经颈内动脉海绵窦间隙入路行海绵窦段颈内动脉动脉瘤显微手术

目的：探讨海绵窦内颈内动脉动脉瘤（ICCAAns）的直接显微手术方法。方法：在研究海绵窦上壁及相关知识显微解剖的基础上对15例ICCAAns施行经颈内动脉海绵窦间隙入路动脉瘤直接显微手术。结果：15例病人术前均即刻行颈动脉穿刺造影，证实动脉瘤消失，颈内动脉显影良好，随诊1个月至8年，患Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴa及Ⅵ颅神经麻痹的病人，除2例病人术后1个月和8个月仍完全和不完全麻痹外，余3例均恢复正常，15例病人均恢复了工作，无一例出现再出血或再次出现神经麻痹症状。结论：ICCAAns的直接显微手术不失为一种治疗ICCAAns最为理想的方法。     

海绵窦段动脉瘤与颈内动脉硬膜内动脉瘤定位诊断进展

海绵窦段动脉瘤与颈内动脉硬膜内动脉瘤由于它们解剖位置的差异,其相应的疾病自然史和处理方案不同.因此对该区域动脉瘤术前影像学精确定位的研究已成为临床神经外科最重要的问题之一.随着解剖和影像学技术的进步,CTA(计算机断层血管造影)及MRI技术在定位海绵窦或硬膜内动脉瘤方面取得了一定的进展,本文从相关解剖背景及影像学定位诊断进行综述.     

海绵窦内颈内动脉动脉瘤的诊治进展

现代影像技术如CT、MRI等的应用,使无症状或有轻微症状的海绵窦内颈内动脉动脉瘤(ICCAAns)的发现率增高,由于ICCAAns受海绵窦壁的保护,较少发生蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH),因而自然死亡率低。这就要求神经外科医生必须采用生命危险性小的治疗方法并恰当地选择外科治疗的适应证。本文复习近年来有关文献就ICCAAns的临床表现、放射学特征及外科治疗做了综述。     

海绵窦内颈内动脉瘤

颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤比较少见,占颅内动脉瘤的1.9％～9％,我院近10年来共收治12例,治疗效果满意,现结合有关文献,就其发生机制、临床表现和治疗等作一探讨。 临床资料 12例病人(男6例,女6例)。年龄18～62岁,平均46.8岁。临床表现:严重鼻衄5例,患侧视力丧失4例,视力明显障碍4     

颈内动脉床突旁动脉瘤影像学分类探讨

研究背景颈内动脉床突旁动脉瘤的命名和分类多种多样,大部分为外科手术所用。本文介绍一种适用于血管内治疗的床突旁动脉瘤的改良分类方法,并概述其命名和分类。方法尝试将126例患者共142个床突旁动脉瘤分为两类,即类型Ⅰ(眼动脉动脉瘤)和类型Ⅱ(垂体上动脉动脉瘤)。每一类型再被眼动脉与后交通动脉之间的假想等分线分为两类,其中Ⅰa和Ⅱa类动脉瘤主要位于等分线的近心端,Ⅰb和Ⅱb类型位于等分线的远心端。结果全部动脉瘤均获得成功分类,其中Ⅰa类动脉瘤45个占31.69%(45/142),Ⅰb类动脉瘤11个占7.75%(11/142);Ⅱa类动脉瘤78个占54.93%(78/142),Ⅱb类动脉瘤8个占5.63%(8/142)。结论颈内动脉床突旁动脉瘤分类复杂多样,选择适当的分类方法有利于制定合理的治疗方案。     

床突旁颈内动脉动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨床突旁颈内动脉动脉瘤的外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析67例71个床突旁颈内动脉动脉瘤的临床资料.结果 67例患者共71个床突旁动脉瘤.同侧或对侧改良翼点入路直接手术夹闭42例;5例采用颅内外血管搭桥+动脉瘤孤立术;9例采用血管内介入治疗;11例海绵窦段动脉瘤未采取任何治疗措施.在56例治疗病例中,KPS评分90分以上有49例,80分者6例,70分者1例,无死亡、重残者.结论 床突旁颈内动脉动脉瘤手术直接夹闭预后良好.对于复杂、巨大动脉瘤或海绵窦内动脉瘤,血管搭桥手术是必要的治疗手段之一.     

颈内动脉床突旁动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的 探讨血管内治疗床颈内动脉突旁动脉瘤的效果和安全性。方法 对接受血管内治疗的104例（共112个）床突旁颈内动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 栓塞后即时造影显示,83个动脉瘤（74.1%）完全闭塞,16个（14.3%）瘤颈残留,13个（11.6%）瘤体残留。93个（83%）动脉瘤获造影随访3个月~2年,88个（94.6%）动脉瘤显示稳定或完全闭塞,5个（5.4%）复发。发生手术相关并发症2例（1.9%）,无死亡病例。结论 血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗床突旁动脉瘤是一种安全有效的方法。     

创伤性颈内动脉床突上段动脉瘤一例

患，男，45岁，因车祸致伤头部15h入院，已在外院行左额颞开颅粉碎性折清除术。糖尿病病史10年。查体：浅昏迷，左侧动眼神经瘫，周围性面瘫，CT示：左额颞粉碎骨折，左侧眼眶，缬骨多发骨折，左筛窦，蝶窦积液，左侧脑室少量积血。伤后第2天，第5天行16层CT复查，未见颅内明显异常。[第一段]     

血管内治疗颈内动脉床突旁破裂动脉瘤

目的 探讨血管内治疗颈内动脉床突旁破裂动脉瘤的临床效果。方法 2011年1月至2014年12月血管内治疗颈内动脉床突旁破裂动脉瘤26例。结果 单纯弹簧圈栓塞治疗11例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗15例。术后即刻造影示:Raymond分级Ⅰ级15例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级3例。术中发生并发症9例,其中1例术中再次破裂,最后死亡。25例术后平均随访6个月,无动脉瘤再破裂出血;5例复发,其中3例再次支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗;改良Rankin量表评分评估患者预后:预后良好（0~2分）23例,预后差（3~6分）2例。结论 血管内治疗颈内动脉床突旁破裂动脉瘤仍存在挑战,常需使用支架辅助技术,尽管存在一定复发率,但近期仍可达到很好的临床效果。     

颈内动脉床突段微小动脉瘤治疗体会

目的 探讨颈内动脉床突段微小动脉瘤的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析经临床和影像学方法确诊的18例颈内动脉床突段微小动脉瘤患者资料,其中颈内动脉-眼动脉瘤患者4例,3例行血管内治疗,1例行开颅夹闭;颈内动脉后交通动脉瘤患者10例,3例行血管内治疗,7例行开颅夹闭;颈内动脉脉络膜前动脉瘤患者3例,1例行血管内治疗,2例行开颅夹闭;1例颈内动脉分叉部动脉瘤患者行开颅夹闭.结果 1例颈内动脉-眼动脉瘤患者行弹簧圈栓塞治疗后破裂出血,死亡;1例行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉后交通动脉瘤患者术中破裂,疏松填塞,术后再次破裂出血,死亡;1例行单纯弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉后交通动脉瘤患者术中弹簧圈逸出,后行开颅夹闭,恢复好;其余病例预后均良好.结论 颈内动脉床突段微小动脉瘤中眼动脉瘤以支架辅助弹簧圈疏松栓塞治疗为宜,开颅夹闭是治疗颈内动脉床突上段微小动脉瘤的首选.     

小脑血管母细胞瘤合并颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤1例报告并文献复 习简

目的总结1例小脑血管母细胞瘤合并颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤病例的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析l例小脑血管母细胞瘤合并颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤病人的临床资料。采用枕下后正中至左外侧入路开颅,显微外科技术全切除肿瘤。无症状的海绵窦段动脉瘤未给予治疗。结果病理证实：血管母细胞瘤。术后MRJ示：肿瘤全切除。术后1年随访：病人恢复良好,颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤未见增大及破裂出血,继续随访观察。结论血管母细胞瘤合并颅内动脉瘤病例少见,对于未破裂非供瘤动脉动脉瘤,可以随访监测动脉瘤的变化,结合显微神经外科技术切除血管母细胞瘤可获得较好的预后。     

Surgical treatment of internal carotid siphon aneurysms

Abstract

Surgical treatment of internal carotid artery aneurysms around the carotid siphon is discussed. The surgical approach to the aneurysms in this region, is as follows: 1. A fronto-temporal approach with the patient in a 45° semi-sitting position to decrease venous pressure. 2. A Dolenc approach cutting a part of the dura mater of the superior orbital fissure to facilitate removal of the anterior clinoid process and unroofing of the optic canal. 3. Opening the medial triangle followed by transection of the optic canal duraI sheath. Carotid siphon aneurysms can be divided into three groups anatomically; aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment (C2), those of the clinoid segment (C3), and those of the horizontal segment (C4). We present 29 cases of aneurysms arising from the C2 or C2/3 segment, 14 cases arising from the C3 or C3/4 segment, and 11 cases arising from the C4 segment. Anatomic localization of the aneurysms was established preoperatively by angiography and three-dimensional CT imaging. Small aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment projecting infero-medially can be clipped using a contralateral approach via the prechiasmatic root. Aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment projecting superiorly can be clipped following resection of the anterior clinoid process. The clinoid process should be resected intradurally with direct visualization of the aneurysms. Straight side-angled clips are suitable for these aneurysms. Carotid cave aneurysms, which include aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment oriented infero-medially and of the clinoid segment projecting postero-medially can be clipped using curved fenestrated clips via Dolenc's extradural approach. For accurate clipping, opening of the medial triangle and full mobilization of the 1C at the clinoid segment and optic nerve by unroofing the optic canal are required. Aneurysms of the horizontal portion are clipped after full exposure of the artery in the cavernous sinus only when the aneurysms are large and symptomatic. We used the fronto-temporal and Dolenc approaches and applied fenestrated clips to aneurysms oriented or postero-medially and straight or oblique clips to aneurysms projecting antero-laterally. Out of 40 aneurysms which underwent surgical clipping, 37 resulted in good post-operative recovery. There were three deaths secondary to complications of vasospasm and three cases with post-operative visual loss. The classification of these aneurysms and the surgical techniques we employed are discussed in detail. [Neurol Res 1996; 18: 409-415]     

Intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms

Six patients with intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms (ICCAAns) were seen at our department from 1998 to 2002. All patients had only one intracranial aneurysm and their ages at diagnosis ranged from 36 to 72 years (median 56). Five were women and four had a history of hypertension. One patient was pregnant. All of the ICCAAns were symptomatic at diagnosis. Duration of symptoms was 2–30 days. On admission to our department, initial symptom was headache in four patients, visual loss in two, eye pain in one, third nerve paresis in two and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in one. Spontaneous thrombosis was present in two patients. All of the ICCAAns were saccular. Computed tomography (CT) was superior when compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis of ICCAAns on admission. Angiography remains the gold standard for diagnosis and determination of specific anatomical details, which are necessary to plan treatment.     

神经内镜下经鼻扩大入路至中颅底的解剖学研究

目的明确神经内镜下经鼻扩大入路至中颅底的各种重要解剖标志,探讨该入路临床应用的影响因素和手术特点。方法分别运用直径4 mm,长度18 cm的0°、30°和45°硬质内镜(Karl Storz),在动脉灌注后的成人尸头上模拟手术过程,神经导航的引导下经双侧鼻腔扩大入路对中颅底进行内镜解剖。测量各个解剖标志之间的距离。结果蝶窦后壁可分为鞍区、鞍上区、海绵窦区和斜坡区。在蝶窦后壁可见鞍底、后组筛房、蝶骨平台、鞍结节、斜坡、斜坡隐窝、海绵窦、颈内动脉隆起、视神经管隆起、颈内动脉-视神经隐窝。在蝶窦腔的外侧壁可见眶尖隆起、上颌神经隆起、下颌神经隆起和翼管神经,并分别形成视神经颈内动脉和动眼神经三角、V_1~V_2三角、V_2~V_3三角。两侧颈内动脉-视神经隐窝内侧距离为(11.3±1.2)mm,两侧垂体前部距离为(12.2±2.1)mm,两侧垂体中部距离为(21.5±2.5)mm,两侧垂体后部距离为(17.6±3.4)mm,垂体前后径为(9.1±2.9)mm。硬膜内的鞍上区又可分为视交叉上部、视交叉下部、鞍背后部和脑室部。在剪开海绵窦和垂体之间的硬膜后,海绵窦段的颈内动脉可分为三叉神经段、后曲段、下水平段、前曲段和上水平段。结论神经内镜经鼻扩大入路至中颅底可清晰显示鞍区、鞍上区和海绵窦区的解剖结构,为该区域的病变提供一条有价值微侵袭的手术方法。颈内动脉-视神经隐窝是该区域手术的关键性标志。     

Bilateral ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistula: Unexpected surgical diagnosis

Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVFs) are infrequent lesions, the most common locations of which are the cavernous, sigmoid and transverse sinuses. The cribiform plate is one of the less frequent sites for DAVFs, where they entail a high hemorrhage risk. Feeding arteries for ethmoidal DAVFs can be uni- or bilateral. However, the draining fistulous system has classically been described as unilateral. The authors report the second case in literature of bilateral ethmoidal DAVF, which is defined as that with bilateral draining veins. The present case was diagnosed only after surgical exploration of both cribiform plates. No preoperative radiological test could detect the presence of a bilateral venous draining system from the ethmoidal DAVF. Possible reasons for that lack of presurgical diagnosis are discussed. Bilateral surgical exploration of the anterior cranial fossa is recommended when dealing with ethmoidal DAVFs, even when they seem to be unilateral on preoperative studies.     

Comparison of ultrasonography, CT angiography, and digital subtraction angiography in severe carotid stenoses

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is considered to be the 'gold standard' for confirmation of severe (70-99%) stenoses of internal carotid arteries (ICAs). However, it is associated with a risk of complications. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of ultrasonography (US), computed tomographic angiography (CTA), and their combined use for the detection and quantification of severe carotid stenoses, when compared with DSA. Severe ICA stenoses were diagnosed by US in a set of 29 patients. All patients also underwent CTA and DSA. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used in the evaluation of the percentage of stenosis results. Homogeneity chi2 test was applied when assessing statistical significance. Severe stenosis was diagnosed in 34 ICAs. Two ICAs with uninterpretable CTA finding were excluded. The number of ICAs with stenoses 70-99%/<70%- US 32/0; CTA 29/3; US + CTA 29/3; DSA 24/8. Pearson's correlation coefficient - US 0.601; CTA 0.725; US + CTA 0.773. Sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV - US 1.0/0.75/0.75/xxx; CTA 1.0/0.844/0.828/1.0; US + CTA 1.0/0.844/0.828/1.0. Homogeneity chi2 test results - US, P = 0.002; CTA, P = 0.098; US + CTAG, P = 0.098. US in combination with CTA can be used for relatively secure diagnostics of severe ICA stenoses. Thus, invasive DSA can be avoided in a substantial number of patients.     

Ruptured symptomatic internal carotid artery dorsal wall aneurysm with rapid configurational change. Clinical experience and management outcome: an original article

Background: Aneurysms located at non‐branching sites, protruding from the dorsal wall of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) with rapid configurational changes, were retrospectively reviewed in effort to identify and characterize these high‐risk aneurysms. Methods: A total of 447 patients with 491 intracranial aneurysms were treated from March 2005 to August 2008, and of these, eight patients had ICA dorsal wall aneurysms. Four of them suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and all had aneurysms undergoing rapid configuration changes during the treatment course. Digital subtraction cerebral angiography (DSA) performed soon after the SAH events. Data analyzed were patient age, sex, Hunt and Kosnik grade, time interval from first DSA to second DSA, aneurysm treatment, and modified Rankin scale score after treatment for 3 months. Success or failure of therapeutic management was examined among the patients. Results: Digital subtraction cerebral angiography showed only lesions with small bulges in the dorsal walls of the ICAs. However, the patients underwent DSA again for re‐bleeding or for post‐treatment follow‐up, confirming the SAH source. ICA dorsal wall aneurysms with rapid growth and configurational changes were found on subsequent DSA studies. Conclusions: Among the four patients, ICA dorsal wall aneurysms underwent rapid growth with configurational change from a blister type to a saccular type despite different management. ICA trapping including the lesion segment can be considered as the first treatment option if the balloon occlusion test (BOT) is successful. If a BOT is not tolerated by the patient, extracranial–intracranial bypass revascularization surgery with endovascular ICA occlusion is another treatment option.     

Strategy for the treatment of inaccessible unruptured giant and large aneurysms of the internal carotid artery

Abstract

Our goal was to clarify the optimum management of the inaccessible unruptured giant and large aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Since 1981, we have treated 18 patients with unclippable unruptured giant or large aneurysms of the ICA. Aneurysms were classified as either intracavernous or intradural. We performed proximal carotid occlusion in 12 patients and conservatively treated six patients. We retrospectively analyzed long-term outcomes in these patients. Four of seven patients with intradural aneurysm underwent proximal carotid occlusion, with good long-term outcomes. The three patients with intradural aneurysm, who were treated conservatively, died of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Eight of 11 patients with intracavernous aneurysm underwent proximal carotid occlusion, one dying of massive nasal bleeding 25 months after the procedure. In this case, the aneurysm was partially thrombosed, and residual lumen growth was revealed 22 months after proximal carotid occlusion. Cranial nerve paresis improved in five of the eight patients (63%), and two patients had a minor ischemic attack. Neurological problems failed to occur in the three patients with intracavernous aneurysm who were treated conservatively. The risk of rupture is relatively high in intradural giant and large aneurysms. Proximal carotid occlusion can effectively prevent bleeding from intradural aneurysms. Aggressive management is justified for intradural aneurysms with poor collateral circulation. Operative procedures in the management of an intracavernous aneurysm require careful consideration.     

二维相位对比磁共振血管成像测量脑血流量：颈动脉及其同侧分支血流量的验证

课题组前期研究证实,相位对比磁共振血管成像测量脑血流量的最佳速度编码为60～80cm/s。为验证二维相位对比磁共振血管成像测量脑血流量的准确性,实验以三维时间飞越法磁共振血管成像定位颈部血管感兴趣区,设定速度编码为80cm/s,对10名健康志愿者的20组颈总动脉、颈内动脉和颈外动脉的血流量测量结果显示,颈总动脉与其分支颈内动脉和颈外动脉血流量之和误差为（7.0±6.0）%,二者比较差异无显著性意义,且具有明显的相关性,同时颈总动脉血流量也与同侧颈内动脉血流量相关。造成误差的主要原因来自于颈外动脉及其分支。合理运用扫描参数及方案,二维相位对比磁共振血管成像可准确测量脑血流量。