.82). In another experiment, frost damage to an early sown treatment of wheat reduced sink size. Harvest index (HI) of early sown wheat was reduced from 0.45 to 0.19, values comparable to that of tritordeum. Having similar HI, the GPC of the early sown wheat was the same as an early sown tritordeum (around 18%). Data for total N uptake and the N concentration of plant tissue during the growing season indicated that enhanced N uptake and remobilisation were not responsible for tritordeum's high GPC. These results suggest that the high GPC of the early lines of tritordeum is a consequence of the small grain yield concentrating the grain protein.     

Identifying wheat genomic regions for improving grain protein concentration independently of grain yield using multiple inter-related populations

Grain yield (GY) and grain protein concentration (GPC) are two major traits contributing to the economic value of the wheat crop. These are, consequently, major targets in wheat breeding programs, but their simultaneous improvement is hampered by the negative correlation between GPC and GY. Identifying the genetic determinants of GPC and GY through quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis would be one way to identify chromosomal regions, allowing improvement of GPC without reducing GY using marker-assisted selection. Therefore, QTL detection was carried out for GY and GPC using three inter-connected doubled haploid populations grown in a large multi-environment trial network. Chromosomes 2A, 2D, 3B, 7B and 7D showed co-location of QTL for GPC and GY with antagonistic effects, thus contributing to the negative GPC–GY relationship. Nonetheless, genomic regions determining GPC independently of GY across experiments were found on chromosomes 3A and 5D and could help breeders to move the GPC–GY relationship in a desirable direction.     

小麦叶片色素含量的高光谱监测

连续两年采用不同小麦品种在不同施氮水平下进行大田试验,建立了小麦叶片色素含量的光谱定量监测模型.结果表明,叶片色素含量随着施氮水平的增加而提高,品种间存在差异,叶绿素(Chl) a+b相对含量随生育时期的变化较Chl b和类胡萝卜素(Car)更为明显.群体叶片色素含量的敏感波段主要存在于可见光区,其中,红边区域表现显著.红边位置参数REP_LE和REP_IG与叶绿素关系较为密切,REP_LE的表现较好.以REP_LE为变量对Chl a、Chl b和Chl a+b进行方程拟合,决定系数R²分别为0.835、0.841和0.840;对Car含量进行方程拟合,其R²显著下降,且光谱参数间差异较小.经独立数据的检验表明,红边位置的估算结果较好,以REP_IG为变量对Chl b进行预测,模型测试的R²和RE分别为0.632和18.2%;以REP_LE为变量对Chl a、Chl a+b和Car含量进行预测,R²分别为0.805、0.744和0.588,RE分别为9.0%、9.7%和14.6%.表明红边位置与叶片色素含量关系密切且表现稳定,利用REP_LE可以对小麦叶片Chl a和Chl a+b含量进行可靠的监测.     

近地遥感在森林冠层物候动态监测中的应用

近地遥感技术是原位观测森林冠层物候的重要手段,具有高时间分辨率的优点,而且空间尺度适中,是实现物候尺度推绎的有力工具.本研究首先评述了利用3种光学传感器(辐射表、光谱仪和数码相机)监测森林物候的近地遥感方法;结合帽儿山通量观测站的实测数据分析识别物候期的不确定性来源,发现最重要的误差来自物候提取方法;剖析近地遥感与其他物候观测方法的衔接以及该技术自身存在的问题.最后提出该领域的重点研究方向: 加强冠层光学(或冠层结构)物候与功能(生理、生态过程)物候的联系;整合各区域冠层物候观测网络,实现冠层尺度的全球物候联网观测与数据共享;充分发挥近地遥感的优势,整合多源多尺度物候数据;发展近地遥感物候模型,改进动态全球植被模型中物候模拟.     

水稻冠层光截获、光能利用与产量的关系

以两优培九和武香粳14号水稻品种为材料,在不同栽插密度和施氮水平下进行2年田间试验,研究水稻冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率、光能利用率与水稻产量的关系.结果表明： 分蘖期至成熟期,各处理水稻冠层平均PAR反射率为3.45%,其中,分蘖期至抽穗期的冠层反射PAR占冠层总PAR损失的10.90%,显著小于抽穗期至成熟期的22.06%.分蘖期至成熟期的冠层PAR转化率随栽插密度的增加而减少,随施氮量的增加而增大;分蘖期至抽穗期的冠层PAR转化率高于抽穗期至成熟期.在分蘖期至成熟期,冠层PAR利用率随栽插密度和施氮量的增加而增大,各处理中两优培九的平均PAR利用率(1.83 g·MJ^-1)显著高于武香粳14(1.42 g·MJ^-1);武香粳14因生育期较长,分蘖期至成熟期的入射PAR及中、高栽插密度处理的PAR截获量均高于两优培九.水稻不同生长阶段冠层PAR截获率和利用率与产量呈显著正相关,PAR转化率与产量也呈正相关,但相关性不显著.因此,在保持较高PAR截获率的基础上提高冠层PAR转化率,进而提高冠层PAR利用率,有利于水稻高产.     

Effects of foliar applied benzyladenine on grain yield and grain protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effects of foliar applications of nitrogen and benzyladenine (BA) on grain yield and grain protein of wheat grown under field conditions were studied over 2 years with 5 cultivars at 2 locations. Nitrogen (N) at 20 kg.ha^–1, and BA at 100 or 800 mg.l^–1 were applied alone or combined at pre and post-anthesis; applications of BA at 8 mg.l^–1 were also made on individual ears in order to study the effect on cell number. Weekly determinations of the chlorophyll content of the flag leaf were conducted after anthesis to study leaf senescence. At harvest, yield, yield components and grain protein percentage were determined. N and BA applications delayed chlorophyll loss in the flag leaf, but modified neither yield nor yield components. Foliarly applied BA increased grain protein in four of the five cultivars tested. It is concluded that delay of the senescence induced by BA might allow more energy to be available for N uptake by the crop leading to an increase in grain protein.Research supported by a CAFPTA grant 1656/86 and by CONICET, PID 30017700/85.CONICETComisión de Investigaciones Cientificas de la Provincia de Buenos AiresInstituto de Fisiologia Vegetal     

Genetic dissection of grain yield in bread wheat. II. QTL-by-environment interaction

The grain yield of wheat is influenced by genotype, environment and genotype-by-environment interaction. A mapping population consisting of 182 doubled haploid progeny derived from a cross between the southern Australian varieties ‘Trident’ and ‘Molineux’, was used to characterise the interaction of previously mapped grain yield quantitative trait locus (QTL) with specific environmental covariables. Environments (17) used for grain yield assessment were characterised for latitude, rainfall, various temperature-based variables and stripe rust infection severity. The number of days in the growing season in which the maximum temperature exceeded 30°C was identified as the variable with the largest effect on site mean grain yield. However, the greatest QTL-by-environmental covariable interactions were observed with the severity of stripe rust infection. The rust resistance allele at the Lr37/Sr38/Yr17 locus had the greatest positive effect on grain yield when an environment experienced a combination of high-stripe rust infection and cool days. The grain yield QTL, QGyld.agt-4D, showed a very similar QTL-by-environment covariable interaction pattern to the Lr37/Sr38/Yr17 locus, suggesting a possible role in rust resistance or tolerance. Another putative grain yield per se QTL, QGyld.agt-1B, displayed interactions with the quantity of winter and spring rainfall, the number of days in which the maximum temperature exceeded 30°C, and the number of days with a minimum temperature below 10°C. However, no cross-over interaction effect was observed for this locus, and the ‘Molineux’ allele remained associated with higher grain yield in response to all environmental covariables. The results presented here confirm that QGyld.agt-1B may be a prime candidate for marker-assisted selection for improved grain yield and wide adaptation in wheat. The benefit of analysing the interaction of QTL and environmental covariables, such as employed here, is discussed.