双相障碍患者及其一级亲属认知功能损害的研究

目的:探讨双相障碍(BD)患者及其健康一级亲属认知功能损害的特点。方法:采用持续操作测验(CPT)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对51例BD-I型患者(BD-I组)、51例BD-II型患者(BD-II组)、50名健康一级亲属(亲属组)及51名正常对照者(对照组)进行认知功能评估。结果:BD-I组、BD-II组及亲属组CPT中正确数评分明显低于对照组,且BD-I组明显低于BD-II组及亲属组(P均0.05)。BD-I组、BD-II组及亲属组WCST中的错误应答数、正确率和非持续性错误数与对照组比较差异有统计学意义,且BD-I组及亲属组与BD-II组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。BD-I组及亲属组WCST完成分类数、完成第一个分类所需应答数、不能维持完整分类数评分与对照组及BD-II组比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论:BD患者及其健康一级亲属存在多维度认知功能损害,BDI患者任务管理能力损害较明显,BD-II患者注意力损害较明显。     

双相障碍Ⅰ型患者健康一级亲属的认知功能

目的探讨双相障碍Ⅰ型患者健康一级亲属的认知功能。方法纳入双相Ⅰ型患者的健康一级亲属120例和年龄、性别、受教育年限匹配的正常对照100名。采用数字符号、连线测验A(Trail Making Test A,TMT-A)检测注意功能,数字广度、视觉再生检测注意和记忆功能,数字广度倒背和连线测验B(Trail Making Test B,TMT-B)检测执行功能,比较两组间认知功能的差异。结果一级亲属组数字符号、数字广度(顺、倒、顺+倒)、视觉再生、TMT-A、TMT-B成绩均较正常对照组差,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.44、-4.23、-4.32、-4.98、-2.59、4.32、3.78,P值均小于等于0.01)。将年龄和受教育年限作为协变量进行两组间协方差分析,结果仍同前,两组间上述所有认知功能指标的差异仍均有统计学意义(P0.05)。按性别分组后比较,男性亲属组所有认知指标的成绩均较男性对照组差(P0.05),但女性亲属组只有数字广度倒背和总分、TMT-A、TMT-B的成绩较女性对照组差(P0.05)。结论双相Ⅰ型患者的健康一级亲属存在注意、记忆和执行功能损害,他们可能是双相Ⅰ型的易感素质指标。     

精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属的认知功能特点。方法：对72例精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属（研究组）以及与其人口学资料相匹配的31名健康对照（对照组）进行2-back测验、Go／No．go测验、Stroop测验、修订版韦氏成人智力量表的数字符号、连线测验分量表等认知功能的评定。结果：研究组在2-back测验反应时（t=7．749）和错误数（t=2．432）、Go／No·go测验反应时（t=4．147）以及数字符号测试（t=-2．248）成绩上均差于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．001）。多发病家系组在2-back测验反应时（t=3．233）、Go／No-go测验反应时（t=2．981）以及数字符号测试（t=2．041）成绩上均差于单发病家系组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属存在不同程度的认知功能损害;认知功能损害可能是精神分裂症的遗传易感性指标。     

精神分裂症和双相障碍的健康一级亲属认知功能的对照研究

目的探讨精神分裂症和双相障碍患者的健康一级亲属的认知功能缺陷的异同点。方法纳入精神分裂症和双相障碍两类患者的健康一级亲属各50名、正常对照组50名。采用数字符号、连线测验(trailmarking test,TMT)A和B、数字广度、图形视觉再生、言语流畅性、威斯康星卡片、汉诺塔(Hanoi tower,HOT)评估被试者的注意、记忆和执行功能,比较3组间的差异。结果 3组间数字符号总分、TMT-A时间、数字广度(总分及倒背)、视觉图形再生总分、言语流畅性总分、WSCT持续错误数、HOT总分及完成任务数等成绩的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两两比较显示,精神分裂症亲属组上述所有指标的成绩均差于正常对照组(P<0.05),而双相障碍亲属组仅数字符号、TMT-A时间、数字广度总分及倒背、言语流畅性总分均差于正常对照组(P<0.05),精神分裂症亲属组的图形视觉再生、HOT总分及完成任务数均比双相障碍亲属组差(均P<0.05)。结论两类患者的健康一级亲属均存在注意、记忆和执行功能等认知缺陷,精神分裂症亲属的认知缺陷更显著,提示认知缺陷既是两类精神疾病共同的遗传易感因素,但又在两类疾病的家系中的遗传负荷有所不同。     

精神分裂症一级亲属认知功能研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症一级亲属的认知功能。方法:100例精神分裂症患者的一级亲属(亲属组)与90名对照者(对照组)均采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)与持续操作测验(CPT)评估其认知功能。结果:亲属组WCST中总测验次数、持续错误数、随机错误数等均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);但CPT评分与对照组差异无显著性(P>0.05);亲属组WCST中有认知功能障碍的例数显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而在CPT中两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。WCST中的持续错误数和CPT评分与患者的文化程度、性别、年龄之间无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论:部分精神分裂症患者的一级亲属存在认知功能障碍,对严重者有必要进行干预。     

精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症未患病的一级亲属认知功能的特点。方法 对110例精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属（亲属组）及50例正常对照（对照组）进行认知功能测验,包括持续注意力测试（CPT）、威斯康星卡片分类测试（WCST）、修订版韦氏记忆量表（WMS-RC）的逻辑记忆和词语流畅性测试。结果 精神分裂症患者一级亲属在WMS-RC逻辑记忆中的即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆,词语流畅性测试中的词语总数、词语正确数,CPT中的视觉漏报、视觉平均反映时间1和2、听觉漏报数、听觉平均反应时间1和2的成绩均差于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论 精神分裂症未患病的一级亲属存在一定程度的认知功能损害,提示认知损害可能是精神分裂症的内表型指标之一。     

有无精神疾病家族史的双相障碍Ⅰ型患者及其亲属认知功能的比较研究

目的探讨有无精神疾病家族史的双相障碍患者及其亲属的认知功能缺陷是否存在差异。方法纳入有和无精神疾病家族史的双相I型患者各52例、正常对照52名,3组的性别、年龄、受教育年限匹配;同样匹配的两组患者的健康一级亲属各28例和正常对照28名。采用数字符号、连线测验(Trail Marking Test,TMT)、数字广度、图形视觉再生、言语流畅性测验、汉诺塔(Tower of Hanoi,TOH)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsincard sorting test,WCST)评估注意、记忆及执行功能,比较各组间认知功能的差异。结果患者研究中,3组间数字符号测验、TMT-A、B时间,数字广度(顺、倒、总分)、图像再生总分,WCST(分类数、总错误数、持续错误数)、TOH(完成任务数、计划时间)的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中有和无家族史患者组的比较中,仅前者的TOH计划时间(执行功能)长于后者(P<0.01),但在控制病期及测评前的稳定时间后两组间则无差异(P>0.05)。亲属研究中,3组间TMT-A时间、WCST分类数的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两个亲属组的认知功能差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论有和无精神疾病家族史的患者及其健康亲属的认知功能缺陷均未见差异,未支持高遗传负荷家系中认知功能缺陷更明显的研究假设。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能研究

本研究以注意缺陷多动障碍（ ADHD）患者未病一级亲属为对象,探查ADHD患者一级亲属在认知功能方面是否存在异常。     

情感性精神障碍患者认知功能障碍的对照研究

目的　探讨情感性精神障碍患者是否存在认知功能损害，比较各亚型患者认知功能损害的特征。方法　对120例（抑郁症组、双相抑郁组、躁狂组及双相躁狂组各30例）情感性精神障碍患者（以下简称患者组）使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（17项）、YOUNG躁狂量表、临床疗效总评量表、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、韦氏智力量表、韦氏记忆量表及Halstead—Retain神经心理成套检查（HRB—RC）分别于治疗前和治疗第12周末评定及比较。对照组为30名正常人。结果　（1）各亚型患者组治疗前WCST操作的总测验次数、持续错误数、随机错误数、分类数、智商（IQ）值、记忆商（MQ）值，以及抑郁症组、双相抑郁组的正确数与对照组比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。各亚型患者组治疗第12周末与对照组比较，WCST操作的总测验次数、持续错误数、随机错误数、分类数及MQ值的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。在各患者组中，WCST操作的总测验次数、随机错误数、分类数、IQ值和MQ值治疗前与治疗第12周末的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），而组间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）治疗前与治疗第12周末比较，各患者组中的HRB—RC测验的连线乙、触摸总时间、范畴，抑郁症组中的连线甲，抑郁症组、双相抑郁组治疗前的敲击次数等，与对照组的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论　部分情感性精神障碍患者存在认知功能损害，各亚型患者间的差异不明显。     

强迫障碍患者一级亲属认知功能及神经系统软体征的对照研究

目的 研究强迫障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能及神经系统软体征。方法 选择2015 年 6 月—2017 年6 月在荆州市精神卫生中心门诊及住院治疗的70 例强迫障碍,将一级亲属分为高发家系 组及散发家系组,采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）来评价一级亲属的焦虑症状,采用耶鲁-布朗强迫量 表（Y-BOCS）来测试他们的强迫障碍状,采用威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、Stroop 色词测验、持续操作 测验（CPT）及记忆量表来测试认知功能;采用剑桥神经科检查（CNI）软体征测试分量表测试神经系统软 体征。结果 高发家系组Y-BOCS 总分、HAMA总分较散发家系组评分高,差异有统计学意义（t分别为 4.85、2.61,P＜ 0.05）;高发家系组Stroop 色词测验、WCST、CPT、记忆量表项目评分低于散发家系组,差 异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）;高发家系组的NSS 总分及运动协调和脱抑制分量表评分高于散发家系组, 差异有统计学意义（t分别为2.15、3.03、3.14,P＜0.05）。结论 高发家系组一级亲属比散发家系组一级亲 属较多地出现焦虑、强迫障碍状,也更容易出现神经系统软体征及注意力、记忆力等方面的认知功能损害。     

A comparison of euthymic bipolar patients with unaffected first-degree relatives and healthy controls in terms of neuropsychological functions

Objective. Cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder (BD) is well established in the literature. The neurocognitive deficits have been considered to be endophenotypic markers of BD, and studies have examined whether neurocognitive deficits exist in first-degree relatives of individuals with BD I. We hypothesized that performance in tests of neurocognitive function would be impaired in euthymic BD I patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives compared to that of healthy controls. Methods. We compared the performance of bipolar patients, their first-degree relatives, and healthy controls in a battery of neurocognitive tests to reveal possible endophenotypes of BD. A diagnostic interview and neuropsychological test battery were administered to 30 BD I patients, 55 of their unaffected first-degree relatives and 32 healthy controls. Results. The patients and their first-degree relatives were significantly impaired in executive function assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B) relative to the controls (WCST; perseverative errors: p < 0.0005, categories completed: p = 0.002, TMT-B; p = 0.002). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of attention, psychomotor speed, verbal memory, or learning. Conclusion. Our study suggests that the deficits in executive function may be endophenotypic markers of genetic vulnerability to BD I.     

Gut microbiota composition in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives

ObjectiveAn aberrant gut microbiota may be associated with a broad spectrum of diseases including mental illness. The gut microbiota is scarcely studied in bipolar disorder (BD). We examined the gut microbiota composition in patients with newly diagnosed BD, their unaffected first-degree relatives and healthy individuals.MethodsStool samples were collected from 113 patients with BD, 39 unaffected first-degree relatives and 77 healthy individuals and the microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.ResultsThe gut microbiota community membership of patients with BD differed from that of healthy individuals (R² = 1.0%, P = 0.008), whereas the community membership of unaffected first-degree relatives did not. Flavonifractor was present in 61% of patients with BD, 42% of their unaffected relatives and 39% of healthy individuals. Presence of Flavonifractor was associated with an odds ratio of 2.9 (95%CI: 1.6–5.2, P = 5.8 × 10⁻⁴, Q = 0.036) for having BD. When excluding smokers, presence of Flavonifractor was associated with an odds ratio of 2.3 (95%CI: 1.1–5.3, P = 0.019) for having BD. However, when considering the subsample of non-smokers only, BD and presence of Flavonifractor were no longer associated when adjusted for all possible tests at genus level (Q = 0.6). Presence of Flavonifractor in patients with BD was associated with smoking and female sex, but not with age, waist circumference, exercise level, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, current affective state, subtype of BD, illness duration or psychotropic medication, respectively.ConclusionFlavonifractor, a bacterial genus that may induce oxidative stress and inflammation in its host, was associated with BD. Higher prevalence of smoking among patients with BD contributed to our findings, and it cannot be excluded that findings are influenced by residual confounding.     

住院双相情感障碍患者迟发性运动障碍相关因素分析

调查１０１例双相情感性精神障碍患者迟发性运动障碍（ＴＤ）的危险因素。方法用迟发性运动障碍量表（Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ量表）、认知功能问卷调查，并收集临床资料。对相关因素进行ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析，判断ＴＤ的危险因子。结果ＴＤ与抗精神病药治疗时间、因躁狂住院的次数呈正相关。结论长期抗精神病药治疗可能是双相情感性精神障碍患者ＴＤ产生的高危因素     

Corpus callosum size and shape alterations in individuals with bipolar disorder and their first-degree relatives

Reductions in the size of the corpus callosum (CC) have been described in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), although the contribution of genetic factors to these changes is unclear. We previously showed a global thinning of the CC in BD patients, and found those with a family history of affective disorders had a larger CC than those without. In this study, we compared callosal size and shape in 180 individuals: 70 with BD, 45 of their first-degree relatives, and 75 healthy controls. The callosum was extracted from a mid-sagittal slice from T1-weighted magnetic resonance images, and its total area, length and curvature were compared across groups. A non-parametric permutation method was used to examine for alterations in width of the callosum along 39 points.Validating our previous findings, a significant global reduction in callosal thickness was seen in BD patients, with a disproportionate thinning in the anterior body. First-degree relatives did not differ in callosal size or shape from controls. In BD patients, duration of illness and age were associated with thinning in the anterior body; BD patients on lithium treatment showed a thicker anterior mid-body than those on other psychotropics.Global and regional thinning of the callosum is seen in BD but not in their first-degree relatives. This suggests that CC abnormalities are linked to disease expression in BD and may not represent a marker of familial predisposition.     

The search for neuroimaging and cognitive endophenotypes: A critical systematic review of studies involving unaffected first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder

The phenomenology and underlying pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) are heterogeneous. The identification of putative endophenotypes for BD can aid in the investigation of unique patho-etiological pathways, which may lead to the development of personalised preventative and therapeutic approaches for this multi-faceted disorder. We included original studies involving unaffected first-degree relatives of BD patients (URs) and a healthy control (HC) comparison group with no first-degree family history of mental disorders, investigating: ‘cold’ and ‘hot’ cognition and functional and structural neuroimaging. Seventy-seven cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria. The present review revealed that URs in comparison with HCs showed: (i) widespread deficits in verbal memory, sustained attention, and executive function; (ii) abnormalities in the reactivity to and regulation of emotional information along with aberrant reward processing, and heightened attentional interference by emotional stimuli; and (iii) less consistency in the findings regarding structural and resting state neuroimaging, and electrophysiological measures.     

Neurocognitive function in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report

OBJECTIVE: Patients with remitted bipolar disorder (BD) have persistent impairments in neuropsychological function, particularly in the domains of executive control and declarative memory [Br J Psychiatry 180 (2002) 293]. If these were the phenotypic expression of genetic vulnerability to BD, then healthy subjects with a genetic predisposition to BD would be expected to display the same deficits. This study, therefore, examined neuropsychological function in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with BD. METHOD: A cross-sectional design was employed to compare the performance of 17 unaffected first-degree relatives of BD patients and 17 demographically matched controls on a range of neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: Relatives were significantly impaired on Backward Digit Span, Spatial Span and on tasks of visuospatial declarative memory in comparison with controls. Psychomotor performance and verbal declarative memory were intact, as were non-working memory aspects of executive performance. CONCLUSION: The selective deficits in executive control and declarative memory exhibited by relatives in this study have previously been reported in euthymic BD patients suggesting they may be useful endophenotypic markers of genetic vulnerability to BD.     

双相障碍的功能损害及相关因素

本文目的是探讨双相障碍社会功能和认知功能的特点及其影响因素,为临床识别与干预提供参考。研究显示,双相障碍功能损害显著,即使在稳定期,双相障碍患者仍存在不同程度的认知功能和社会功能损害,双相障碍的功能损害可能存在病理心理机制和相关影响因素。本文从双相障碍社会功能损害、认知功能损害和二者的关系等方面进行阐述,并总结当前研究的不足之处。     

共病边缘型人格障碍的双相情感障碍患者认知功能状况

背景 双相情感障碍与边缘型人格障碍（BPD）共病率高,共病患者认知功能受损更严重。目的 探讨是否共病BPD的双相情感障碍患者认知功能的差异,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法 采用简单随机抽样,选取2021年4月-2022年4月在河北医科大学第一医院治疗的共病BPD的双相情感障碍患者60例（共病组）,其中双相抑郁患者33例,双相躁狂患者27例。同时选取双相情感障碍患者60例（未共病组）,其中双相抑郁35例,双相躁狂25例。采用中文版神经心理状态测验（RBANS）和Stroop色词测验评估患者的认知功能。结果 共病组RBANS中的即刻记忆、视觉广度、言语功能和总评分均低于未共病组,差异均有统计学意义（t=-2.356、-2.138、-3.306、-2.729,P<0.05或0.01）,Stroop色词测验中的单字时间、单色时间、双字时间和双色时间均长于未共病组,差异均有统计学意义（t=4.808、3.341、5.249、5.167,P均<0.01）。共病BPD的双相抑郁患者RBANS中的即刻记忆、视觉广度、言语功能和总评分均低于未共病BPD的双相抑郁患者（t=-2.446、-2.407、-2.231、-2.078,P均<0.05）,Stroop色词测验中的单字时间、单色时间、双字时间和双色时间均长于未共病组（t=3.652、3.035、4.406、5.016,P均<0.01）。共病组双相躁狂患者RBANS中的言语功能和总评分均高于未共病组（t=-2.777、-2.347,P<0.05或0.01）,Stroop色词测验中的单字时间、单色时间、双字时间和双色时间均长于未共病组（t=3.600、2.658、2.943、4.337,P<0.05或0.01）。结论 相较于未共病BPD的双相情感障碍患者,共病BPD的双相情感障碍患者认知功能受损更严重。