鱼藤酮帕金森大鼠呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ的改变

目的研究鱼藤酮帕金森模型大鼠呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ的变化。方法雄性Wistar大鼠每日颈背部皮下注射鱼藤酮葵花油乳化液2 mg/（kg.d）连续3～5周制备鱼藤酮帕金森模型大鼠;按行为学评分标准记分。模型动物分成高分组、低分组、模型4周组。分光光度法测定呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ。结果模型低分组肌肉呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ受到明显抑制,停给鱼藤酮4周后肌肉和黑质呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ显著低于正常。而模型高分组肌肉呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ升高,模型各组肌肉呼吸链复合酶Ⅳ均见升高,但黑质未见升高。结论鱼藤酮帕金森模型大鼠肌肉和黑质呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ明显抑制。肌肉见呼吸链复合酶Ⅳ代偿性升高而黑质未见。     

杜氏盐藻渗透调节过程中的甘油代谢途径

杜氏盐藻在适应外界盐浓度变化的过程中,甘油是其主要的渗透调节物质。低渗处理提高藻细胞的呼吸速率６０％以上;高渗处理对呼吸无明显影响,但大大刺激光合放氧速率。呼吸链的细胞色素电子传递链抑制剂ＫＣＮ和交替氧化酶抑制剂ＳＨＡＭ对杜氏藻渗透调节过程中的呼吸．胞内甘油、ＡＴＰ、淀粉会量的变化有不同的抑制效果。低渗情况下,胞内甘油转化为淀粉,所需能量由正常呼吸链和交替氧化酶途径同时提供;高渗情况下．淀粉则降解为甘油,光下甘油合成的能量主要由光合电子链提供,暗中则由正常呼吸链提供。     

杜氏盐藻渗透调节过程中的甘油代谢途径

杜氏盐藻在适应外界盐浓度变化的过程中,甘油是其主要的渗透调节物质。低渗处理提高藻细胞的呼吸速率６０％以上;高渗处理对呼吸无明显影响,但大大刺激光合放氧速率。呼吸链的细胞色素电子传递链抑制剂ＫＣＮ和交替氧化酶抑制剂ＳＨＡＭ对杜氏藻渗透调节过程的呼吸,胞内甘油、ＡＴＰ、淀粉含量的变化有不同的抑制效果。低渗情况下,胞内甘油转化为淀粉,所需能量由正常呼吸链和交替氧化酶途径同时提供;高渗情况下,淀粉则降解为     

丹参酮Ⅱ－A磺酸钠对鼠肝线粒体功能的影响

利用大鼠肝脏线粒体为材料,以琥珀酸为底物,研究了不同浓度的丹参酮Ⅱ－Ａ磺酸钠对线粒体态４、态３呼吸及呼吸控制率,线粒体跨膜电位,线粒体呼吸链复合体（Ⅱ＋Ⅲ）电子传递及质子转移活性的影响。结果证明丹参酮ⅡＡ－磺酸钠是线粒体呼吸链复合体（Ⅱ＋Ⅲ）的有效抑制剂。文中对丹参酮ⅡＡ－磺酸钠在心肌缺血再灌注过程中的保护作用的分子机理进行了讨论。     

双氯芬酸对烟草BY-2细胞呼吸代谢的影响

双氯芬酸是一种新的全球性环境污染物,严重影响植物的生长发育,但其作用机制至今尚不清楚。本研究从双氯芬酸对烟草BY-2细胞呼吸代谢和活性氧代谢的影响入手,探讨双氯芬酸抑制植物细胞生长的作用机理。结果表明,双氯芬酸处理1 d后,显著抑制了烟草BY-2细胞的生长,引起细胞内活性氧(ROS)的爆发和积累,并导致烟草BY-2细胞死亡。双氯芬酸对烟草BY-2细胞的糖酵解途径(EMP)、三羧酸循环(TCA)和戊糖磷酸途径(PPP)三个碳代谢途径以及细胞色素氧化酶(COX)和交替氧化酶(AOX)参与的两条呼吸电子传递途径均有即时抑制作用。双氯芬酸可能通过抑制细胞线粒体呼吸电子传递链的活性,导致电子从呼吸链泄漏加速ROS的形成,并反馈抑制呼吸碳代谢途径,进而导致细胞内物质代谢和能量代谢紊乱,这些是双氯芬酸抑制烟草BY-2细胞生长、导致细胞死亡的重要原因。     

马铃薯块茎中天然生长抑制物质对呼吸代谢的影响

马铃薯块茎周皮中提取的天然生长抑制物质可使块茎圆片的呼吸增强。增高的呼吸可被碘乙酸和丙二酸抑制,并且对 KCN 是敏感的。表明这部分由抑制物所引起的额外呼吸通过糖酵解——三羧酸循环途径和对氰化物敏感的电子传递链。抑制物所增加的呼吸可被外加的 IAA 部分降低;并被 GA 完全消除。这可能反映出它们影响呼吸代谢的作用方式或部位存在差异。     

线粒体Ca2+转运和通透转变孔道的开放与能量状态

对大鼠肝线粒体Ca2+转运与通透转变孔道(PTP)开放之间的关系, 以及线粒体能量状态对Ca2+转运和PTP开放的影响进行研究. 结果显示, Ca2+诱导的线粒体Ca2+释放(mCICR)能介导PTP开放, 呼吸链电子传递抑制剂抑制mCICR和PTP的开放, 使呼吸链的电子传递局部恢复, mCICR和PTP开放也可部分恢复. mCICR和PTP的开放也能被消除跨膜质子梯差的CCCP抑制, 表明线粒体Ca2+转运和PTP的开放都紧密依赖电子传递和能量偶联.     

氧化磷酸化作用和有关問題的研究 Ⅴ.維生素K_3对鼠肝綫粒体腺三磷酶的激活作用

当有KCN存在时维生素K_3对鼠肝线粒体ATP酶活力有明显的激活作用。维生素K_3对ATP酶活力的这种抑制作用受Amytal抑制。我们认为维生素K_3的这种作用是由于构成了呼吸链与NADH之间电子循环传递,电子由细胞色素(或呼吸链上其他中间电子载体)逆传至NAD~+,利用高能磷酸链的能量使NAD~+进行需能还原生成NADH,生成的NADH再通过DT黄酶及维生素K_3重新又把电子传回呼吸链,这样电子继续不断循环,ATP即不断水解。维生素K_3激活的ATP酶可能仅牵涉NADH氧化偶联三步磷酸化作用的第一步磷酸化作用。本文结果支持我们前文中关于维生素K_3对NAD~+需能还原抑制作用的解释。     

中国希瓦氏菌D14^T的厌氧腐殖质呼吸

实验证明,希瓦氏菌新种(ShewanellacinicaD14T)在厌氧条件下可以利用多种有机酸盐和甲苯等环境有毒污染物作为电子供体,以腐殖质作为唯一末端电子受体进行厌氧呼吸(即醌呼吸)。电子在细胞膜呼吸链的传递过程中,偶联能量的产生来支持菌体的生长,1mmol/LAQDS可支持细胞增殖约60倍。电子供体的氧化和唯一电子受体腐殖质还原之间存在着动态的偶联过程,随着电子供体量的增加腐殖质还原的量也随之增加。典型呼吸链抑制剂诸如:抑制Fe-S中心的Cu2 ,甲基萘醌类似物标桩菌素,抑制甲基萘醌氧化型向还原型转化的双香豆素和细胞色素P450的专一抑制物甲吡酮等对腐殖质的还原有着极为显著的抑制作用,为进一步证明希瓦氏菌(Shewanellacinica)D14T可利用腐殖质进行厌氧呼吸提供了有力的佐证。而D14T在进行腐殖质呼吸的同时,对于甲苯,苯胺等环境有毒物质的有效降解则具有着重要的环境学意义。     

氧化磷酸化的呼吸链途径模式概论

线粒体内氧化供能过程中的重要代谢物主要有丙酮酸、三羧酸循环中间体、氨基酸分解产物、酮体、脂肪酸β-氧化中间体、甘油代谢物、嘧啶碱基分解产物等。线粒体内重要代谢物脱下的电子对或者H原子可以通过复合体Ⅰ、复合体Ⅱ、或者通过辅酶Q等不同方式进入呼吸链进行电子传递并生成不同数量的ATP。因此,依据代谢物成对电子或H原子进入呼吸链的方式可以划分不同的氧化呼吸链途径模式:NADH氧化呼吸链途径、琥珀酸氧化呼吸链途径,以及FADH2氧化呼吸链途径。     

Active site mutations and substrate inhibition in human sulfotransferase 1A1 and 1A3

Human SULT1A1 is primarily responsible for sulfonation of xenobiotics, including the activation of promutagens, and it has been implicated in several forms of cancer. Human SULT1A3 has been shown to be the major sulfotransferase that sulfonates dopamine. These two enzymes shares 93% amino acid sequence identity and have distinct but overlapping substrate preferences. The resolution of the crystal structures of these two enzymes has enabled us to elucidate the mechanisms controlling their substrate preferences and inhibition. The presence of two p-nitrophenol (pNP) molecules in the crystal structure of SULT1A1 was postulated to explain cooperativity at low and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, respectively. In SULT1A1, substrate inhibition occurs with pNP as the substrate but not with dopamine. For SULT1A3, substrate inhibition is found for dopamine but not with pNP. We investigated how substrate inhibition occurs in these two enzymes using molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic analysis. The results show that residue Phe-247 of SULT1A1, which interacts with both p-nitrophenol molecules in the active site, is important for substrate inhibition. Mutation of phenylalanine to leucine at this position in SULT1A1 results in substrate inhibition by dopamine. We also propose, based on modeling and kinetic studies, that substrate inhibition by dopamine in SULT1A3 is caused by binding of two dopamine molecules in the active site.     

Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) Inhibition Perturbs Postprandial Gut Hormone Release

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. However, the degree of DGAT1 inhibition required for metabolic benefits is unclear. Here we show that partial DGAT1 deficiency in mice suppressed postprandial triglyceridemia, led to elevations in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) only following meals with very high lipid content, and did not protect from diet-induced obesity. Maximal DGAT1 inhibition led to enhanced GLP-1 and PYY secretion following meals with physiologically relevant lipid content. Finally, combination of DGAT1 inhibition with dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition led to further enhancements in active GLP-1 in mice and dogs. The current study suggests that targeting DGAT1 to enhance postprandial gut hormone secretion requires maximal inhibition, and suggests combination with DPP-4i as a potential strategy to develop DGAT1 inhibitors for treatment of metabolic diseases.     

Human carotid lesion linoleic acid hydroperoxide inhibits paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity via reaction with PON1 free sulfhydryl cysteine 284

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated lactonase with antiatherogenic properties. These include dampening the oxidation properties of human carotid lesion lipid extract (LLE), which in turn inactivates the enzyme. The aims of this study were to identify the PON1 inhibitor in LLE and explore the mechanism of inhibition. LLE inhibited both recombinant PON1 and HDL-PON1 lactonase activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Addition of antioxidants or electrophiles to LLE did not prevent PON1 inhibition. LLE was unable to inhibit a PON1 mutant lacking Cys284, whereas it did inhibit all other PON1 mutants tested. The inhibitor in the LLE was identified as linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LA-OOH) and inhibition was specific to this hydroperoxide. During its inhibition, PON1 acted like a peroxidase enzyme, reducing LA-OOH to LA-hydroxide via its Cys284. A similar reaction occurred with external thiols, such as DDT or cysteine, which also prevented PON1 inhibition and restored enzyme activity after inhibition. Thus, the antiatherogenic properties of HDL could be, at least in part, related to the sulfhydryl-reducing characteristics of its associated PON1, which are further protected and recycled by the sulfhydryl amino acid cysteine.     

Tocotrienols inhibit human glutathione S-transferase P1-1

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are food ingredients that are believed to have a positive effect on health. The most studied property of both groups of compounds is their antioxidant action. Previously, we found that tocopherols and diverse tocopherol derivatives can inhibit the activity of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GST P1-1). In this study we found that GST P1-1 is also inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, by alpha- and gamma-tocotrienol. The concentration giving 50% inhibition of GST P1-1 is 1.8 +/- 0.1 microM for alpha-tocotrienol and 0.7 +/- 0.1 microM for gamma-tocotrienol. This inhibition of GST P1-1 is noncompetitive with respect to both substrates CDNB and GSH. We also examined the 3D structure of GST P1-1 for a possible tocopherol/tocotrienol binding site. The enzyme contains a very hydrophobic pit-like structure where the phytyl tail of tocopherols and tocotrienols could fit in. Binding of tocopherol and tocotrienol to this hydrophobic region might lead to bending of the 3D structure. In this way tocopherols and tocotrienols can inhibit the activity of the enzyme; this inhibition can have far-reaching implications for humans.     

Immobilized inhibitor-1 binds and inhibits protein phosphatase 1

Inhibitor-1 is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1. Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is required for expression of its inhibitor activity. In the present study, we have used immobilized inhibitor-1 preparations to study the mechanism underlying protein phosphatase 1 inhibition. Protein phosphatase 1 bound to phosphorylated inhibitor-1 covalently coupled to Sepharose or Affi-Gel beads but did not bind to immobilized preparations of dephosphorylated inhibitor-1 or bovine serum albumin. Phosphorylated inhibitor-1 coupled to Sepharose or Affi-Gel beads retained its ability to inhibit protein phosphatase 1, although the apparent IC50 was decreased about 500-fold. The extent of protein phosphatase 1 binding to immobilized phosphorylated inhibitor-1 was comparable to the degree of protein phosphatase inhibition when the inhibitor protein was present at a concentration near the IC50. The efficiency of protein phosphatase 1 binding to immobilized phosphorylated inhibitor-1 was dependent on the inhibitor concentration on the matrix. Taken together these data indicate that the inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 by phosphorylated inhibitor-1 is a consequence of the binding of the inhibitor protein to one or more sites on protein phosphatase 1.     

N-Ethylmaleimide inhibition of the catalytic activities of the Dunaliella salina coupling factor 1 (CF1) and the restoration of the inhibition of the CF1 ATPase activity by N-ethylmaleimide

The sensitivity of the catalytic activities of the D. salina chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) to chemical modification by N-ethylmaleimide has been investigated. When D. salina thylakoid membranes are treated with N-ethylmaleimide, both photophosphorylation and the inducible CF1 ATPase activity are partially (approx. 60%) inhibited. The inhibition of both activities does not require the presence of a proton-motive force, and the inhibition of photophosphorylation is directly related to the N-ethylmaleimide-covalent modification of CF1 as shown by the time-course for the inhibition and the maximal extent of inhibition. Treatment of the purified, latent, D. salina CF1 with low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide also results in the partial (approx. 60%) inhibition of the inducible ATPase activity (I50 approximately 50 microM). The inhibition does not require the presence of the chemical modifier during the activation of the enzyme. N-ethylmaleimide-induced inhibition of the ATPase activity of either membrane-bound or solubilized CF1 is partially reversed by either prolonged incubation at low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide or short incubation times at high concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide. The results are interpreted as indicating multiple binding sites on the D. salina CF1 that have different rates of reactivity with N-ethylmaleimide. Those sites (or site) that react rapidly with N-ethylmaleimide cause(s) an inhibition of both ATP synthase and ATPase activities, whereas those sites (or site) that react more slowly partially restore(s) the original ATPase activity. The effects of N-ethylmaleimide on the catalytic activity of D. salina CF1 are probably mediated by N-ethylmaleimide-induced conformational changes of the enzyme.     

The evaluation of novel natural products as inhibitors of human glutathione transferase P1-1

Glutathione transferase P1-1 is over expressed in some cancer cells and contributes to detoxification of anticancer drugs, leading to drug-resistant tumors. The inhibition of human recombinant GSTP1-1 by natural plant products was investigated using 10 compounds isolated from plants indigenous to Southern and Central Africa. Monochlorobimane and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were used to determine GST activity. Each test compound was screened at 33 and 100 μM. Isofuranonapthoquinone (1) (from Bulbine frutescens) showed 68% inhibition at 33 μM, and sesquiterpene lactone (2) (from Dicoma anomala) showed 75% inhibition at 33 μM. The IC(50) value of 1 was 6.8 μM. The mode of inhibition was mixed, partial (G site) and noncompetitive (H site) with K(i) values of 8.8 and 0.21 μM, respectively. Sesquiterpene 2 did not inhibit the CDNB reaction. Therefore, isofuranonapthoquinone 1 needs further investigations in vivo because of its potent inhibition of GSTP1-1 in vitro.     

Thioredoxin reductase-1 knock down does not result in thioredoxin-1 oxidation

The active site of thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) is oxidized in cells with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is reduced by thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1). The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent to which the redox state of Trx1 is sensitive to changes in these opposing reactions. Trx1 redox state and ROS generation were measured in cells exposed to the TrxR1 inhibitors aurothioglucose (ATG) and monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and in cells depleted of TrxR1 activity by siRNA knock down. The results showed that all three treatments inhibited TrxR1 activity to similar extents (90% inhibition), but that only MMA(III) exposure resulted in oxidation of Trx1. Similarly, ROS levels were elevated in response to MMA(III), but not in response to ATG or TrxR1 siRNA. Therefore, TrxR1 inhibition alone was not sufficient to oxidize Trx1, suggesting that Trx1-independent pathways should be considered when evaluating pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms involving TrxR1 inhibition.