含不同水溶性基团的三聚氰氯衍生物的合成

木质纤维素制备乙醇最关键的步骤是使纤维素水解成可发酵糖,但目前纤维素水解效率很低,是生物质能源化利用的瓶颈。依据活性染料染色纤维素类织物具有"活性脆损"的性质提出一种新思路——以化学改性的方法改变纤维素的结晶结构从而提高其水解效率。采用三聚氰氯与氨基丙酸、氨基乙磺酸中的-NH2发生亲核取代反应,制备含有不同水溶性基团的三聚氰氯衍生物作为木质纤维素化学改性的改性剂。通过红外光谱、高效液相色谱质谱联用、13C NMR谱对其进行结构验证。     

酸性离子液中纤维素的水解

以离子液 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯为纤维素溶剂, 酸性离子液 1-磺酸丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯为催化剂进行了纤维素水解反应. 通过筛选, 找到了合适的离子液共溶剂二甲基甲酰胺可降低纤维素-离子液体系的黏度. 分别考察了催化剂用量和水含量对纤维素水解的影响, 同时研究了高聚合度的滤纸及棉花的水解行为. 应用二硝基水杨酸法测得水解体系中还原糖的浓度, 进而求得反应过程中还原糖的收率. 结果表明, 在酸性离子液中水解纤维素是完全可行的, 最高可达到 95%的还原糖收率.     

纤维素接枝改性芴-苯和咔唑-苯共聚物及其对硝基芳烃的检测

采用Suzuki偶联反应将合成的芴-苯和咔唑-苯共聚物接枝到经化学改性的纸纤维素上,制备了可用于硝基芳烃检测的传感纸纤维素.荧光猝灭研究显示,由于两种传感纸纤维素具有的大比表面积和孔道结构有利于2,4-二硝基甲苯(DNT)蒸气分子的快速扩散,因此二者比薄膜态具有更高的荧光猝灭效率.荧光猝灭的可逆性研究显示,两种传感纤维素经过四次猝灭-恢复循环后,对DNT气态分子依然具有较高的猝灭效率,表明制备的纸纤维素具有良好的荧光猝灭可逆性和稳定性.     

化学法催化纤维素高效水解成糖

利用化学法实施纤维素高效水解成糖是将可再生非粮生物质转化为能源与材料的关键支撑技术,对维系未来资源与环境的可持续发展具有重要意义。近年来,随着纤维素水解研究的不断深入,研究重点已从探索水解可行性发展到构建高效（即高转化率、高选择性、高转化速度）水解成糖技术。本文通过系统综述纤维素高效水解成糖的原理与方法,围绕纤维素结晶结构转变与水解成糖效率间的关系,详细探讨了各类技术方法在实施高效水解成糖方面的优势与不足。最后,结合最新的研究进展,为未来成功实现纤维素的高效水解成糖提供思路与建议。     

13-甲氧基-6-羟基钩勿烷-5,8,11,13-四烯-7-酮的首次全合成

以α-环柠檬醛(2)为A环合成子,以间甲氧基苄基氯(3)为C环合成子,经缩合及分子内环化反应得关键中间体6.经1H NMR测试发现化合物6为全顺式结构.化合物6经氧化得双羰基化合物7.将7用t-BuOK/t-BuOH处理后得到烯醇式结构的化合物8.最后将异丙基通过Fride1-Crafts反应一步引入得到目标产物1.     

负载1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯的固体炭磺酸催化水解纤维素

纤维素作为可再生资源,其催化水解得到的平台化合物对缓解能源压力具有重要的意义。 本文以生物质竹子为原料选择700 ℃预碳化、150 ℃磺化得到的固体炭磺酸为基体,负载1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯后得到离子液体功能化固体炭磺酸催化剂。 结果表明,催化剂最优条件下水解纤维素得到的总还原糖产率相对于固体炭磺酸提升了15.2%,循环使用后,依然表现出良好的催化性能。     

光学纯(S)-2-(苄氧酰氨基)-4-氧代丁酸苄酯的合成和结构表征

以L-蛋氨酸为起始原料,经甲基化、水解、羧基和氨基保护及氯铬酸吡啶嗡盐(PCC)氧化等6步反应,合成了高光学纯度的(S)-2-(苄氧酰氨基)-4-氧代丁酸苄酯。通过1HNMR、IR、MS和mp测试技术表征了其结构;分别用手性柱HPLC和旋光仪法测定了它的化学纯度和光学纯度(ee%值)分别为99.3%和99.5%,产物的总收率为30.0%。     

木质纤维素化学水解产生可发酵糖研究

能源短缺已成为国际上亟待解决的问题,利用生物质纤维素生产能源乙醇是目前研究的热点.生物质纤维素转化能源乙醇技术的关键与瓶颈之一是如何将纤维素水解为可发酵单糖,水解技术尚处于不断发展之中.本文主要综述了生物质纤维素化学水解的研究进展.     

木质纤维素化学水解产生可发酵糖研究

能源短缺已成为国际上亟待解决的问题,利用生物质纤维素生产能源乙醇是目前研究的热点.生物质纤维素转化能源乙醇技术的关键与瓶颈之一是如何将纤维素水解为可发酵单糖,水解技术尚处于不断发展之中.本文主要综述了生物质纤维素化学水解的研究进展.     

[Amim]Cl离子液体中微波辐射加热促进稻草秸秆酸水解制备还原糖

在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Amim]Cl)离子液体介质中,用微波辐射加热促进稻草秸秆纤维素的酸水解,探讨了微波辐射加热及离子液体对酸催化植物纤维素水解的促进作用;并对水解产物中的还原糖进行了测定,着重考察了离子液体用量、硫酸浓度、微波功率、反应温度、反应时间等因素对还原糖收率的影响.结果表明,在[Amim]Cl...     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.