宽级配砾石土作为GCLs/GM防渗垫保护层的可行性研究

鉴于西北地区干-湿与冻-融交替循环的气候特征、砾质土料储存量丰富以及土工织物膨润土垫(GCLs)防渗新技术在国内外已逐步得到推广应用,提出了宽级配砾质土料、土工织物粘土垫层(GCLs)和土工膜(GM)组合作为垃圾填埋场防渗系统的构想。通过对宽级配砾质土料的室内试验数据和国内外有关文献资料的分析研究表明,以GCLs/GM作为隔渗层,以宽级配砾质土代替粘土作为隔渗层的保护层所构成的复合防渗系统,能有效抵御干-湿与冻-融交替循环作用的影响,显著提高垃圾填埋场长期防渗能力和整体稳定性。对于处在西北地区特殊环境中的垃圾填埋场而言,文中所建议的复合防渗系统设置方法,可能是一种值得期待的垃圾填埋场防渗型式。     

离心实验在污染物迁移研究中的应用

离心实验模拟以其可以获得与原型一致的应力水平并且能够大大缩短原型历时而被应用于污染物迁移实验研究。在离心相似理论及离心实验模拟的相似基础上,重点回顾了离心机在饱和带水分、非饱和带水分、保守性溶质、NAPLs、重金属、核素迁移以及污染场地修复方面的实验应用。最后讨论了离心模拟中土壤预制和加速度选择的问题,并简单介绍了离心监测方法。可以得出结论:离心机能够成功用于各类物质迁移的实验研究中,离心实验模拟能够为理论和数值等分析方法快速提供真实可靠的参数依据,但离心实验的理论基础和监测方法需要进一步完善,此外也应积极开展更接近实际情况下的离心实验模拟研究。     

高饱和条件下水-力-化耦合模型及数值模拟

填埋场底部黏土垫层特性对其长期防渗隔污服役性能的有效发挥具有极其重要的作用。针对实际堆场中黏土屏障呈现出的高饱和状态,将液相(孔隙水)与气相(闭塞气泡)视为混合流体,通过分别建立土体应力平衡方程、混合流体质量守恒方程及溶质质量守恒方程,综合考虑土颗粒-孔隙流体-溶质间的相互作用机制,推导得到了高饱和度条件下,溶质在黏土防渗层中运移的水-力-化全耦合模型,能够实现多物理场耦合作用时土层变形量、混合流体压力及溶质溶度随时空分布的直接精确求解。采用多场耦合有限元分析软件COMSOL对所建模型开展数值模拟,结果表明,模型结果与Peters所得结果吻合较好;黏土垫层中可压缩性气体的存在延缓了超孔隙流体压力的消散,加大了土层的沉降量,对溶质在防渗黏土层中的运移进程起到了显著的阻滞效果。     

水泥-膨润土泥浆配比对防渗墙渗透性能的影响

作为一种垂直防渗墙体材料,水泥-膨润土泥浆已在欧美等一些国家被广泛应用于垃圾填埋场的垂直防渗系统中,而国内对此类墙体材料的研究和应用较少。通过对不同配合比的水泥-膨润土泥浆固结体进行渗透试验,研究了原材料对泥浆固结体渗透性能的影响以及渗透性随龄期变化的情况。试验结果表明,水泥和膨润土对固结体渗透系数的影响相互依赖,只有在水泥用量达到一定程度后,增加膨润土用量才能有效地降低固结体的渗透性能;随着龄期的增加,水泥-膨润土泥浆固结体的渗透系数明显降低。     

黏土固化注浆帷幕控制重金属污染物运移的数值模拟

针对南昌市麦园垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液防渗的实际情况,分析了重金属污染物在黏土固化注浆帷幕中的迁移转化特征,建立了地下水渗流模型和重金属污染物运移的耦合动力学模型。利用该模型对黏土固化注浆帷幕控制重金属污染物的迁移行为进行了模拟研究。数值模拟结果表明,在填埋场设计使用年限内黏土固化注浆帷幕对重金属污染物的阻滞率可以达到94.5 %以上,重金属污染物在防渗系统中的浓度范围沿地下水水流方向逐渐扩展,同一位置的浓度值随时间的延续呈逐渐增大的趋势,但距离污染源越远,污染物的浓度越低。结合现场检测情况,证明了黏土固化注浆帷幕对重金属污染物具有较强的污染控制能力。     

干湿循环对填埋场压实黏土盖层渗透系数影响研究

针对干湿循环作用下填埋场封场覆盖系统压实黏土防渗失效等问题,系统开展了干湿循环作用下（室内模拟填埋场气候环境）压实黏土渗透特性及微观结构特征试验研究,探讨了干湿循环次数、压实度、试样尺寸对压实黏土渗透系数影响并从微观层次揭示其防渗失效内在本质。研究结果表明：干湿循环前,相同压实度的大、小两种尺寸渗透试样所测渗透系数基本相同,经3次干湿循环后,不同尺寸、不同压实度黏土渗透系数增加量却存在明显差异。干湿循环作用下,小尺寸高、低两压实黏土试样均只收缩不开裂,并且高压实黏土微观结构损伤大于低压缩黏土,其渗透系数的增加量也大于小尺寸低压实黏土。而大尺寸试样裂隙发育与现场压实黏土裂隙发育相似,高压实黏土内部裂隙体积小于低压实黏土,其渗透系数的增加量也小于低压实黏土。同时,大尺寸试样内部大量未闭合宏观裂隙致使其渗透系数增加量大于同等压实度条件下小尺寸试样渗透系数增加量。室内小尺寸试样无法体现干湿循环作用下压实黏土层内部干缩裂隙对其渗透性能的影响,因此,其渗透试验结果不宜作为评价压实黏土长期防渗性能的评价指标。     

下蜀土-膨润土混合土的膨胀性试验及机理研究

下蜀土-膨润土混合土作为一种可选的衬垫材料,其膨胀性对城市垃圾卫生填埋场的安全性有重要意义。本文按不同的初始含水量(10%～20%)和膨润土掺量(5%～15%)共配制了9组混合土试样,并在不同的温度(30～50℃)条件下开展一系列无荷膨胀试验。试验结果表明:初始含水量是影响下蜀土-膨润土混合土膨胀的重要因素,初始含水量越高,试样膨胀性越小;混合土中膨润土掺量越高,膨胀性越大;温度对下蜀土-膨润土混合土的膨胀性也有重要影响,膨胀性随温度的升高增加,尤其对于膨润土掺量较高的试样,膨胀性的温度效应更明显。     

压实宽级配砾质土干-湿循环效应研究

为探索在干-湿循环条件下,宽级配砾质土作为垃圾填埋场复合防渗系统中土工织物黏土垫和土工膜（GCLs/GM）防渗衬垫的保护层时其水力特性的变化规律,采用压力膜仪测试了土样干-湿循环作用下的土-水特征曲线参数,并借助van Genuchte方程和Fredlund 3参数方程拟合了0～3次干-湿循环的压实宽级配砾质土样的4条脱湿土-水特征曲线。结果显示：随着干-湿循环次数的增加,试样的土-水特征曲线在0～100 kPa的低吸力区间内逐渐变陡,含水率随吸力增加而逐渐减小,在位于400 kPa附近趋于平缓;干-湿循环过程中,试样的饱和含水率存在峰值,而残余含水率逐渐降低并趋于稳定;两种模型拟合的宽级配砾质土土-水特征曲线的差异不大,van Genuchte模型略优于Fredlund 3参数模型。在此基础上,将试验结果与已有文献中干-湿循环条件下的黏性土以及膨润土的土-水特征曲线进行了比较,表明作为防渗垫保护层的宽级配砾质土更有利于GCLs的吸湿与水化。     

淮南垃圾填埋场固液气热特性

已关闭的淮南大通垃圾填埋场建场24 a,最大堆填高度为15 m,垃圾最大填埋龄期达24 a。通过钻孔获取不同深度的6个垃圾样,土工试验结果表明:填埋场内垃圾最小孔隙比为1.18,最大孔隙比为2.53,塑料和纸张类含量对试样孔隙比影响较大;经过24 a的扩散,渗滤液透过了10 m厚的天然致密粘土层而对地下水体产生了污染;实测填埋场垃圾体内气体中CH₄的最高体积分数达2.8654%,CH₄/CO₂比值在0.773～1.79;填埋体内最高温度大约发生在垃圾进场40 d后,达到56℃。针对垃圾填埋场固液气热特性,提出了填埋场治理措施的建议。      

垃圾填埋场封盖及衬里多界面力学特性的研究进展

为了人类社会的可持续发展,对产量惊人的生活垃圾进行合理地处置成为世界各国亟待解决的问题之。垃圾填埋法是符合处置经济性和技术可行性的理想方案。垃圾填埋场投八运营后,如何防止被填埋垃圾及其次生有害物质进八周围环境,是垃圾填埋场设计环节必须考虑的关键问题之。在城市垃圾填埋场底部衬里系统及封盖系统中设置水力屏障,能有效防止填埋场中所产生的废液、废气向周围环境中迁移。水力屏障通常由土工合成材料与膨润土防水垫或压实粘土组成,形成个多界面的复合衬里或复合封盖体系。这种多界面力学特性以及潜在薄弱面对垃圾填埋场的稳定性具有控制作用,因此成为业界的研究重点。本文依据填埋场封盖和衬里土工合成材料多界面力学特性的最新研究,对所取得的研究成果进行分析和讨论。     

Modelling coupled heat and contaminant transport in groundwater

This paper presents the results of a research programme conducted on the geotechnical centrifuge at The University of Western Australia to investigate coupled heat and contaminant transport in the soil surrounding a buried waste source. The phenomena which govern heat and contaminant transport through porous media are discussed, the principles of geotechnical centrifuge modelling are outlined, and relevant scaling laws that govern the relationship between a centrifuge model and the prototype, with respect to the problem of coupled waste transport, are presented. A model test, simulating two-dimensional migration from a buried heat and contaminant source, is described, and the results from four model tests are presented. The experimental data show that hydraulic instability is responsible for the transport of contaminant in the soil around the source and that the mode of instability is determined by the magnitude of the effective Rayleigh number.     

垃圾填埋场斑脱土衬里可行性评价

首先对斑脱土衬里(粘土-斑脱土、砂-斑脱土) 进行变水头实验, 得粘土-斑脱土的渗透系数为6.0×10-9~3.0×10-8cm/s, 砂-斑脱土的渗透系数为1.0×10-9~3.0×10-9cm/s.从防渗角度分析, 2种斑脱土混合物均适合作垃圾填埋场的底层衬里.然后对斑脱土衬里进行持水与水迁移实验, 评价斑脱土衬里水的迁移特性.以水迁移实验为基础, 模拟斑脱土衬里与地基5种不同含水量的条件, 对斑脱土衬里进行直接剪切实验, 测定斑脱土衬里的剪切强度及斑脱土衬里与地基接触面的剪切强度.再对斑脱土衬里进行三轴固结不排水实验, 测定其总剪切强度与有效剪切强度.实验结果表明: 地下水具有很大的潜力从地基流向斑脱土衬里, 从而大大提高斑脱土衬里的含水量; 随着含水量的增加, 粘土-斑脱土、砂-斑脱土衬里的抗剪强度逐渐减小.根据实验所获得的抗剪强度参数, 选择日本山谷型垃圾填埋场典型剖面, 对山谷型垃圾填埋场进行稳定性评价.结果表明: 对于角度小于20°的缓倾角山谷型垃圾填埋场, 使用粘土-斑脱土、砂-斑脱土作为底层衬里是稳定的.因此, 2种斑脱土混合物适合作山谷型垃圾填埋场的底层衬里.      

Scaling Laws and Experimental Modelling of Contaminant Transport Mechanism through Soils in a Geotechnical Centrifuge

This paper presents the results of a research program conducted on the geotechnical centrifuge to investigate contaminant transport mechanism through the soil mass. The mechanism that governs contaminant transport through soil mass is discussed, the principles of geotechnical centrifuge modelling are outlined, and relevant scaling laws that govern the relationship between a centrifuge model and the prototype, with respect to the problem of contaminant transport, are presented. Modelling of models has been established to validate the experimental results. It has been concluded that the geotechnical centrifuge can be used as an experimental tool to simulate field scale problems.     

冻土离心模型试验相似准则分析

在研究土壤冻融问题时,土工离心模型试验在时间效应和应力全等型模拟方面更具优势。然而,目前关于冻土离心模型试验的研究成果较少,其中的相似准则也不够完善。针对这一现状,在充分考虑土体的水-热-力耦合作用过程的基础上,采用Butterfield量纲分析法确定了控制饱和土冻融变形性状的无量纲项,建立了冻土离心模型试验中孔隙压力、热扩散、未冻水迁移、融土固结以及冻融变形的相似准则。分析结果表明,冻土离心模型试验中未冻水迁移、融土固结及热扩散效应的非稳态时间具有统一的比尺,即离心模型是原型的1/N2倍,而未冻水迁移流速的比尺为离心模型是原型的N倍。此外,利用冻土离心模拟装置完成了一则对渠道基土冻融作用的离心模拟。     

Field characterization of vertical bromide transport in a fractured glacial till

A study of the fracture distribution, hydraulic properties, groundwater levels and the transport of bromide was conducted to characterize vertical transport in the oxidized and reduced zones of a fractured glacial till. Detailed vertical profiles of groundwater levels and solute concentrations were obtained over a 4.5-year period. Vertical migration occurred at several time scales, as a low concentration front was rapidly transported at rates of 100–500 m/year ahead of a slower moving main plume, which advanced at rates of 0.2–0.8 m/year. Concentrations in the leading edge of the plume displayed a high degree of spatial variability over short vertical distances through day 1,000. Late in the test, the influence of matrix diffusion became apparent as concentration patterns developed from being irregular to more uniform distributions. Calculations show that the mass within the low concentration plume front accounts for less than 1% of the total solute mass. Simulation of the breakthrough curves using a simple one-dimensional advection-dispersion model of transport in porous media indicates that vertical transport is dominated by advection. Furthermore, the results indicate that vertical transport of solutes in oxidized and reduced zones of the till can be adequately simulated using an equivalent porous media.     

Flow and transport through clay membrane barriers

Flux equations for liquid and solute migration through clay barriers that behave as semi-permeable membranes used in waste containment and remediation applications, known as clay membrane barriers (CMBs), are discussed. The results of a simplified analysis of flow through a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) using measured values for the chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient (ω) of the GCL indicate a total liquid flux that counters the outward Darcy (hydraulic) flux due to chemico-osmosis associated with clay membrane behavior of the GCL. Also, the solute (contaminant) flux through the GCL is reduced relative to the solute flux that would occur in the absence of membrane behavior due to chemico-osmotic counter advection and solute restriction. Since diffusion commonly controls solute transport through GCLs and other low-permeability clay barriers, the implicit (empirical) correlation between ω and the effective salt-diffusion coefficient of the migrating contaminant is an important consideration with respect to contaminant restriction in CMBs.     

溶质入渗土工合成衬垫的化学-渗透特性研究

溶质在土工合成衬垫（GCL）长期入渗过程中具有明显的化学-渗透特性。室内渗透试验表明：阳离子之间的置换效应对GCL衬垫渗透系数影响较大,10 mM的CaCl2溶液使渗透系数上升至2.5×10-11 m/s,而30 mM的CaCl2溶液使渗透系数上升至5.6×10-11 m/s。渗透液体浓度的增加缩短了溶质穿透GCL的时间,且预饱和处理试剂对GCL渗透系数的变化影响较大,采用蒸馏水作为预饱和试剂处理GCL衬垫对其渗透系数的影响明显小于CaCl2溶液;建立了考虑膜效应和离子交换效应条件下溶质运移耦合动力学模型,并对GCL穿透试验过程中溶质浓度的变化进行了预测,仿真计算结果表明,10 mM和30 mM两种CaCl2溶液渗透条件下,Ca2+浓度变化的试验结果和计算结果均相吻合,验证了耦合动力学模型的可靠性;从Ca2+浓度及流量穿透曲线分布可知,化学-渗透效应可有效地延缓溶质的迁移速度。随着溶质浓度的降低,阻滞作用更显著。因此,在分析GCL衬垫中溶质入渗特征时,必须考虑化学-渗透效应的影响。     

Upscaling polydispersed particle transport in porous media using pore network model

Understanding particle transport in porous media is critical in the sustainability of many geotechnical and geoenvironmental infrastructure. To date, the determination of the first-order rate coefficients in the advection–dispersion equation for simulating attachment and detachment of particles in saturated porous media typically has been relied on the result of laboratory-scale experiments. However, to determine attachment and detachment coefficients under varied hydraulic and geochemical variables, this method requires a large experimental matrix because each test provides only one set of attachment and detachment coefficients. The work performed in this study developed a framework to upscale the results obtained in pore-scale modeling to the continuum scale through the use of a pore network model. The developed pore network model incorporated variables of mean particle size, the standard deviation of particle size distribution, and interparticle forces between particles and sand grains. The obtained retention profiles using the pore network model were converted into attachment coefficients in the advection–dispersion equation for long-term and large-scale simulation. Additionally, by tracking individual particles during and after the simulation, the pore network model introduced in this study can also be employed for modeling the clogging phenomenon, as well as fundamental investigation of the impact of particle size distribution on particle retention in the sand medium.

     

Experimental Investigation of Reinforced Soil Slopes in a Geotechnical Centrifuge,with the Use of Optical Fibre Sensors

The purpose of this experimental investigation is to obtain strain measurements via optical fibre sensors in the drum geotechnical centrifuge of ETH Zurich. It is part of a test series with main goal to study the behaviour of reinforced slopes subjected to self weight loading and subsequently to an impact from a rockfall event. In total 13 scaled reinforced slope models were built with a height of 180 mm and a slope inclination of 2V:1H, optimising the materials used and the different ways of model making. The maximum g-levels were 50 and 100 g and the impact loading was applied at 50 g. The optical fibre sensors were placed on various layers of the reinforcement and at different positions. Strain measurements that were recorded during different tests are logical and expected, demonstrating that optical fibre sensors can successfully be used for measuring linear strain on reinforcement layers that are tested under enhanced gravity in the geotechnical centrifuge. The experimental set up as well as the opportunities and challenges of these measurements are presented and discussed. Finally, correspondent prototype numerical models were created and analysed and the results of this analysis are compared to the corresponding experimental ones.     

土柱变密度溶质运移试验推求水平及垂直方向弥散度研究

基于溶质运移对流弥散理论的变密度海水入侵模型广泛用于海水入侵研究,而水动力弥散系数是影响模型模拟效果的关键性参量之一。利用传统土柱溶质运移试验结合旁侧抽水,采用数值反演法成功获取了水平及垂直两方向弥散度。相对于传统方法,在不增加试验复杂度的前提下,同时推求了不同方向的弥散度,提高了试验效率,节约了试验成本,可广泛用于测定水动力弥散系数等参数。